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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Variability of leaf blight pathogen of Linum usitatissimum L.”(Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-09) Kumari, Sujata; Srinivasaraghavan, A.To study the variability of the Alternaria blight pathogen, a total of 19 isolates including four of ALTERNARIA LINICOLA and 15 of ALTERNARIA LINI were collected from different agro-ecological zones of Bihar. All the isolates were subjected morpho-physiological, cultural and pathogenic variability studies. A good amount of morphological variability was found among the different isolates. In A. LINICOLA, colony colour was found to be greyish black to grey with white and smooth margin. The maximum spore size was found in ALC-2 (40.2-44.6 X 9.5-10µ m) with a septation 9-12 horizontal and 3-4 vertical septa. The days taken to sporulation was found maximum in ALC-1 (14 days) and minimum in ALC-4 (10days). Similarly in A. LINI a colony colour of white or whitish grey to greyish black with whitish grey to white with smooth margin was recorded . Maximum spore size was found in ALN-14 (21.4-23.6 X 12.3-12.9µm) with a septation of (5-7 X 2-3). The days taken to sporulation was found maximum in ALN-1, 6 & 15 (16 days) and minimum in ALN-3 & 12 (11days). Maximum growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) was achieved after two weeks of incubation. The mean mycelial dry weight of six isolates were measured at different temperature conditions revealed that, 250 C was the most favourable condition for production mycelium (57.2mg). Among the different isolates, ALN 15 (44.2mg) was found to be performing better at all the temperatures. Interestingly, the A. LINICOLA isolates were found better at lower temperatures (150C). Similarly the Relative Humidity (RH) of 90 per cent was found better for all the isolates tested. The maximum radial growth was found in ALN-4 (37.3) at 80 per cent RH. The detached leaf and pod techniques followed to test the pathogenic variability were successfully able to differentiate the isolates. The per cent maximum incidence of on leaf was found in ALN-3 (97.2) and ALN-4 at par with ALN-7 (91.7). The least was recorded on ALC-12 (47.2). The lesion diameter was found maximum in ALN-3 and 4 (7.4mm) followed by ALN-13 (6.80) and the least was found to be in ALN-6 (4.57mm). On pods, highest disease at end of 72 hpi was found in ALC-3 (66.7 %) being at par with other A. LINICOLA isolates which indicated that, A. LINICOLA isolates were more aggressive compared to A. LINI and vice-versa on leaves.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological variability and antagonistic potential of native fluorescent Pseudomonads from Zone 3A of Bihar(Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Gupta, Annu Kumari; ErayyaBiocontrol agents have great demand now-a-days as they are replacing chemical pesticides to a large extent as they are cost effective and eco-friendly. The use of biological control agents as an alternative to fungicides is increasing rapidly in the present day agriculture due to the deleterious effects of chemical pesticides. Fluorescent Pseudomonads, a major constituent of rhizobacteria, encourages the plant growth through their diverse mechanisms. Its name implies, it secretes greenish fluorescent pigment called fluorescein, particularly under condition of low iron availability fluorescent Pseudomonads are one among them which not only enhance the plant growth but also control the fungal pathogens by production of antifungal metabolites. Present investigation was focused towards isolation of fluorescent Pseudomonads from different crop rhizospheres, morpho-physiological characterization and evaluation of antagonistic potential of these isolated fluorescent Pseudomonads against three fungal pathogens viz., Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium spp. Twenty six fluorescent Pseudomonads were isolated from different crop rhizospheric soils collected from different villages of Bhagalpur and Kishanganj. The isolates were purified on King’s-B medium and confirmed by observing under UV light. Out of twenty six, sixteen isolates were confirmed as fluorescent Pseudomonads. Among sixteen isolates twelve were found producing round to oval shaped colonies and four isolates produced irregular colonies on King’s-B agar medium. Colony colour varied from isolate to isolate viz., slightly yellowish white, green, dull white and whitish green to yellowish. Isolate WHSB produced maximum number of colonies (51.33X10-8/ml) followed by MSSB (28.33 X10-8/ml) on King’s-B medium. Colony size was found maximum (13.33mm) in MRKH followed by TMGH (12.00 mm). Fluorescent Pseudomonads produced different colour pigmentation (light green, dark green, bluish white and bluish green) at lower surface of King’s-B medium. Both the selected isolates, high fluorescent isolate (MSSB) and low fluorescent isolate (WHSB) preferred pH 7.5 for their