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University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
The University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad was established on October 1, 1986.
The University has 5 Colleges, 27 Research Stations, 6 Agriculture Extension Education Centers, 6 Krishi Vigyan Kendras and ATIC. The University has its jurisdiction over 7 districts namely Bagalkot, Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, and Uttar Kannada in northern Karnataka. Greater diversity exists in soil types, climate, topography cropping and farming situations. The jurisdiction includes dry-farming to heavy rainfall and irrigated area. Important crops of the region include sorghum, cotton, rice, pulses, chilli, sugarcane, groundnut, sunflower, wheat, safflower etc. The region is also known for many horticultural crops.
Considerable progress has been registered in the field of education, research and extension from this University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Astaxanthin Recovery and Effect of Protein Hydrolysates on Chilli Seedlings, Derived From the Lactic Acid Bacterial Fermentation of Shrimp Waste(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-09) Bhavi, Ravikiran K.; Jagadeesh, K.S.An investigation was carried out to isolate and screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from shrimp for their proteolytic activity and further, these proteolytic LAB isolates were used for the extraction of astaxanthin from shrimp waste through fermentation processes. The protein hydrolysates obtained as a by-product was sprayed to chilli seedlings raised in pro-trays in order to record its influence on growth promotional and physiological activities. The experimented was conducted at Dept. of Agril. Microbiology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Of the 27 LAB isolates, five best selected were used for astaxanthin extraction based on their proteolytic activity. The reference strain for proteolytic activity, Bacillus sp. (MTCC-1747), was collected from Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh. Among the isolates, LABS-06 yielded the maximum quantity (6.01 µg/ g) of astaxanthin from shrimp waste. Further, the isolate LABS-06 yielded 9.05 µg/ g of astaxanthin after optimizing the fermentation parameters viz., 72 hours of incubation with a glucose concentration of 10 g l-1 at 30 °C. Fermented products of isolate LABS-06 showed the highest bio-chemical and microbiological composition compared to control. The greenhouse studies indicated that spraying of protein hydrolysates (obtained from fermentation of shrimp waste with LABS-06) at 15 DAS with 0.5 per cent (among 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 %) recorded highest for growth parameters like root length, shoot length, relative chlorophyll content and dry matter content at 30 and 45 DAS. The present study has indicated that the proteolytic native LABS-06 can be used in the extraction of astaxanthin from shrimp waste and also the protein hydrolysates which is a by-product can be used as a bio-stimulant to enhance the growth of chilli seedlings.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Mycorrhization in the Management of Striga in Sugarcane Under Field Conditions(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Manjunatha H.P.; P. Jones NirmalnathThesisItem Open Access Optimization of Cell Protectants, Adjuvant and Additives to Develop Liquid Formulation of Azospirillum(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-09) Patil, Sandesh; Patil, C.R.An effort was made to optimize the additives, adjuvant and surfactant for the growth and shelf life of liquid formulations of Azospirillum ACD-15 at the Institute of Organic Farming, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2014-15. Sodium malate broth was amended with additives such as polyethylene glycol at 0.5 and 1.0 per cent, trehalose at 5 and 10 mM and glycerol at 5 and 10 mM. Adjuvant like gum arabica at 0.15 and 0.30 per cent; surfactant like polysorbate - 20 at 125 and 250 ppm. A total of 32 combinations of formulations were developed and evaluated for their ability to support growth and higher populations of Azospirillum ACD-15 over a period of 72 h. Based on population dynamics only nine formulations with population more than 9.6 x 109 CFU ml-1 after 72 h were chosen for further incubation studies. These nine formulations were kept for shelf life study over a period of six months at both ambient and refrigerated conditions. Among them, formulation 2 under both conditions was found to be far superior to others in terms of the population of Azospirillum ACD-15 at all stages over 180 days of incubation. This formulation recorded the highest populations in terms of the most probable number estimation of Azospirillum ACD-15 under ambient condition (6.18 x 106 cells ml-1) and under refrigerated condition (1.07 x 106 cells ml-1). The population was also assessed by direct plate count technique with values of 1.58 x 109 cells ml-1 at ambient condition and 7.0 x 107cells ml-1 at refrigerated condition. In the present study, the cost involved in the production of this efficient formulation 2 was 376 litre-1 and 58 per cent of this cost was on one amendment trehalose (additive) alone. The results from this study clearly indicated that the liquid formulation of Azospirillum ACD – 15 was better in terms of viable population and shelf life compared to lignite formulation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Microbial Consortium on Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Under Field