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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Rice Genotype (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Kumari, Shikha; Sinha, SimaThe present investigation was carried out to study “Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)” in thirty five genotypes including three checks (Prabhat, MTU1010, Rajendra sweta) during Kharif 2017 at Rice research farm Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, (Bhagalpur). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters under study which indicated that considerable amount of variability were present in the genotypes included in the study. Hence, there is an ample scope for inclusion of promising genotypes in breeding programme for yield and its component characters. On the basis of mean performance the genotypes viz, LPD104-B-B-1-8-2-1-1, RP5124-11-6-2 were identified as the superior genotypes for yield and yield attributing traits .The higher magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for L/B ratio while, higher phenotypic coefficient of variation were recorded for grain yield per plant followed by kernel length suggested the presence of sufficient variability in genotypes which broaden the scope for genetic improvement through selection of these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as % mean was observed for kernel length ,L/B ratio which suggested that these characters can be considered as favourable attributes for the improvement through selection and this may be due to presence of additive genes effect and thus, could be improved upon by adapting selection without progeny testing. Grain yield per plant showed positive and significant association with biological yield per plant, days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, while remaining characters showed non-significant association. Therefore, it is suggested that these traits should be used as selection criteria for yield improvement in rice genotypes. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield per plant; harvest index and kernel length had high positive direct effects on grain yield per plant indicating true relationship of these characters with grain yield and direct selection. On the basis of Mahalanobis’s D² statistics, the genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and and IV followed by cluster IV and VI and cluster IV and V ,which indicated maximum diversity between the genotypes of these clusters might be used in multiple crossing programme to recover transgressive segregants. Considering the genetic divergence and mean performance of genotypes for grain yield and other yield contributing characters, NDR9718 and BADSHAHBHOG-SBR-4 may be considered as divergent genotypes and hybridization involving these genotypes is likely to give desirable transgressive segregants for yield and yield contributing traits.ThesisItem Open Access Development of SCAR marker(s) for aphid tolerance in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Rekha, Kumari; Singh, Ravi ShankarBrassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. commonly known as “Indian mustard” is predominant member of Brassicaceae family in the Indian subcontinent. The mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) is one of the major insect-pest of rapeseed-mustard. There are few reports on molecular markers related to aphid resistance/tolerance in Brassica species, which are not good enough for high level of confirmation. Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers are important markers used for tagging of a gene or to link a specific trait. In the present study, for the development of SCAR markers for aphid tolerance/susceptibility derived from RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers, eight different genotypes of B. juncea comprising tolerant (IC-399802, IC-491089, IC-312545, IC-312553) and susceptible (IC-385686, IC-264131, IC-426392, Laxmi) identified previously and available were used. Firstly, all the eight genotypes were grown in RBD design with three replications and the data was recorded on five observations, and on the basis of aphid infestation index, tolerant level of genotypes, IC 491089, IC 312545, IC 385686 and IC 312553 was re-confirmed. Then, RAPD and ISSR fingerprinting was done with these genotypes, Out of 51 RAPD marker, only thirteen were found to be polymorphic while out of twelve ISSR markers eight were polymorphic. We obtained three primers OPE 16 (RAPD), UBC 839 (ISSR) and UBC 864 (ISSR) producing bands which could discriminate tolerant genotypes from susceptible ones for aphid tolerance. One RAPD primer, OPE 16 produced two bands of size ~600bp and ~300 bp, which could discriminate tolerant genotypes from susceptible ones for aphid tolerance. UBC 839 yielded ~800 bp unique band in bulk tolerant while UBC 864 yielded three bands of ~1200 bp, ~1000 bp, and ~500 bp in tolerant genotypes. Total six unique bands were selected, which were either present in susceptible or tolerant genotypes for developing SCAR markers. These bands were ligated into pTZ57R/T cloning vector and transformed into DH5α E.coli