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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Study on floral biology, pollen viability, and compatibility study in some cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2019-04) Mandal, Sunil Kumar; Karuna, KumariMango (Mangifera indica L.) is the most important fruit crop of India having socio-economic significance. Its place of origin is supported to be near Indo- Burma region. India leads the world in terms of area and production. It has been the traditional exporter of mango. However, it exports only 0.2 percent of its total production to the international market. The Indian mango for export is mainly confined to cultivar Alphonso (about 90 %). The current trend is to develop coloured variety of mango for export purposes. The colour of the fruit with desirable qualities enhance the cousumers appeal. The existing varieties appear to have been selected for the character like fruit size, quality and maturity period. These informations are helpful in planning the hybridization programme also. Although the bearing behaviour of a fruit crop is a genetical character, it is highly influenced by the environmental factors too. Therefore, the adaptive trial can be helpful in giving the idea of acclimatization of a variety to a particular region. So, the importance of present investigation was undertaken to study the “Floral Biology, pollen viability, and compatibility study in some cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)” under Sabour conditions. For this, six varieties were taken in the experiment. Three commercial cultivars of mango viz; Langra, Amrapali, Zardalu and three coloured mango Gulabkhas, Vanraj, Hussan-e-ara were crossed during the course of study in Horticulture Garden of Bihar Agricultural , Sabour in the year 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications on 20-25 years old trees. The results indicated that the duration of panicle initiation was highest (45 days) in Langra and was found lowest (34.7days) in Amrapali. Among all cultivars Zardalu was recorded maximum panicle length (38.4cm) and minimum (23.4cm) in Langra. Flowering period much more affected by the climate and in the same condition significantly maximum (27 days) was recorded in Hussan-e-ara whereas minimum (22 days) in Gulabkhas and rest of the treatments were found non-significant result. Anthesis per cent were recorded from 6.00 AM to 4.00 PM at the interval of 2 hours. It was found that highest per cent of anthesis was occurred during 6.00 AM to 10.00 AM and then after decreases the per cent of anthesis in all cultivars. Data regarding to number of flowers per panicle were highest in Langra (1003) among all six cultivars whereas lowest in Vanraj (782). In respect of number of staminate flowers it was found significantly maximum in Langra (705) and minimum (480) in Vanraj and rest of the treatments varies from 560 to 609. Number of perfect flowers were also maximum (298) in Langra and minimum (208) in Hussan-e-ara. Sex ratio is an important parameter for determination of fruiting behaviour and ultimately yield. Highest sex ratio(2.7) were recorded in Gulabkhas and Hussan-e-ara, whereas lowest (1.5) in Vanraj. For hybridization programme pollen viability as well as pollen germination per cent are an important parameters. Highest pollen viability per cent (90.6) was in Hussan-e-ara which was at par with Amrapali whereas lowest (77.2) per cent in Zardalu which was at par with rest of the treatments. Pollen germination per cent was maximum (69.7) in Hussan-e-ara which was at par with Amrapali and minimum (60.20) per cent in Zardalu which was at par with rest of the treatments. In cross combination highest per cent of fruit set (20) was recorded in Amrapali x Vanraj which was at par with Amrapali x Hussan-e-ara whereas lowest (8) per cent in Langra x Vanraj. On the basis of above results it may be concluded that maximum compatibility among the cultivars for fruit set were observed in Amrapali x Vanraj.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and combining ability studies in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)(Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Kumari, Manju; Singh, Vijay KumarThe experiment was conducted to study the heterosis and combining ability in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) at Sabour Farm, Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur during 2017. The required goal of increasing productivity in the quickest possible time can be achieved only through heterosis breeding. Combining ability analysis was carried out in bitter gourd for yield and its components as well as quality characters in a half diallel mating design. The concept of combining ability helps to determine the best crosses and parental lines, for quantitative traits of economic importance. The entries under the investigation comprised of seven diverse parents viz., Thailong (P1), Konkon Tara (P2), Pusa Aushadhi (P3), Pirpaiti Local (P4), Karela Safed (P5), Gangajali Small (P6), and Pusa Rasdar (P7). The resulted 21 hybrids were obtained through half diallel mating design for genetic studies. The study was mainly contemplated to obtain information on per se performance, combining ability, heterosis and correlation and path analysis for yield and quality traits of bittergourd. Significant differences were existed among the genotypes for all the characters under study. Among the seven parents, the parents Pusa