Condition(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Paravvagol, Shweta S.; Jagadeesh, K.S.After compatibility testing, a microbial consortium was developed which consisted of Azospirillum (ACD 15), Pseudomonas striata, K solubilizer (KSB 27), Pseudomonas sp. (B-15), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (LAB 82) and Glomus macrocarpum. Its effects on the growth, yield, nutrient uptake and rhizosphere microbiology of onion were assessed in a farmer’s field, at graded levels of NPK fertilizers. In general, the microbial consortium significantly improved all these parameters. The microbial consortium even at 50 per cent NPK level (T4) has significantly increased the plant growth andyield parameters, when compared to uninculated control with 100 per cent NPK (T1). This was found to be the best treatment with increased bulb yield of 23.35 per cent, besides saving 50 per cent NPK fertilizers. The nutrient uptake of N, P, K and S was also increased significantly due to the inoculation of the microbial consortium. The rhizosphere microbial population increased significantly, with a concomitant increase in dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease activities, due to the inoculation of microbial consortium as compared to the control. Besides increasing yield and yield components, the microbial consortium also increased quality parameters. TSS content and pungency were found to be increased by 30.69 and 31.51 per cent respectively, due to inoculation of microbial consortium over control. Thus, the present study has indicated that the microbial consortium with 50 per cent NPK was the best treatment in getting increased growth, bulb yield, nutrient uptake and quality parameters in onion, with a saving of input cost on chemical fertilizers by 50 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Liquid Formulation of Pseudomonas Striata – A Phosphate Solubilizing Biofertilizer(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-01) Parvathi S.; Patil, C.R.Present study was conducted to develop liquid formulations of Pseudomonas striata, a phosphate solubilizing bacteria using different concentrations of additives, adjuvants, and surfactants. Out of the 32 liquid formulations developed, 12 formulations with population more than 5 x 1010 CFU ml-1, after 84 hr of growth were selected for shelf life studies. Formulation 18 with 10 mM glycerol, 0.5% PEG, 0.05% CMC, 0.15% GA and 250 ppm polysorbate 20, recorded the highest population of 3 x 1010 CFU ml-1 after six months of incubation and was used to optimize the dosage of liquid formulation required to treat maize and sorghum seeds. Results clearly indicated that for treating bold seeds such as maize only 2 ml kg-1 of seeds of this formulation showed higher inoculant survival on seeds (log10 6.72), seed germination (94 %), root length (20.59 cm), shoot length (17.92 cm) and seedling vigour (3620.43). Similarly, for treating small sized seeds such as sorghum 4 ml kg-1 seed of formulation was found optimal. It resulted in higher inoculant survival on seed (log10 5.36), root length (26.60 cm), shoot length (26.03 cm) and seedling vigour (489.33). However, the highest per cent germination (92.5%) of sorghum seeds was observed in seeds treated @ 6 ml kg-1 of this inoculum. The cost involved in developing a litre of the best liquid formulation was ` 149. While the cost of lignite based formulation was ` 60 kg-1 which normally is inoculated @ 20 g kg-1 seed, thus costing about ` 1.2 kg-1. However, our results indicated that only 2 to 4 ml of the liquid formulation was sufficient to treat one kg of seed which costed less than one rupee per kg of seeds, there by reducing the total cost of treating with biofertilizer by 50 - 75%.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and Screening of Fungal Pathogens and Their Interactive Effect with Weevil [Neochetina bruchi (Hustache)] Against Water Hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Martius)](University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-12) Karthik M.C.; Jones Nirmalnath, P.An investigation was carried out to isolate and screen native fungal pathogens from infested water hyacinth plants of Karnataka during 2014-2015. The aquatic weeds exhibiting symptoms like spots, lesions, rots and browning were collected and followed tissue isolation method using potato dextrose agar medium in order to isolate associated fungal pathogens. After a period of four days pure culture of the fungal bio agents was obtained using hyphal tip or single spore isolation techniques and was screened for their disease causing ability on the water hyacinth by spraying with spore suspensions from each fungal isolate, while the control plants were sprayed with sterilized water. Based on the disease severity index three promising isolates viz., Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria sp. and Cercospora sp. were selected for further studies integrating with Neochetina bruchi. In the in vivo experiment, the weevils were introduced to the plants a week before the spray of the fungal pathogens in order to get enough weevil feeding scars to serve as entry point for the fungal spores. Among the different treatment combinations, highest per cent of disease severity and reduced chlorophyll content was recorded with the treatments received dual inoculation of Colletotrichum sp. along with Neochetina bruchi. Furthermore, the treatment received dual inoculation recorded lowest photosynthetic rate and stomata conductance, while the leaf temperature and transpiration rate were found to be increased with the dual inoculation. Thus, our preliminary findings are the indicative of the effectiveness of Colletotrichum sp. along with Neochetina bruchi that can be a promising biotic tool for the management of water hyacinth.