cells, the transformed colonies were identified by Blue-white screening on X-gal-Ampicillin-LB Agar plates. The insert in the transformed colonies were confirmed by double digestion and by colony PCR, then plasmids were isolated and sequenced. BLASTN analysis of these SCAR sequences was done to see if any of these related to resistance. The sequences of BJSCAR2, BJSCAR3, BJSCAR4 and BJSCAR5 showed high similarity with nucleotide sequences of A. thaliana, B. rapa, B. napus and other Brassica spp. but none specifically related to resistance. BJSCAR1 did not show any match in GenBank nucleotide database, this could be a novel sequence. The sequences obtained were used to design different sets of SCAR primers. Out of seven sets of SCAR primers obtained from SCAR marker sequences, BJSCAR1-F1 and BJSCAR1-R1 yielded a prominent unique bands in all the four susceptible genotypes as well as in the bulk susceptible and was absent in the tolerant genotypes. This primer set also did not show any amplification in B. fruticulosa, a highly tolerant to aphid (used as control), thereby confirms this SCAR primer set’s discriminatory power for aphid susceptible and tolerant genotypes of mustard. Other SCAR primers (BJSCAR2-F1 and BJSCAR2-R1 for SCAR2; BJSCAR3-F1, BJSCAR3-R1 for SCAR3; BJSCAR4-F1, BJSCAR4-R1 for SCAR4; BJSCAR5-F1, BJSCAR5-R1 for SCAR5) could not show clear cut polymorphism between susceptible and tolerant genotypes. This indicates that probably polymorphism of RAPD/ISSR markers from which these markers were derived lost upon conversion into SCAR marker. In conclusion, in the present study, we developed one SCAR marker and validated in different susceptible/tolerant genotypes of B. juncea. This marker distinguished susceptible and tolerant genotypes. This was also tested with B. fruiticulosa, an aphid tolerant genotypes, which further confirms its discriminatory power. We further suggests that it could be further refined using more aphid resistant genotypes for its wider applicability in Brassica spp.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on an R2R3 Myb Transcription Factor Gene from Cauliflower(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Prasad, Abhishek; Chattopadhyay, TirtharthaAnthocyanin is a bioactive compound, which is responsible for purple pigmentation in different plant tissues. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanin is under stringent genetic regulation, both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. The R2R3 Myb transcription factors, involved in transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been studied in great details in different plants. In a recent past, an R2R3 Myb transcription factor, involved in purple curd formation in a mutant cauliflower genotype has been documented. Though, both the wild type and the mutant R2R3 Myb genes have been shown to encode functional proteins, alteration in the upstream promoter region of the mutant gene has been found to increase the expression of the gene at transcriptional level, leading to higher anthocyanin biosynthesis in the mutant cauliflower. In the present study, the wild type R2R3 Myb gene of cauliflower was studied in details. In silico characterization of the wild type gene was performed, where different physico-chemical properties, potential post-translational modifications and potential interacting proteins of the encoded protein were analysed. Homology-based structural modeling of the protein revealed the presence of structurally similar DNA binding domain. Due to the unavailability of the purple cauliflower mutant, the coding DNA sequence (CDS) of the wild type cauliflower R2R3 Myb gene was prepared through the overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For this purpose, different overlapping primers were designed and used. Interestingly, the first intron, but not the second intron, was observed to indicate towards some length polymorphism, when 30 different cauliflower genotypes were analysed through PCR using specific primers. The strategy of overlap extension PCR was optimized and the prepared CDS was cloned in bacterial expression vector. However, expression of the recombinant R2R3 Myb protein of cauliflower was observed to be very low, which might be due to the unstable nature of the protein (as predicted through in silico analyses). The recombinant protein was solubilized and purified through immobilized metal affinity chromatography, in presence of the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) detergent. The wild type R2R3 Myb gene of cauliflower was further sub-cloned in plant gene transfer vector under the transcriptional regulation of a constitutive promoter. Agroinfiltration of the recombinant construct in tobacco leaves resulted in high level of anthocyanin pigmentation, as revealed through transient expression analysis. Thus, the present study characterizes the wild type R2R3 Myb transcription factor gene of cauliflower, which is a prerequisite for using the same as a candidate gene for increasing anthocyanin biosynthesis in different plants through transgenesis.