Aushadhi (P3), Konkon Tara (P2) and Pusa Rasdar (P7) were identified as best general combiner for yield, its components and quality traits, based on per se performance and GCA effects. Evaluation of hybrids for per se p e r f o r m a n c e and SCA e f f e c t s revealed that the crosses Konkon Tara × Gangajali Small (P2 × P6), Gangajalli Small × Pusa Rasdar (P6 × P7), Thailong × Gangajali Small (P1 × P6) were identified as the best specific combiners for yield of marketable fruits per plant. Evaluation of the hybrids by comparing with check parent, Pusa Rasdar revealed that the hybrids viz., Gangajalli Small × Pusa Rasdar (P 6 × P 7 ) a n d Karela Safed × Pusa Rasdar ( P 5 × P 7 ) were found desirable for marketable fruit yield. A close perusal of the experimental results revealed that parents viz., Pusa Aushadhi, Konkon Tara, Pusa Rasdar and Pirpaiti Local were most desirable for yield, its components and quality and they could be utilized in future breeding programme for the development of high yielding and early maturing genotype. While among the hybrids Gangajali Small × Pusa Rasdar (P6 × P7), Karela Safed × Pusa Rasdar (P5 × P7) and Konkon Tara × Gangajali Small (P2 × P6) were identified as ideal cross combinations as they depicted higher per se performance, SCA effects and magnitude of heterosis for yield, yield contributing characters and quality parameters. Conclusively, it has been suggested that heterosis breeding could be useful breeding approach for developing of early and high yielding genotypes from potent breeding material suggested in the present experiment and further amelioration of fruit yield and quality can be achieved in bitter gourd.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Rice Genotype (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Kumari, Shikha; Sinha, SimaThe present investigation was carried out to study “Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)” in thirty five genotypes including three checks (Prabhat, MTU1010, Rajendra sweta) during Kharif 2017 at Rice research farm Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, (Bhagalpur). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters under study which indicated that considerable amount of variability were present in the genotypes included in the study. Hence, there is an ample scope for inclusion of promising genotypes in breeding programme for yield and its component characters. On the basis of mean performance the genotypes viz, LPD104-B-B-1-8-2-1-1, RP5124-11-6-2 were identified as the superior genotypes for yield and yield attributing traits .The higher magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for L/B ratio while, higher phenotypic coefficient of variation were recorded for grain yield per plant followed by kernel length suggested the presence of sufficient variability in genotypes which broaden the scope for genetic improvement through selection of these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as % mean was observed for kernel length ,L/B ratio which suggested that these characters can be considered as favourable attributes for the improvement through selection and this may be due to presence of additive genes effect and thus, could be improved upon by adapting selection without progeny testing. Grain yield per plant showed positive and significant association with biological yield per plant, days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, while remaining characters showed non-significant association. Therefore, it is suggested that these traits should be used as selection criteria for yield improvement in rice genotypes. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield per plant; harvest index and kernel length had high positive direct effects on grain yield per plant indicating true relationship of these characters with grain yield and direct selection. On the basis of Mahalanobis’s D² statistics, the genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and and IV followed by cluster IV and VI and cluster IV and V ,which indicated maximum diversity between the genotypes of these clusters might be used in multiple crossing programme to recover transgressive segregants. Considering the genetic divergence and mean performance of genotypes for grain yield and other yield contributing characters, NDR9718 and BADSHAHBHOG-SBR-4 may be considered as divergent genotypes and hybridization involving these genotypes is likely to give desirable transgressive segregants for yield and yield contributing traits.ThesisItem Open Access Identification and functional analysis of calmodulin binding protein gene(s) in disease resistance responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Kumari, Diksha; Prasad, Bishun DeoPlants are usually subjected to one or more biotic stresses which reduce agricultural output significantly, leading to a huge yield-gap. To cope with the various stimuli generated by various environmental stresses, plants have evolved with complex mechanism of signal perception and transduction. Several phytohormones and secondary messengers are the main players in mediating cellular responses to various stimuli. Of the various secondary messengers in eukaryotes, the role of Ca2+ has been most extensively studied. The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a well-known universal second messenger in plants regulating the responses of growth and development as well as different environmental stimuli in plant. Changing