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Phosphate Solubilizing Actinomycetes(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-07) Jagadeesh Yadav, D.K.; Shirnalli, GeetaActinomycetes are known for degradation of lignocellulose complex and antagonistic activity, but their role in Phosphours (P) solubilization activity is scanty. Hence, the present study was conducted to isolate P-solubilizing actinomycetes and test their multifunctional activities and their performance on growth and yield parameters of groundnut crop under pot culture at the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. Soil samples collected from various sources were subjected for isolation of actinomycetes. A total of 157 isolates were obtained and screened for P- solubilisation activity on Pikovskaya’s medium and modified Sperber’s media containing tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) and K2HPO4 respectively as source of P. Among the 20 isolates that exhibited P- solubisiation activity, 9 isolates were efficient in solubiilising TCP in terms of zone of solubilisation (3.0 to 15.0 mm) and release of inorganic P (7.37 to 13.14%). Among these, the isolates PSA-3, PSA-5 and PSA-7 exhibited maximum P- solubilisation activity. The production of organic acids by these isolates support the solubilisation activity. The selected 25 isolates exhibited multifunctional activities such as zinc solubilisation, hydrolysis of cellulose and starch, production of organic acids, utilization of carbon source and PGPR activities (IAA, GA, Siderophore, HCN and antagonistic activity). The three efficient P-solubilising isolates also exhibited maximum of these activities and hence tested in single and in combinations on the growth and yield parameters of groundnut plants in green house conditions. The treatment PSA-3 + PSA-5 + PSA-7 + (50% RP + 50% SSP) was the most promising treatment which was on par with the reference strain (P.striata) in terms of growth parameters, microbial activities and pod yield. Therefore, it was concluded that this treatment has potential to be used as bioinoculants in groundnut. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that PSA-5 was Streptomyces badius and PSA-7 was Streptomyces bellus.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, SCREENING AND SELECTION OF AN EFFICIENT AM FUNGUS FOR ASHWAGANDHA (Withania somnifera L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-11) NAGARAJ S. B.; Dr. M. N. SREENIVASAAshwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) has tremendous medicinal values. The ashwagandha berries and leaves are locally applied to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles and ulcers. The main active constituents are alkaloids and steroidal lactones. These include tropine and cuscohygrine. In Ayurveda, Withania is widely claimed to have potent aphrodisiac, sedative, rejuvenative and life prolonging properties. The present study emphasized the isolation, characterization, screening and selection of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from ashwagandha growing areas of Karnataka. The efficient AM fungal isolates were tested at different phosphorus levels, Mycorrhizal dependency and mycorrhizal inoculation effect on ashwagandha was also worked out. Further, an attempt was made to produce manoxinic culture of AM fungus in artificial media. Additionally, the growth promoting ability of efficient AM fungal isolate was evaluated in pot as well as in field condition. The results of this study clearly brought out AM-G-9a to be an efficient isolate of AM fungus for ashwagandha as it might have a better adoptability to the local conditions. The inoculation of this isolate resulted better plant nutrition, alkaloid content, growth and yield of ashwagandha in both pot and field condition. The shelf life of soil based inoculum was 3 months at room temperature while it was 5 months under refrigerated condition.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FOR SUPPRESSION OF STRIGA, A PARASITIC WEED IN SUGARCANE(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2015-06) SHUBHA CHIMMALAGI; Dr. P. JONES NIRMALNATHAn investigation was carried out to isolate native AM fungal (AMF) isolates from the Striga suppressive soils of sugarcane growing areas of northern Karnataka. Further, sixteen native AMF isolates were screened for their ability to suppress Striga as well as plant growth promotional abilities in sugarcane under pot culture studies. The pots were filled with Striga infested soil prior to the planting of sugarcane sets of equal bud size. AMF inoculum @ 150 g pot 1 was mixed thoroughly with the top10 to 15 cm of the soil and pots were treated with Hoagland’s nutrient solution once a week. The data on the emergence of Striga, Striga biomass, plant height, chlorophyll content and soil microbiological activities were recorded. The striga emergence was significantly inhibited in the treatment received standard AMF consortium, followed by AMF native consortium, UASDAMF -2, UASDAMF-5, UASDAMF-9 and UASDAMF-12. While, the UIC recorded highest number of striga infestation. Furthermore, the plant height, chlorophyll content, soil enzyme activities and spore load/ 50gm of soil were recorded highest with native AMF consortium over uninoculated control. Thus, our preliminary findings are indicative of the effectiveness of AMF in protecting Sugarcane against Striga infestation and hence can be a promising strategy to develop a biological tool for Striga control.