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under terminal heat stress(Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Narendra, M C; Roy, ChandanTerminal heat stress is one of the major production constraints in wheat crop especially in south eastern Asia including eastern India. In the present experiment thirty wheat genotypes were evaluated under normal and late sown condition for two consecutive years 2016-17 and 2017-18 to determine extend of genetic variability, construction of selection index for stress condition and identification of heat tolerant genotypes. The observation was recorded for. days to 50% heading, biological yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant, dry matter content per plant, days to 50% maturity, grain yield per plant, thousand kernel weight, number of tillers per plant, panicle length, chlorophyll (SPAD value), canopy temperature depression, catalase, peroxidase, iron and zinc content. There was considerable amount of genetic variability present for all the characters. Peroxidase, green fodder yield, catalase has shown higher amount of genotypic variance, GCV, heritability and genetic advance in both timely and late sown condition indicated that the characters were governed by additive gene action. Diversity analysis using D2 statistics and UPGMA clustering of genotypes determined that there was substantial amount of genetic diversity among the genotypes. The genotypes BRW 3723, HD 2733, HI 1563, DBW 14 and RAJ 3765 were found to be carried resistance gene for Lr 34. Significant correlation and high direct effect was observed for the characters like days to 50% heading, days to 50% maturity, green fodder yield, dry matter content, peroxidase content, catalase content and canopy temperature depression on grain yield. Selection index also indicated the importance of days to 50% heading, biological yield per plant, catalase content and peroxidase content under stress condition. Based on heat susceptibility index, tolerant genotypes were identified like RAJ 3765, HD 2643, DBW 14, BRW 3762 and SW 129.ThesisItem Open Access Selection of parents for yield improvement in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) under irrigated condition(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2017-08) Kumari, Shweta; Nirala, R.B.P.Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) commonly known as flax having 2n = 30 chromosomes is a self pollinated crop that belongs to the family Linaceae. It is cultivated mainly for its seed oil and its high quality stem fibre. Linseed oil is the richest source of omega-3 fatty acids which has been functionally associated with numerous positive health claims in human and animal. Inspite of all these nutritional value, Linseed is always neglected due to its poor yield and non-availability of improved cultivars which is one of the limiting factors of its popularity. Therefore , a study was undertaken for evaluation of the 31 linseed genotypes collected from AICRP, linseed, Sabour and PC Unit, linseed Kanpur, including two checks, T-397 and Shekhar. The genotypes were grown in randomized complete block design with three replications during Rabi 2015-16 at Bihar Agricultural college farm, BAU, Sabour, Bhagalpur to select parents for yield improvement in linseed. The analysis of variances for design of experiment revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the 20 characters studied. The characters namely, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, bud fly infestation, 1000-seed weight, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant, harvest index, stearic acid and linoleic acid exhibited high GCV, PCV and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. Correlation studies showed a significant and positive correlation between seed yield per plant and number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, seed length and biological yield per plant while bud fly infestation was significant and negatively correlated with seed yield per plant. A non significant correlation between oil and fatty acids were found in biochemical study. While, a significant and positive correlation between palmitic acid and stearic acid and negative correlation between stearic and linoleic acid and between oleic acid and linolenic acid were found in present study. Path analysis indicated that bud fly infestation exhibited high and negative direct effect on seed yield per plant. While, number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight showed moderate direct effects on seed yield per plant. Indirect effects of number seeds per capsule, seed length, 1000-seed weight and biological yield per plant on seed yield per plant via bud fly infestation were recorded moderate to high. On the other hand, all the fatty acid namely, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid showed high and negative direct effect on oil content except palmitic acid which showed positive and low direct effect. The indirect effect of individual fatty acid via other fatty acids on oil content was recorded moderate to very high. On the basis of D² analysis, 31 genotypes were grouped into 6 divergent clusters. Cluster I was the biggest with 