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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and Fertility Status of Tal and Diara Land under Bhagalpur District using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2016) Ranjan, Sumitap; Choudhary, C. D.In the present study, characterization and fertility status of Tal and Diara land under Bhagalpur District using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique was done along with surface and sub-surface samples, soil constraints and soil-site suitability for important crops of pedon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The crop production related constraints were also identified with appropriate land use and management technologies. The soils of the study area as per the criteria of taxonomic classification predominantly come under three orders namely, Entisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols as per 7th approximation of soil classification of Tal and Diara land of some selected district of Bhagalpur district. All the physical and chemical parameters were estimated by following standard procedure. The bulk density of pedons was bulk density of pedon Tal land varies from 1.31-1.48, However, bulk density of pedon 5 to 8 varies from 1.36-1.53. The pH, EC, OC, available N, P2O5, K2O, DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu of surface soil irrespective of profile varied from 7.40 – 8.75, 0.09 - 0.53 dSm-1, 0.17 – 0.77 %, 100.54 – 233.28 kg ha-1, 11.57 – 35.50 kg ha-1,74.76-206.42 kg ha-1,10.50 - 55.62 (mg kg-1), 3.65-28.42 (mg kg-1), 0.08-0.94 (mg kg-1) and 0.39-2.29 (mg kg-1), respectively. The surface and sub-surface samples of Tal land in respect of soil pH varies from 7.25 – 8.69 and 7.55-9.27, respectively. Whereas, In case of Diara land, surface and sub-surface samples were varies from 7.80 -8.48 and 7.71-9.46, respectively. Similarly, EC in Tal land 0.08-0.46 dSm-1 and 0.13-0.72 dSm-1, respectively. Whereas, In case of Diara land, surface and sub-surface samples were varies from 0.08-0.86 dSm-1 and 0.21-0.75 dSm-1, respectively. Similarly, The ESP value of Tal land of Pedon 1-4 varies from 5.05 to 6.15 percent and Diara land varied from 1.83 to 3.72 (%). Similarly, the CaCO3 percentage of Tal land was varies from 0.50 to 3.56 and Diara land 1.05 to 3.24 percent, respectively. The CEC surface and sub-surface of Tal and Diara land was low to medium. The organic carbon of surface and sub-surface samples of Tal land varies from 0.14 to 0.48 % and 0.12 to 0.44 %, respectively. Whereas, In case of Diara land, varies from 0.08-0.42 % and 0.08-0.39 % in surface and sub-surface , respectively. The available Nitrogen of surface and sub-surface samples of Tal land varies from 61.03 to 208 kg ha-1 and 56 -192 kg ha-1, respectively. Whereas, In case of Diara land, varies from 34 to 182 kg ha-1 and 32-168 kg ha-1 in surface and sub-surface, respectively. The available P2O5 of surface and sub-surface samples of Tal land varies from 16 to 57 kg ha-1 and 15-53 kg ha-1, respectively. Whereas, In case of Diara land, varies from 9-50 kg ha-1 and 8-47 kg ha-1 in surface and sub-surface, respectively. The available K2O of surface and sub-surface samples of Tal land varies from 117-400 kg ha-1 and 112-384 kg ha-1, respectively. Whereas, In case of Diara land, varies from 66-350 kg ha-1 and 64-336 kg ha-1 in surface and sub-surface, respectively. The soils associated with the pedon1 to pedon4 in Tal land (P1to P4) were highly suitable (S1) for cereal crop (paddy), vegetable crop (onion),Oilseed (soybean) and flower crop (marigold and tubrose). Whereas, moderately suitable (S2) for cereal crop (wheat, sorghum), vegetable crop (brinjal and Okra), cash crop (sugarcane) and fruit crop (Mango and Guava). Similarly, marginal suitable crop (S3) for plantation crop (oil palm). The soils associated with the Pedon-5, 6, 7 and 8 in Diara land (P5, P7 and P8) were highly suitable (S1) for vegetable crop (brinjal and Okra) and flower crop (marigold and tuberose). Whereas, moderately suitable (S2) for cereal crop (Paddy, wheat, sorghum), vegetable crop (onion), Oilseed (soybean) and fruit crop (Mango and Guava). Similarly, marginal suitable crop (S3) for plantation crop (oil palm) and cash crop (sugarcane).ThesisItem Open Access Impact of conservation agriculture on K-pool under rice crop(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2016) Kumar, Murari; Singh, R. C.The soil has its own inherent capacity to supply nutrient to the crops but due to intensive cultivation of high yielding varieties of crop with modern technologies, the nutrient supplying capacity of soil is gradually declining over time. Therefore an experiment was conducted from 2011 at the Bihar Agricultural College farm, Sabour, Bihar in a split plot design which include three main plots of different rice establishment techniques viz. zero tillage (ZT), permanent bed (PB), and conventional tillage (CT) and subplot treatments comprising rice crop of three different cropping systems viz. rice-wheat (R-W), rice-maize (R-M), and rice-lentil (R-L) which were evaluated for impact of conservation agriculture on potassium pool under rice crop. Under all tillage practices, different fractions were found in the order: Total K> Non Exch-K > Exch-K > Avail- K >Water soluble-K. Range of recorded Water soluble K was (12.24-19.83 ppm), Available K (144.80-196 ppm), Exchangeable K (632.46-862.46ppm), Non-exchangeable K (1357.87-2874.68ppm) and Total K (31137-55894.10 ppm). In all the treatments, Soil pH, Organic carbon, Saturation capacity and different fractions were found higher in surface layer compared to subsurface layer. Soil pH was significantly and positively correlated with OC (r=0.559**), WS-K (r=0.426**), Avail-K (r=0.730**), Exch-K (r=0.594**) and total K (r=0.412**). EC was found negatively and significantly correlated with soil saturation % (r= -0.445**) while OC was positively correlated with soil saturation % (r=0.584**), WS-K (r=0.593**) and Avail-K (r=0.727**). Saturation capacity was positively correlated with WS-K (r=0.562**), Avail-K (r=0.589**) and non-Exch K (r=0.103**). WS-K was found positively correlated with Avail-K (r=0.562*). Avail-K was positively correlated with Exch-K (r=0.45*) and Exch-K was positively correlated with non-Exch-K (r=0.494*) and total k (r=0.58). Similarly, Non Exch-K was found positively correlated with total-k (r=0.636*). MWD was found positively correlated with Non Exch-K and Total K. and negatively correlated with Avail-K and Exch-K. Multiple regression analysis indicates that that 77% of available Potassium is determined by pH, EC, OC, saturation capacity, and other forms of potassium whereas 60 % of MWD (aggregate index) was determined by water soluble, available, exchangeable and total pool of potassium. The highest grain and straw yield was recorded under conventional puddled method which was significantly higher to the grain yield obtained from permanent bed and statistically at par with zero tillage. The highest grain and straw yield was recorded in rice-lentil cropping system which was significantly higher than grain yield obtained from rice-wheat and rice-maize cropping system.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on bioavailability of Zn in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2016-08) Kumar, Ranjeet; Singh, MahendraAM fungi plays very important role in the increase the root surface area and uptake of some macro and micronutrients. In direct seeded rice (DSR), the plant availability of micronutrients like Zn is likely to be less. Considering facts, a pot experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour on “Evaluation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on bioavailability of Zn in direct Seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. Four AM fungi species were evaluated under zinc deficient soil in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Among all the AM fungi species, plant height was found maximum under the treatment T3 (Glomus mosseae + 100% RDF NK). The root dry weight was maximum (3.12 g) in treatment T3 (Glomus mosseae + 100% RDF NK), which was observed significantly higher when compared with other treatments. Maximum AM colonization and spore count was observed at panicle initiation stage with the application of same treatment. The higher microbial populations were recorded at panicle initiation stage with application of treatment T3 (Glomus mosseae + 100% RDF NK). This treatment also gave maximum dehydrogenase activity (55.86 µg TPF g-1 24 hr-1), acid phosphatase activity (0.299 mg PNP g-1 hr-1) and alkaline phosphatase activity (0.54 mg PNP g-1 hr-1) followed by application of treatment T6 (Gigaspora decipien + 100% RDF NK) at panicle initiation stage. Application of treatment T3 (Glomus mosseae + 100% RDF NK) significantly increased DTPA extractable Zn in soil and Zn content in plant when compared with all the treatments but found at par with the application of treatment T6 (Gigaspora decipien + 100% RDF NK). The maximum zinc uptake (0.056 mg pot-1) by grain was recorded under treatment T3 (Glomus mosseae + 100% RDF NK) followed by application of treatment T6 (Gigaspora decipien + 100% RDF NK). Highest grain yield (14.08 g pot¬-1) was found with the treatment T3 (Glomus mosseae + 100% RDF NK) among all AM fungi species and it was at par with the treatment T2 (100% RDF). As evident from the results, among all the AM fungi species Glomus mosseae sp. can effectively modify the soil microbe population and community structure by increasing the soil enzymatic activities and significantly increased the zinc uptake by grain in DSR rice, when compared with other applied AM fungi species.