optimum growth followed by pH 7.0 and 8.0, respectively. The same isolates also preferred the glucose as a carbon source followed by dextrose for their rapid growth. In vitro evaluation studies indicated that isolate BMGH shown maximum antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani with 55.66 per cent inhibition of pathogen over control followed by isolate WHKH (47.16 per cent) and MSKSN (46.22 per cent). Isolate CHGH was found least effective (15.09 per cent) followed by BRKH (16.03 per cent). Against Sclerotium rolfsii, isolate LNSB had maximum antagonism (88.81 per cent) followed by WHKH (79.72 per cent) and isolate BRKH was found least effective (23.78 per cent) followed by CKSB (32.87 per cent). Isolate MZKSN and BRGH were found to have maximum antagonism against Fusarium spp. (58.74 per cent) followed by WHSB (56.65 per cent) and MRKH was found least effective (15.39 per cent) followed by MSKSN (20.29 per cent). The effective isolates screened under in vitro may further tested under field conditions and may used for management of soil-borne fungal plant diseases.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Rhizoctonia solani inciting rice sheath blight and its eco- friendly management(Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Kumari, Puja; Kumar, SantoshRice (Oryza sativa L.) is grown as an important cereal crop all over the world, but extensively grown in South East Asian countries and is the richest source of energy and is an providing substantial amounts of the recommended nutrient intake of zinc and niacin. Among the various diseases sheath blight of rice caused by R. solani Kuhn is an economically important disease in India. Yield loss varies from 20 to 50%, depending on the weather conditions during the crop growth-period. The present investigation was undertaken to study the cultural and morphological characters of the pathogen, physiological studies and sustainable management of the disease. Fungicides and botanicals were screened for their antifungal activities against the pathogen under in vitro and soil amendments, botanical assess their effect on disease severity under pot culture condition. The pathogen was isolated and maintained on PDA medium. It produced cottony white mycelium which later turned to brownish yellow to dark brown colonies on PDA. The late stage produced sclerotia of nearly uniform texture, irregular in shape with hard structure and brown to black in colour. Maximum radial growth and sclerotial formation was observed on PDA and Radish dextrose agar (RDA), respectively. The pathogen also showed differences in their sensitivity when exposed to different pH and temperatures. Sclerotia inoculation technique was best as compared to others. Among fungicides tested in vitro, hexaconazole proved best followed by carbendazim. Among the botanicals, datura extract was found best antifungal compound followed by ashok. In the pot experiments, soil amendments, neem cake amended with Trichoderma viride had shown the relative lesion height of 11.12% and maximum per cent disease reduction over control (82.75%), followed by farm yard manure amended with Trichoderma viride which had shown (17.95%) RLH and (72.16%) reduction over control. Among the botanicals, datura extract was found best antifungal compound followed by ashok.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Epidemiology of False Smut (Ustilaginoidea virens) of Rice and Its Sustainable Management(Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Bhargava, Priya; Kumar, SanjeevFalse smut of rice caused Ustilaginoidea virens is considered as one of the emerging disease. The reasons for emergence of this disease are mainly attributed to climate change and intensive rice cultivation. There is little information available with respect to biology and epidemiology if the disease in Bihar. Present study was conducted to understand the biology and epidemiology of false smut of the pathogen. The fungus was isolated by ‘standard ball isolation technique’ of Ustilaginoidea virens and incubated at 27±1°C. Fungus was initially isolated based on the characters described viz., fluffy white growth on PDA and moniliform mycelium with oval or round in shaped conidia. Further, the identity of the fungi was confirmed by the taxonomist’s examination at ‘Indian type culture collection’, New Delhi. Maximum mycelial growth of was U. virens observed on potato sucrose agar medium (32.64 mm) and at pH 6.0 (68.82 mm). Under in vitro evaluation of fungicides against the false smut fungus, all the treatments were found inhibiting the fungal growth at all the concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100 ppm). Among six fungicides, propiconazole was found to be best at all the concentration with cent per cent inhibition at 50 and 100 ppm followed by Azoxystrobin and hexaconazole having cent per cent inhibition at 100 ppm concentration and the least inhibition was observed at in Copper oxy chloride at all concentrations. Among