12 genotypes followed by cluster II and cluster V. Inter cluster D2 value was the highest between cluster II and VI followed by V and VI. Molecular diversity analysis was also done with 20 SSR primers. Out of 20 primers, 15 primers were found polymorphic, 3 monomorphic and other two gave non scorable band. The PIC value of SSR primers ranged from 0.1-0.447 with an average of 0.245. However, the similarity coefficient ranged from 0.5 to 0.9. Among the 31 genotypes, the lowest similarity coefficient was observed between GS-202 and Neelum (0.50) followed by the pair EC-1424 and H-40 (0.51) indicating their distant relationship and the highest between Meera and EC-537911 (0.90) indicating presence of a common ancestry. Based on the D2 values, clusters mean and means of the genotypes, nineteen genotypes were selected and their possible cross combinations namely, EC-1424 with BRLS -101, BRLS-102, BRLS-103 for oil & oil quality and EC-1424 with Parvati, EC537911A and Neelum for seed yield and its attributing characters were identified to obtain better segregants in linseed breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and combining ability for yield and its attributes in rabi maize (Zea mays L.)(Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Kumar, Pawan; Mandal, S. S.The objective of the present investigation was to examine combining ability and extent of heterosis for yield and its attributes in rabi maize (Zea mays L.). Crosses were made involving 10 lines and 3 testers in kharif, 2015 for this study. Crosses along with parents and checks were evaluated in the field of maize section, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur in RBD with two replications during rabi, 2015-16. The experimental material consisted of 30 F1’s,10 lines, 3 testers and two checks, namely DHM-117 and DKC-9081. Data were recorded on 14 quantitative characters. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that both additive and non-additive gene actions were responsible for the inheritance for all the characters under study. The SCA variance component was observed to be higher than the respective GCA variance component for all the traits except cob length, number of kernels per row and harvest index, which indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action for inheritance of most of the traits. The estimates of GCA effect for grain yield revealed that among the lines, L1, L2, L7 and among testers, T2 were identified as best general combiner for grain yield and its contributing characters. These may be used as parents in multiple hybridization programme in order to pool all favourable alleles distributed among different parents for isolation of improved inbreds. On the basis of mean performance, SCA effects, standard heterosis for yield and its attributing traits crosses namely L7 x T3, L6 x T2, L2 x T3 and L2 x T2 were identified as high grain yielder, needed to be tested on large scale multi-location trial and farmers’field before its commercial utilization.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of aromatic, semi-dwarf and Photo insensitive segregants of rice through Marker assisted selection(Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, BAU, Sabour Year: 2017, 2017-07) Bharti, Sundaram; Singh, P. K.Rice is the most staple food grain crop of India. Growing rice is an inevitable part in more than half of the world population who depends on it as their staple food. Rice consumers all over the world have strong preferences for the aromatic rice, it commands premium price in national as well as international market, have superior nutritional value and better amino acid profiles. The aroma is mainly due to accumulation of a compound, 2-acetyl-pyrroline (2AP), the main aromatic compound for popcorn like fragrance in all aromatic rice. Katarni rice is a famous aromatic landrace of Bihar having a problem of lodging and photosensitivity resulting in its low productivity and restricted cultivation. Marker assisted selection was employed to select semi-dwarf and aromatic progenies in the BC1F2 and F3 population in a cross of Katarni with a rice variety Rajendra Sweta which was used as donar parent for photo insensitivity and semi-dwarf trait. 51 plants selected on the basis of 1.7% KOH sensory test for aroma in BC1F2 population whereas 31 plants were selected in F3 population. 50 plants selected on the basis of PCR amplification of badh2 gene specific primer in BC1F2 population whereas 25 plants in F3 population. Finally 49 plants of BC1F2 and 25 plants of F3 population selected on the basis of foreground selection of badh2 & sd1. Aroma is the monogenic recessive to non-aromatic .The segregation ratio of non-aromatic to aromatic plants was 3:1 F2 plants confirming the monogenic inheritance of aroma. The selected plants will be further evaluated in next generation for homozygous plant for earliness and semi-dwarf trait.