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Vermicompost Application on Nitrogen Dynamics in Soil(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2016-07) Kumar, Ajeet; Paul, Sankar Ch.Nutrient recycling is now being considered as part of the concept of integrated nutrient management. The fertilizer potential of vermicompost is often attributed to its different concentrations and amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen. Therefore, a dissertation work was taken at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour to study the Effect of vermicompost application on nitrogen dynamics in soil. So, pot experiment has been taken under two different sets: (a) N transformation under the effect of root rhizosphere and (b) through laboratory incubation study. Treatments were T1 = control, T2 = chemical fertilizer (N:P:K :: 80:40:40), T3 = 2250 mg vermicompost kg-1 soil, T4 = 4500 mg vermicompost kg-1 soil, T5 = 9000 mg vermicompost kg-1 soil, T6 = 18000 mg vermicompost kg-1 soil. Results showed that vermicompost of water hyacinth and coconut leaf showed almost similar pH and EC values. CEC value for both vermicompost were 74.20 and 72.60 cmol(+)kg-1. Organic carbon content in water hyacinth vermicompost was 23.1% and in coconut leaf vermicompost 22.5%. Water holding capacity was much higher. Available form of N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe found very less content with respect to total content except K and Na content in both types of vermicompost. Available part was more pronounced in water hyacinth vermicompost. Microbial population accounted higher in water hyacinth vermicompost than coconut leaf vermicompost. Water hyacinth vermicompost also contains higher values of dehydrogenase activity, microbial biomass carbon content and urease enzyme activity. Results represented that water hyacinth vermicompost is better in quality than coconut vermicompost with respect to microbial properties. Under greenhouse study with cauliflower at different levels of vermicompost resulted maximum release of available N at 10th day in T6 which was 49.38% over control followed by T5, T4, T2, T3 and T1. But changes of its content in soil through incubation study over the period showed maximum release at different dates under different treatments. Available nitrogen content increased slowly and reached to peak at 40th day and 50th day that may be due to addition of organic substrate through vermicompost which leads to the maximum activity of microbes. Ammonium N content changes in soil is quite similar to the available nitrogen in greenhouse study. But in incubation study changes is differ. Nitrate nitrogen content changes quite dissimilar to the ammonium content. Nitrate content increased slowly and reached to maximum at 40th day after addition of vermicompost in both experiment. N content in cauliflower whole plant significantly and positively correlated (r = 0.88**) to soil available nitrogen content. Average content of soil available nitrogen was significantly and positively correlated to N content in curd (r = 0.94**) and plant dry matter weight (r = 0.98**).From this study, it may be inferred that vermicomposts produced from different biomass substrate are different in quality with respect to nutrient contents and microbial properties. Ten days prior application of vermicompost can provide maximum support of nitrogen to the plant which can maximize nitrogen use efficiency for crop production.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of various Nano-Zinc Sources combined with Zinc Mobilizers under Rice Rhizosphere(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2016-07) Dubey, Akhila Nand; Chattopadhyaya, N.Zinc is essential micronutrient having vital role in enzymatic activity. As per report of the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on secondary, micronutrient, pollutant and toxic elements in soils and plants 49% of Indian soils are deficient in Zn. Coarse texture sandy soils, high pH, low organic matter content, intensive cereal-cereal cropping system with high yielding variety often accentuates Zn deficiency. Rice rhizosphere represents typical physic-chemical environment in terms of lower redox potential, causing precipitation of applied Zn in various mineral form. Zn use efficiency rarely exceeds 1-5%, despite sincere scientific effort worldwide. Zn is not only essential for plant but also for human. Grain enrichment of Zn through scientific intervention (microbial and nano-formulation) were studied in a pot experiment using rice (Var. Rajendra mahsuri) as a test crop). Experimental soil was deficient in DTPA extractable Zn (0.48 mg kg-1). Conventional Zn sources (ZnSO4. 7H20) with two modes of application (Soil and foliar) was compared with Zn solubilizers (Azospirillum brasilense) and two types of nanoformulations (ZnO as spray and Zincated nanoclay polymer composite (ZNCPC) were evaluated in there phenological growth sages of rice (maximum tillering, panicle initiation and harvesting). Effect of various source and modes of application of Zn on soil chemical (pH, EC , CEC, DTAP extractable Zn content in soil and Zn fractions) , microbiological (Microbial counts, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenease, acid and alkaline phospahtase activity) were studied and correlated with Zn content and Zn uptake. DTPA extractable Zn content was found maximum at panicle initiation stage in T6 (NCPC* based Zinc) (3.60 mg kg-1soil) followed by T4 (RDF+ Azospirillum brasilense) (3.52 mg kg-1). Sequential fractional study of Zn revealed that at panicle initiation stage in T4 (RDF+Azospirillum brasilense) there was reduction in residual Zn content (19%) whereas water soluble and exchangeable Zn increased by 2%. T6 (NCPC* based Zinc) increased water soluble and exchangeable Zn by 4%. Dehydrogenease activity was maximum at maximum tillering stage in T6 (NCPC* based Zinc) (62.27 µg TPF hr-1g-1 soil) followed by in T4 (RDF+Azospirillum brasilense) (61.75 µg TPF hr-1g-1 soil). Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity were found maximum at panicle initiation stage in T6 (NCPC* based Zinc) (198.37µgPNPg-1hr-1) (243.14 µgPNPg-1hr-1) followed by T4 (RDF+Azospirillum brasilense) (196.10 µg PNPg-1hr-1) and T4 (RDF+Azospirillum brasilense) (220.39 µg PNPg-1hr-1) . Zn uptake was found maximum in T6 (NCPC* based Zinc) (303.42 g kg-1) followed by T4 (275.30g kg-1 soil). Apparent Zinc recovery was maximum found in T6 (25.56%) followed by T5 (15.25%) and T4 (10.76%). Use of NCPC, Nano Zn sprays (ZnO) and Zn solubilizer (Azospirillum brasilens) proved to be promising technology in increasing Zn use efficiency under rice rhizosphere on pot experimentation. However, these products need to be evaluated in field experiment on a long-term basis for benefit: cost ratio and wide scale farmer’s adaptability.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria on Waste mica in relation to Potassium uptake and dynamics under Maize rhizosphere(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2016-07) Ahmed, Afzal; Chattopadhyaya, N.Potassium, third major element, originally known as Kelium (K), plays a vital role in plant growth and development. As potassium is extremely mobile within the plant system, it helps to regulate the opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake of water by root cells. Indian soil has not been deficient in potassium since long .Non judicious application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer and omission of providing phosphatic and potassic fertilizers by peasant community due to inordinate price hike as well as preference to high yielding cultivars put the soil health at stake . To combat with this warning situation, resident microflora, present in the plant rhizosphere should be brought in to use to provide the bio-available potassium from fixed and unavailable pool of potassium by various mechanisms including acidolysis, chelation, exchange reactions, complexolysis, and production of organic acids. Therefore, the objective of this research is i) to study efficiency of potassium solubilizing microorganism and ii) to study the release kinetics of potassium from waste mica in maize rhizosphere. A pot experiment having 10 treatments {T1: Control, T2: Recommended Dose Of Fertilizer (RDF), T3: Full N and P+75% K and rest 25% by Waste Mica, T4: Full N and P+50% K and rest 50% by Waste Mica, T5: T3+KSB1(Fraturia aurantia), T6: T4+KSB1, T7: T3+KSB2 (Bacillus edaphicus),T8: T4+KSB2 T9: T3+KSB1+KSB2 and T10: T4+KSB1+KSB2 } was conducted using Maize (Var: SHM 1) as the test crop. The K solubilising power of the microorganisms showed a promising result (co-inoculation of two bacteria) in laboratory incubation and that was also observed in the results obtained from pot experiment. The observations were recorded at three different stages viz, Knee high stage, Silking stage and harvesting stage. The results revealed that the water soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools of K over different stages ranged from 3-5%, 9-10% and 85-88% respectively. Correlation studies among biomass yield, K uptake and different pools of K showed a significant relationship. T10 (T4+ KSB1+KSB2) has been found to be the best. It is observed that application of waste mica co-inoculated with potassium solubilizing microorganisms (Fraturia aurantia & Bacillus edaphicus) have a significant effect on biomass yield and potassium uptake by maize rhizosphere when waste mica, used as potassium source. Similarly, bacterial intervention of mica improves the water-soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable K pools in soils, thereby influences the K dynamics in a positive manner upon those pools and thus increased the bioavailability. Thus, bio-intervention of waste mica could be an alternative and viable technology to solubilize insoluble K into bio available form and could be used efficiently as a source of potassium bio-fertilizer for sustaining crop production.ThesisItem Open Access Soil fertility status as influenced by land use in Banka district of Bihar(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2016-07) Kumar, Amarjeet; Singh, Y. K.Increasing population pressure has historically resulted in land use change from natural forest to cultivated and grazing land with subsequent changes. Land use changes due to deforestation, conversion of rangeland to cropland and cultivation are known to result in changes in soil fertility. Handling suitable land use systems can help in sequestering