cytosolic-free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) is one of the earliest responses to biotic stresses. These changes in cellular Ca2+ level are being mediated by different Ca2+ binding proteins like calmodulin (CaM). CaM interacts with calmodulin binding protein (CBP) and activates downstream defense response. CBP is family of protein, among them, CBP60g also known as SARD1 (systemic acquired resistance deficient 1) is well characterized which involved in defense responses via systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, no rice CBP60 (OsCBP60) has been identified in relation to pathogen infection till date. In this study we have identified 15 OsCBP60 gene using bioinformatics studies. The expression of different OsCDB60s were analysed in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Magnaporthe oryzae treated rice samples. We analysed the expression of OsCBP60s in defence hormone (Salicylic acid, Jasmonic acid and Brassinosterois) treatment in rice. Our studies showed that 3 OsCBP60s (LOC_Os09g13890, LOC_Os11g44680, LOC_Os03g32160) genes were upregulated consistently in all the time point studied after pathogen treatment. Two genes (LOC_Os11g44680 and LOC_Os12g36910) were found to be upregulated consistently in SA and EBR treated sample. Most of OsCBP60s genes were downregulated in JA treated sample. Interestingly, LOC_Os12g36910 was consistently upregulated in all after hormone treatment. Further, a candidate gene (LOC_Os11g44680) was cloned in cloning vector pJET1.2.ThesisItem Open Access Development of SCAR marker(s) for aphid tolerance in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Rekha, Kumari; Singh, Ravi ShankarBrassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. commonly known as “Indian mustard” is predominant member of Brassicaceae family in the Indian subcontinent. The mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) is one of the major insect-pest of rapeseed-mustard. There are few reports on molecular markers related to aphid resistance/tolerance in Brassica species, which are not good enough for high level of confirmation. Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers are important markers used for tagging of a gene or to link a specific trait. In the present study, for the development of SCAR markers for aphid tolerance/susceptibility derived from RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers, eight different genotypes of B. juncea comprising tolerant (IC-399802, IC-491089, IC-312545, IC-312553) and susceptible (IC-385686, IC-264131, IC-426392, Laxmi) identified previously and available were used. Firstly, all the eight genotypes were grown in RBD design with three replications and the data was recorded on five observations, and on the basis of aphid infestation index, tolerant level of genotypes, IC 491089, IC 312545, IC 385686 and IC 312553 was re-confirmed. Then, RAPD and ISSR fingerprinting was done with these genotypes, Out of 51 RAPD marker, only thirteen were found to be polymorphic while out of twelve ISSR markers eight were polymorphic. We obtained three primers OPE 16 (RAPD), UBC 839 (ISSR) and UBC 864 (ISSR) producing bands which could discriminate tolerant genotypes from susceptible ones for aphid tolerance. One RAPD primer, OPE 16 produced two bands of size ~600bp and ~300 bp, which could discriminate tolerant genotypes from susceptible ones for aphid tolerance. UBC 839 yielded ~800 bp unique band in bulk tolerant while UBC 864 yielded three bands of ~1200 bp, ~1000 bp, and ~500 bp in tolerant genotypes. Total six unique bands were selected, which were either present in susceptible or tolerant genotypes for developing SCAR markers. These bands were ligated into pTZ57R/T cloning vector and transformed into DH5α E.coli cells, the transformed colonies were identified by Blue-white screening on X-gal-Ampicillin-LB Agar plates. The insert in the transformed colonies were confirmed by double digestion and by colony PCR, then plasmids were isolated and sequenced. BLASTN analysis of these SCAR sequences was done to see if any of these related to resistance. The sequences of BJSCAR2, BJSCAR3, BJSCAR4 and BJSCAR5 showed high similarity with nucleotide sequences of A. thaliana, B. rapa, B. napus and other Brassica spp. but none specifically related to resistance. BJSCAR1 did not show any match in GenBank nucleotide database, this could be a novel sequence. The sequences obtained were used to design different sets of SCAR primers. Out of seven sets of SCAR primers obtained from SCAR marker sequences, BJSCAR1-F1 and BJSCAR1-R1 yielded a prominent unique bands in all the four susceptible genotypes as well as in the bulk susceptible and was absent in the tolerant genotypes. This primer set also did not show any amplification in B. fruticulosa, a highly tolerant to aphid (used as control), thereby confirms this SCAR primer set’s discriminatory power for aphid susceptible and tolerant genotypes of mustard. Other SCAR primers (BJSCAR2-F1 and BJSCAR2-R1 for SCAR2; BJSCAR3-F1, BJSCAR3-R1 for SCAR3; BJSCAR4-F1, BJSCAR4-R1 for SCAR4; BJSCAR5-F1, BJSCAR5-R1 for SCAR5) could not show clear cut polymorphism between susceptible and tolerant genotypes. This indicates that probably polymorphism of RAPD/ISSR markers from which these markers were derived lost upon conversion into SCAR marker. In conclusion, in the present study, we developed one SCAR marker and validated in different susceptible/tolerant genotypes of B. juncea. This marker distinguished susceptible and