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Mahto, Mukesh; Jha, Vidya BhushanThe present research work was conducted at research farm area of Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural college, Purnea with the objectives to examine variability, association of characters with grain yield, morphological and molecular diversity. The experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2016 in randomized block design with 3 replications, consisting of 34 rice genotypes including two checks, namely Sita and Rajendra Mahsuri1. The observations were recorded on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of effective tillers/plant, panicle length (cm), flag leaf length (cm), number of spikelets /panicle, number of fertile grains/panicle, biological yield/plant(g), grain yield/plant(g), 1000 grain weight (g), harvest index(%). Significant treatment differences were found for all the characters under study. Moderate estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were found for plant height, effective number of tillers/plant, flag leaf length, number of spikelets/panicle, number of fertile grains/ panicle, 1000grain weight, grain yield/plant and biological yield/plant. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was exhibited by number of spikelets/panicle and number of fertile grains/panicle thus, selection for these traits will be rewarding. Effective tillers/plant, biological yield/plant, spikelets/panicle, fertile grains/panicle, harvest index were found to be significantly and strong positively correlated with grain yield while plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, panicle length and flag leaf length showed negative correlation with grain yield. Biological yield/plant and harvest index exhibited high direct effect on grain yield. Diversity analysis on the basis of morphological parameters grouped the thirty four genotypes into six clusters with maximum number of genotypes in cluster I followed by cluster II. Highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and V followed by cluster I and III and cluster V and VI. All the genotypes were subjected to allelic diversity analysis through 8 trait linked SSR markers. Among the SSR markers, RM 5, RM 1, RM 552, RM 11, RM 154, RM 517 and RM 263 generated maximum five alleles. Maximum polymorphism information content value was found in RM 25. .ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Diversity in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Normal and Late sown conditions(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Agrawal, Tajashwini; Kumar, AnandChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a member of Fabaceae family, is one of the most important rabi pulse crops in India contributing 20% to the pulse production in world. The present investigation was carried out in 2016-17 (rabi season) in the area specified to pulse section in Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur) in order to screen 36 chickpea genotypes including 4 checks (PG-186, GCP 105, KWR 108, BG 372) for genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance using 16 quantitative traits under late and normal sown conditions. Also, correlation between yield and component traits and their direct and indirect effects were studied. In order to identify high yielding suitable parents for future breeding programme, genetic diversity analysis using Mahalanobis D2 statistics and SSR markers was performed. Significant treatment differences were found for most of the characters under study. For most of the traits, phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV %) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV %). Highest PCV % and GCV % were noted for grain yield per plant followed by biological yield and effective pods per plant under both, normal and late sown conditions. Pods per plant, seed index, plant height, grain yield per plant and yield in kg/ha were the key traits identified that can be used in selection for breeding programs. Genetic variation was also found for traits such as canopy temperature and chlorophyll index. Correlation analysis revealed that total as well as effective pods per plant under normal sown conditions and seed index under late sown conditions had positive and highly significant association with grain yield per plant and yield respectively. Effective pods per plant and biological yield per plant had maximum and positive direct effects on grain yield whereas plant height had highest negative direct effect on grain yield under normal conditions. However under late sown condition, chlorophyll index followed by total pods per plant showed significantly positive direct effects and days to maturity the vice versa. Mahalanobis D2 statistics revealed 7 clusters. Among the seven clusters, cluster II (13) and cluster IV (10) consisted maximum number of genotypes accounting to 36% and 27.8% in total genetic diversity under normal and late sown conditions respectively. Based on inter-cluster distances and mean performances of clusters for different traits, the advance breeding line among genotypes belonging to cluster VII and II (for normal sown) and cluster VII and cluster III (for late sown) are expected to produce desirable segregants for yield and other yield related traits. Seed index had largest contribution towards total divergence under both conditions.