four nano particles, Silver nanoparticles (67.11% inhibition) were highly effective in controlling the fungus at 100 ppm followed by silicon carbide (60.17%) and minimum achieved by aluminium nanoparticles (55.92%) at 100 ppm concentration. Disease severity and disease incidence were observed highest in Sabour ardhajal (19.54% and 52.83% severity and incidence respectively) followed by Sushak samrat (16.66% and 35.56%) and lowest in Sahbhagi (14.72% and 17.41%). Disease severity and disease incidence were maximum in crop sown during 25th June (17.23% and 43.37%) and minimum disease severity and disease incidence was observed in 15th July (15.62% and 23.77%). There was no significant interaction observed between varieties and date of sowing. Epidemiology of pathogen revealed that the maximum disease severity (52.83%) and disease incidence (19.54%) occurred at temperature range between 23.14-31.36ºC, relative humidity (73.50-88.85%), rainfall (6.66 mm) and sunshine hrs (6.20 hrs) in Sabour ardhajal which were flowered during 25th Sept to 20th Oct than other varieties whereas, minimum disease incidence (14.72%) and disease severity (17.41%) occurred in Sahbhagi when flowered during 10th Sept to 5th Oct at same range of temperature and relative humidity but at low sunshine hrs (4.81 hrs) and high rainfall (7.27 mm). Among different date of sowing disease incidence and severity were highest in 25th June sown crop which flowered during 15th Sept to 5th Oct, when temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine hours occurred between 23.17-31.44ºC, 74.00-87.48%, 6.67 mm and 6.29 hrs. Lowest disease incidence (15.62%) and disease severity (23.77%) were found during 15th July sowing which flowered during 5th Oct to 25th Oct, when rainfall was lower than 0.2 mm besides temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hrs which was relatively similar as 25th June sown crop. In Crop flowered during 7th Sep to 30th Sep and 25th Sept to 15th Oct the disease incidence and severity was lower than crop flowered during during15th Sept to 5th Oct. Among the growth character of different varieties on different date of sowing revealed that germination percentage, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity was highest in Sabour Ardhajal and least in IR-64. 15th July sowing had highest days to 50% flowering and 25th June had least days to 50% flowering. The days to maturity were vice versa to days to 50 per cent flowering for date of sowing. Grain yield and chaffy grain/panicle were found to be highest in Sushak samrat. Lowest grain yield was observed in Sahbhagi and chaffy grains/panicle was in Sabour ardhajal. During 25th June sowing highest yield (41.20 q/ha) and chaffy grains/panicle (22.40 grains/ panicle) were found whereas lowest was found during 15th July (36.93 q/ha) in case of yield and during 5th July (18.40 grains/panicle) in case of chaffy grains/panicle.ThesisItem Open Access Deciphering the role of Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in epidemiology of Tomato leaf curl virus infecting Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)(Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Karn, Monika; Ansar, MohammadTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the world’s fourth important vegetable crop with an annual production of 162 million metric tons. At present India ranks second in overall production worldwide. The crop is severely hampered by various biotic constraints, among them viruses play an important role. In whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted geminiviruses, Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) affect tomato cultivation to a huge extent. The disease may cause up to 90 per cent or more reduction in fruit yield due to its devastating nature. Weed plants are well known reservoir of begomoviruses which act as major factor in epidemiology of the disease in different crops. Considering the economic importance of crop and potentiality of associated virus the present investigation was undertaken to study the prevalence of ToLCV disease in Bhagalpur locality along with associated Solanum nigrum (nightshade) weed. The study covered molecular detection and characterization of virus in tomato and nightshade weed, reciprocal transmission experiments and temporal dynamics of viral incidence. The survey for viral infection in tomato and nightshade in rabi season (2016-17) revealed ToLCV was present in almost locations of Bhagalpur district. Disease incidence ranged from 25 to 38 per cent in tomato and 11 to 22 per cent in nightshade. Population dynamics of whitefly during survey revealed 1 to 3 individuals/plant on tomato and 0.3 to 3 on nightshade plant. In molecular detection of virus carried out through PCR assay, with specific primer pairs (Deng-F/R, ToLCNDV-F/R, and ToLCNDV-AF/AR). PCR amplified product expected size of 957 bp band in gel electrophoresis. The product having CP gene was clonned and sequenced through outsourcing. After