tolerant genotypes. This was also tested with B. fruiticulosa, an aphid tolerant genotypes, which further confirms its discriminatory power. We further suggests that it could be further refined using more aphid resistant genotypes for its wider applicability in Brassica spp.ThesisItem Open Access Determination of Morphological and Biochemical Changes upon Application of Nanoparticle in Plant Pathosystem(Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Kriti, Aakanksha; Ghatak, AbhijeetA large number of fungicides for foliar disease management are developed with sulphur and copper compounds as the basic ingredient. These ingredients are known for environmental pollution with its degradation issue. With a very limited research results it is accepted that plant diseases can be managed by application of nanoparticle (NP) that could replace the mentioned ingredients from the agricultural system. The present investigation was undergone in order to explore the morphological and biochemical variation on nanoparticle application in two plant-pathosystems i.e. Bipolaris-sorokiniana-barley and Alternaria brassicicola-mustard. The laboratory synthesised NPs [25-32 nm for silver (Ag) and 29-37 nm for zinc (Zn)] at 100 ppm revealed almost 75-100% spore germination of B. sorokiniana and A. brassicicola was inhibited. Similarly, the same concentration found best to restrict mycelial growth of the two pathogens. NP-applied leaves produced smaller lesion size in comparison to the leaves devoid of NP application. Overall, lesion size was reduced by ~70% in barley and ~45% in mustard leaves when they received NP application 30 minutes before pathogen inoculation. However, in some genotypes this trend was not constantly evident. Similar result was observed for phenol estimation; the greater phenol was quantified in infected leaves where NP was applied before pathogen inoculation. In comparison to only pathogen inoculated leaves, higher level of phenol expression was seen in leaves treated with NP+P by ~19% and ~13% in barley and mustard, respectively. Higher amount of chlorophyll was harvested in leaves with NP application with or without pathogen infection in comparison to the infected leaves (no NP applied). This indicates the applied NP might catalyze a pathway for chlorophyll production. At the end, the effect of NP at field scale was determined. AgNP showed significantly lower disease severity of B. sorokiniana infection compared to ZnNP across genotypes. However, no definite trend was established for the two NPs in A. brassicicola infected mustard genotypes. The information generated in this work needs the further in-depth study in order to identify the mechanism of respective NP for reducing infection in the two plant pathosystems.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on an R2R3 Myb Transcription Factor Gene from Cauliflower(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Prasad, Abhishek; Chattopadhyay, TirtharthaAnthocyanin is a bioactive compound, which is responsible for purple pigmentation in different plant tissues. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanin is under stringent genetic regulation, both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. The R2R3 Myb transcription factors, involved in transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been studied in great details in different plants. In a recent past, an R2R3 Myb transcription factor, involved in purple curd formation in a mutant cauliflower genotype has been documented. Though, both the wild type and the mutant R2R3 Myb genes have been shown to encode functional proteins, alteration in the upstream promoter region of the mutant gene has been found to increase the expression of the gene at transcriptional level, leading to higher anthocyanin biosynthesis in the mutant cauliflower. In the present study, the wild type R2R3 Myb gene of cauliflower was studied in details. In silico characterization of the wild type gene was performed, where different physico-chemical properties, potential post-translational modifications and potential interacting proteins of the encoded protein were analysed. Homology-based structural modeling of the protein revealed the presence of structurally similar DNA binding domain. Due to the unavailability of the purple cauliflower mutant, the coding DNA sequence (CDS) of the wild type cauliflower R2R3 Myb gene was prepared through the overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For this purpose, different overlapping primers were designed and used. Interestingly, the first intron, but not the second intron, was observed to indicate towards some length polymorphism, when 30 different cauliflower genotypes were analysed through PCR using specific primers. The strategy of overlap extension PCR was optimized and the prepared CDS was cloned in bacterial expression vector. However, expression of the recombinant R2R3 Myb protein of cauliflower was observed to be very low, which might be due to the unstable nature of the protein (as predicted through in silico analyses). The recombinant protein was solubilized and purified through immobilized metal affinity chromatography, in presence of the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) detergent. The wild type R2R3 Myb gene of cauliflower was further sub-cloned in plant gene transfer vector under the transcriptional regulation of a constitutive promoter. Agroinfiltration of the recombinant construct in tobacco leaves resulted in high