carbon in the soil and ultimately decline the ill-effects of global warming. The Banka district is located in South Bihar Alluvial plain zone (i.e. Agro climatic Zone IIIA) of Bihar. The major land use types found in Banka district are forests (43310ha), cultivated land (16040 ha), grazing lands (1700 ha) and orchards (7300 ha). The agricultural productivity of Banka district is low due to undulating terrain and lack of irrigation facilities and also unstable due to extreme changes in weather conditions. The present study was planned to evaluate the effects of different land uses on the various soil fertility parameters and active pools of carbon in Banka district of Bihar. To fulfill the objective, triplicate soil samples were collected from six locations across four land use systems viz. forests, grazing, cultivated and orchards lands from two soil depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm). Results show that bulk density was highest in the cultivated land (1.59 Mg m-3) and lowest in the forest lands (1.52 Mg m-3). The aggregate stability has found in the order cultivated < grazing < orchard < forest for both surface and subsurface soil samples. The soil pH under different land uses was slightly acidic but in case of cultivated land it was approaching towards normal pH. Soil organic carbon (SOC) at the 0-15 cm and 15-30cm soil depth in the cultivated lands was 47, 23 and 13; and 37,12 and 12 per cent lower than the forests, orchards and grazing lands ; in the same order. In case of macronutrients the trend towards nutrient availability was as forests > orchards > grazing > cultivated lands. Similar trend was also observed in case of micronutrients Mn, Fe, Cu. In surface soil, Zn was the highest in cultivated land and was the lowest in grazing and orchards lands. Among the different active carbon pools, the highest water soluble carbon (WSC), water soluble carbohydrate (WSCHO), Potassium permanganate oxidizable carbon (PmOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) were recorded in forest soils followed by orchards, grazing and cultivated land. Overall, the soil fertility was found decline in various land use as compared to the forests.ThesisItem Open Access Microbial resistance and resilience of balanced fertilized and nanomaterials added soils under heat stress(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2016-07) KUMAR, Abhishek; Rakshit, RajivSoils are increasingly under environmental pressure most often related to the intensification of anthropogenic activities. Given the crucial importance of maintaining soil functions, understanding the response of soil ecosystems to disturbance or environmental change and the resistance and resilience of soil microorganisms is a key challenge. To maintain these crucial soil functions, it is important to know how soil microorganisms respond to disturbance or environmental change. Keeping this hypothesis in view, an incubation experiment was conducted with two objectives 1) To assess the impact of fertilization and nanomaterials on changes in enzyme activities and microbial biomass in relation to heat stress and 2) To estimate the resistance and resilience indices of soils with added fertilizers and nanomaterials. To achieve these objectives, two sets of experiment were conducted: first set represents a system reflecting the impact of long term residue management in soils and the second one is related to the exposure of control soils with nano zinc and nano iron (both at 10 and 40 ppm). Both the systems were exposed to heat stress by putting them at 48°C for 24 hours to quantify their resistance and resilience. Results from permanent plot experiment showed the reduction of enzymatic activity after exposure to heat stress (23-46% in FDA, 11-94% in acid phosphates activity, 32-113% in alkaline phosphatase and 23-39% in dehydrogenase activity). Microbial biomass carbon was increased with the application of organic residues (15-23% increase) than control on 0 day, but after stress there was a decline in the tune of 12-48% (1 day of incubation). Enumeration of microorganisms showed an increase in their count in the integrated treatments. Resistance and resilience indices values showed that application of organics in culmination with inorganic fertilizers improved the resistance and resilience of enzyme activities (extent of recovery). Results from nanomaterial based experiment showed the negative impact of these materials on the soil enzyme activities (27-75% decrease in FDA, 11-63% decrease in acid phosphatase activity, 12-105% decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity, 20-38% decrease in dehydrogenase activity) and other microbial parameters (24-40%decrease in MBC, 21-137% in Pseudomonas count and 4-21% decrease in actinomycetes count at 0 day i.e. fresh sample without exposed to stress. Resistance and resilience pattern showed that the nanomaterial supplemented system had higher resistance than control; whereas the recovery of these systems are slow but improved as reflected after 90 days of incubation.