procurement of sequence, full CP gene sequence were checked through ORF finder which revealed a single open reading frame with 771 nucleotide encoding 256 amino acid. The full sequence was submitted to GenBank under the accession number KY112754. Sequence data was subjected to multiple sequence alignments and phylogram was constructed using CLUSTAL W software. Based on the CP gene homology of the virus isolates infecting nightshade regarded as an isolates of ToLCNDV and is designated as ToLCNDV:SN (94-96 % homology with isolates of ToLCNDV). In artificial transmission experiment of ToLCV, average rate of 16.6 per cent recorded from infected tomato to nightshade plant (seedling, 6-leaf and flowering stage). Back transmissibility of ToLCV from infected nightshade to healthy tomato plant was found to be 12.21 per cent. In temporal dynamic studies of leaf curl in tomato and nightshade incidence progressively increases upto middle February. A similar trend was observed in case of nightshade plant but the appearance was noticed after symptom expression in tomato. A positive correlation was found in tomato and nightshade leaf curl incidence under the study. The study covers a detail exploration of associated nightshade weed in epidemiology of tomato leaf curl virus. The result seems to helpful in growers community in order to manage the disease by destroying weeds.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis on Variability of Sclerotium rolfsii Causing Cucurbit Collar Rot(Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, Sabour Year: 2017, 2017-07) Kumar, Ritesh; Bhagat, A. P.Cultivation of cucurbits is largely affected by several biotic factors. Among diseases, collar rot causes significant damage to cucurbits and ultimately responsible for yield loss. Despite being a dreaded pathogen having wide host range (infects over 270 families of plants); the collar rot dynamics in cucurbits is untouched. Therefore, this study envisaged with collecting the preliminary information regarding to this pathosystem. Collar rot of cucurbits is caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., a soil inhabitant and non-specific facultative parasite that found in almost all types of agro-ecological systems. At first, the collection of isolates from various hosts and locations of Bihar was made. These isolates were addressed to morphological and biochemical variations. Great variability of isolates from different localities was observed. Additionally, the collected isolates showed variation in melanin production. An isolate, producing highest number of sclerotia (117/plate), was selected for the tests of fungicidal sensitivity and temperature adaptability. The fungicide belonging to sterol biosynthesis inhibition exhibited great potential to reduce the fungal growth. Therefore, new fungicide involving hexaconazole along with the common fungicide used for Sclerotium rot management, carbendazim, should be synthesized. The isolate adapted to high temperature (35°C) after 8th sub-culturing indicating the adjustment capability of this pathogen towardselevated temperature. Therefore, the problem associated to this fungus may be increased in future, particularly under changing climate. Moreover, biochemical changes in the artificially inoculated plants were determined in different plant organs for the five isolates exhibiting high variability in the morphological observation. High content of total phenol and chitinase was detected at collar region; however, peroxidase estimation rendered non-significant (p≥0.01) variation amongst the plant organs. To address the varietal response and seasonal impact on collar rot epidemics the pot experiment has been conducted twice in a season (rainy and winter; 4 experiments in total) with cucumber and bitter gourd. Disease incidence (DI) calculated and area under lesion progress curve (AULPC) plotted in order to understand the collar rot dynamics in cucurbit. Additionally, measurement of lesion size was made. The varietal response has been found significant (p≤0.05) for the two crops. Overall, cucumber shown high susceptibility compared to bitter gourd in both of the seasons. The rainy season exhibited higher DI and AUDPC compared to winter season for both of the crops indicating high temperature is favourable to this pathosystem. Nearly similar trend was observed for lesion length for each condition. Wide variation among isolates and adaptability of the pathogen to high temperature suggesting to develop improved strategy for management. Development of fungicide with sterol biosynthesis inhibitors can be a reliable option to manage this pathogen. Delay sowing of cucurbits in rainy season would account for lower disease development; therefore, development of late sown varieties is suggested. If agroecosystem, and facility and economical status of the farmer allow the cultivation of cucurbit in summer season should be addressed particularly in areas with sporadic and epidemic history of collar rot.