level of anthocyanin pigmentation, as revealed through transient expression analysis. Thus, the present study characterizes the wild type R2R3 Myb transcription factor gene of cauliflower, which is a prerequisite for using the same as a candidate gene for increasing anthocyanin biosynthesis in different plants through transgenesis.ThesisItem Open Access Study on soil surface and aquatic macrofauna in rice from rice based cropping system at Sabour(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Annamalai, P.; Goswami, Tarak NathThe experimental field having the rice based cropping system situated at Sabour (NL 25°14' 3" EL 87°2' 42") and which has been maintained continuously for last six years was chosen for the present investigation. All the recommended package of practices except plant protection measures have been done during the period of investigation. In the present study, the soil surface macrofauna (ground dwelling) as well as aquatic macrofauna (when available) were sampled twice a month during the study period from (July, 2017 to October, 2017). The soil surface and aquatic macrofauna found during the period of present investigation belonged to 42 species, 12 orders under five different classes among which many are going to be reported for the first time from Bihar through this investigation. Identification of two millipede species and one Orthopteran have been possible only at family level only while of two species have possible only at order level. A total of 3148 macrofauna were sampled from the paddy field during mentioned period of investigation. These whole sampled macrofauna under different insect and non insect orders indicated that the order Coleoptera recorded the highest number of individuals (957, 30%) which was followed by Littorinimorpha (Gastropoda) (740, 23%), Hymenoptera (728, 23%), Araneae (Arachnida), Hemiptera (Insecta), Polydesmida (Diplopoda), Hygrophila (Gastropoda), Orthoptera (Insecta), Dermaptera (Insecta), Caenogastropoda (Gastropoda) and Stylommatophora (Gastropoda). Coleopterans in the present investigation during the period of observation belonged to eleven families namely, Chrysomelidae, Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae, Anthicidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Malachiidae, Curculionidae, Tenebrionidae, Elateridae and Limnichidae. As far as the total numbers of individuals belonging to different families were concerned, the family Chrysomelidae was having the highest number (321) followed by Dytiscidae (252), Limnichidae (98), Hydrophilidae (97), Carabidae (50), Staphylinidae (31), Anthicidae (28), Elateridae (28), Curculionidae (19), Tenebrionidae (19) and Malachiidae (14). Individuals belonging to the family Chrysomelidae in most of the cases were having significantly higher level of population in the zero tillage plots. Regarding the aquatic macrofauna the family Gerridae was having the highest number (128) followed by Hydrometridae (33) and Nepidae (15). The Limnogonus nitidus population was significantly higher in the zero tillage plots as compared to the conventional tillage and permanent bed method. The other soil surface dwelling and aquatic macrofauna except Garstropoda and Diplopoda in most of the cases were found in higher level in the zero tillage plots. However, the cropping systems and the interaction on majority of the studied macrofauna did not show any significant differences.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under terminal heat stress(Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Narendra, M C; Roy, ChandanTerminal heat stress is one of the major production constraints in wheat crop especially in south eastern Asia including eastern India. In the present experiment thirty wheat genotypes were evaluated under normal and late sown condition for two consecutive years 2016-17 and 2017-18 to determine extend of genetic variability, construction of selection index for stress condition and identification of heat tolerant genotypes. The observation was recorded for. days to 50% heading, biological yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant, dry matter content per plant, days to 50% maturity, grain yield per plant, thousand kernel weight, number of tillers per plant, panicle length, chlorophyll (SPAD value), canopy temperature depression, catalase, peroxidase, iron and zinc content. There was considerable amount of genetic variability present for all the characters. Peroxidase, green fodder yield, catalase has shown higher amount of genotypic variance, GCV, heritability and genetic advance in both timely and late sown condition indicated that the characters were governed by additive gene action. Diversity analysis using D2 statistics and UPGMA clustering of genotypes determined that there was substantial amount of genetic diversity among the genotypes. The genotypes BRW 3723, HD 2733, HI 1563, DBW 14 and RAJ 3765 were found to be carried resistance gene for Lr 34. Significant correlation and high direct effect was observed for the characters like days to 50% heading, days to 50% maturity, green fodder yield, dry matter content, peroxidase content, catalase content and canopy temperature depression on grain yield. Selection index also indicated the importance of days to 50% heading, biological yield per plant, catalase content and peroxidase content under stress condition. Based on heat susceptibility index, tolerant genotypes were identified like RAJ 3765, HD 2643, DBW 14, BRW 3762 and SW 129.