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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Economics of Production and Marketing of Jute in Katihar District of Bihar(Department of Agril. Economics, BAU, Sabour, 2020) Nayak, Subhranshu; Wadwani, Mukesh KumarIn Bihar jute is still cultivated under traditional practices and modern technologies have still not penetrated in the production process the raw jute is mostly exported to West Bengal as there is lack of jute processing mills in the state. The available literature suggests that there is huge potential of jute cultivation including its enhanced production and productivity in the state, but there is still dearth of scientific literature on this crop. In view this the present investigation was undertaken to study the cost & Return, marketing behaviour and constraints faced by the jute growers in its production and marketing farmers. The study was based on primary data, collected from a sample of 90 jute growers selected through Multi-stage Sampling Technique through Survey Method from a cluster of three villages each from two blocks namely Kadwa and Mansahi of Katihar District. The sample consisted of 32.33 per cent marginal & small farmers, 33.33 per cent semi-medium farmers, 23.33 per cent medium farmers and 11.11 per cent large farmers. The study revealed that average total cost of cultivation of jute was ₹ 57844 /ha, which was highest on large farmers (₹ 60002/ha), followed by marginal & small farmers (Rs 59094/ ha), medium farmers (₹ 57787/ha) and ₹ 55961/ha for semi-medium farmers. The gross income (per ha) obtained was lowest for marginal & small farmers (₹ 74117), while it was highest for large farmers (₹ 100980) with average gross return of ₹ 85940.The return to cost ratio was estimated as 1.48. The Majority of farmers (81.1 %) sold the produce immediately after harvest. As far as choice of market is concerned 56.6 per cent of the farmers sold at their produce at farm gate, 24.4 per cent to Gulab Bagh Mandi, Purnea and 19 per cent of sold at JCI Center. The major constraints in jute production were found to be shortage of labor and cost of labor (ranked as 1st and 2nd) while high pest & disease incidence and problems of weed were 3rd and 4th important constraints. The constraints affecting marketing of jute were shortage of Government Procurement Centers (ranked 1st), no organized market ranked (2nd) and lack of remunerative prices for jute ranked (3rd) with garret score of 55.69, 51.53 and 51.27, respectively. The exploitation by middle-men involved in marketing of raw jute was ranked 4th (GS 47.54).ThesisItem Open Access Economics of tobacco production in Samastipur district of Bihar(Department of Agril. Economics, BAU, Sabour, 2020) Kumar, Ravi Shankar; Rahaman, S. M.The present study was attempted to estimate the costs and returns, resource use efficiency, constraints and underlying reasons of continuity of tobacco production in Samastipur district of Bihar. Multistage sampling technique was employed for the selection of 100 farmers from a congregation of four villages, two from Warisnagar block and two from Sarairanjan block. The study area was predominated by marginal and small farmer (49.00 %), followed by semi-medium farmer (38.00 %) and remaining 13 per cent belonged to medium and large farmer’s category. The results showed that net income of Rs. 53260 per acre was generated from tobacco cultivation. The Gross Income was Rs. 129339 per acre, comprising of Rs. 126339 form main product and Rs. 2999 from by-product. The returns to cost ratio of Sarairanjan block (1.62) was lesser then Warisnangar block (1.67), whereas, the overall returns to cost ratio was 1.70. The cost of hired labour, fertilizer, organic manure, and irrigation were the major cost items contributing 46.26, 25.04, 9.55, and 6.43 per cent to the total cost, respectively. The pest and diseases incidence, lack of skilled labour, lack of capital, lack of govt. support, heavy dependence on market intermediaries and Govt. regulations on banning of tobacco products were the some of the major constraints faced by the farmers in the study area. Higher production, secured market, and traditional knowledge of tobacco production, more remunerative than other crops and higher income in short duration were some of the major reasons of continuity of tobacco production in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Economics of boro rice Production and Marketing in Purnea district of Bihar: An Exploratory Study(Department of Agricultural Economics, BAU, Sabour, 2020) Skand, Deepak Kumar; Wadhwani, M. K.The study was conducted to analyses the economics of production and marketing of boro rice in Purnea district selected purposively on the basis of primary data collected from 90 boro rice farmers of Baisi block of the district as well as the required secondary data. The sample of farmers was selected on the basis of Multistage Sampling Technique consisted of 16 marginal & small farmers (17.78 %), 40 semi medium farmers (44.44 %), 23 medium farmers (25.56 %) and 11 large farmers (12.22 %). It was found that the main occupation of 68.89 per cent of sample farmers was crop farming. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of area, production and productivity of all rice in Bihar state from 1997-98 to 2017-18 was estimated as 1.09 per cent, 0.68 per cent and 0.62 per cent, respectively while that of boro rice in the satae was found as 1.73 per cent for area, 1.58 per cent for production and 0.91 per cent for productivity. The annual growth rate of all rice for the same period in zone II of Bihar was 1.18 percent, 0.84 per cent and 0.72 per cent while that of boro rice it was 1.60, 1.44 percent and 0.90 per cent for area, production and productivity, respectively. Thereby showing that area, production and productivity of all rice and also of boro rice has increased from 1997-98 to 2017-18 in the state. The CAGR of area under boro rice in different districts of zone II viz.; Araria, Katihar, Khagaria, Kisanganj, Madhepura, Purnea, Saharsha and Supaul was estimated as 1.02, 1.42, 0.85, 0.70, 4.46, 3.18, 6.61 and 3.00 per cent while of production as 1.03, 1.17, 0.66, 0.72, 4.57, 3.08, 5.18 and 2.50 per cent, respectively. The CAGR of productivity in these district was 1.01, 0.82, 0.78, 1.03, 1.02, 0.97, 0.78 and 0.83 per cent, respectively. It indicates that during the period highest increase in area (6.61 per cent) and production (5.18 per cent) under boro rice was in the district of Saharsa followed by 4.46 per cent and 4.57 per cent in Madhepura and 3.18 percent and 3.08 Purnea districts, respectively. The economics of boro rice cultivation was estimated in terms of total cost, variable cost and fixed cost, as well as income in terms of gross return, net return and return to cost ratio. The yield of boro rice was 61.54, 60.87, 60.46 and 65.40 quintal per ha on marginal & small, semi medium, medium and large farms, respectively. The net income over variable cost and total cost, as well as return to total cost ratio on overall basis was estimated as 42877, 32292 and 1.33, respectively. The net income over total variable cost was Rs 48564, Rs 41202, Rs 35282 and Rs 40103 per ha, respectively for marginal & small, semi medium, medium and large farms. The Return to cost ratio was estimated as 1.28, 1.35, 1.43 and 1.36 on four category of farms, respectively. The average production of boro rice per farm was estimated as 32.62, 54.78, 83.43 and 127.53 quintal on marginal & small, semi medium, medium and large farms, respectively. The marketing Pattern I (Producer-Village Trader) was followed by 54.44 per cent of sample farmers while Pattern II (Producer- Wholesaler) and Pattern III (Producer-Rice Miller) was followed by 28.86 per cent and 16.67 per cent farmers in marketing of boro rice. The Pattern I was most preferred by the farmers in the study. The Marketed Surplus of boro rice was highest (79.31 per cent) on marginal & small farms while it ranged between 37.83 percent (medium farms) to 46.48 per cent (semi-medium farm) with mean as 41.62 per cent. The constraints faced by sample farmers in production and marketing of boro rice were analyzed using Garrett’s Ranking Technique. The constraints were classified as agro-ecological, technological, economic and marketing constraints on the basis of farmers’ response based on their experience about boro rice production. The irrigation was the most important constraint (Garrett Score 73 per cent) among agro-ecological, availability of seed (GS 69 per cent) as technological and low market price (GS 72.80 per cent) under marketing constraints faced by sample farmers. It is concluded from the study that though the area, production and productivity of boro rice has increased in Bihar state as well as in its zone II there is still unexploited potentials. It is also more profitable as compared to kharif rice. Therefore, there is need for development of improved short duration dwarf and cold tolerant varieties, its management practices backed with efficient marketing facility to enhance income of the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of climate change on economics of major cereal production in Samastipur district of Bihar(Department of Agricultural Economics, BAU, Sabour, 2021-02) Ranjan, Ranjeet Kumar; Kumari, MeeraClimate change influences crop yield vis-a-vis crop production to a greater extent in Bihar. Climate change and its impacts are well recognizing today and it will affect both physical and biological system. Therefore, this study has been planned to assess the effect of climate variables on yield of major crops, adaptation measures undertaken along with the identification of constraints faced by the farmers in Samastipur district of Bihar. Secondary data on yield of maize and wheat crops were collected from Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Bihar, and data of climatic variables were obtained from Department of Meteorology, RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar for the period from 1999-2019 to describe the effects of climate variable namely rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature on yield of maize and wheat. In addition to this, cost of cultivation and minimum support price of maize and wheat also collected from published sources to assess the impact of climatic variable on income of farmers over the study period. Further, to assess the adaptation measure taken as well as problem faced, a household survey of 120 farmers were conducted in two blocks (Pusa and Tajpur). To assess the impacts of climate change on crop yields, regression model was used after obtaining lagged values of model variables. Results from the analysis of time series data indicated that annual rainfall were positively and significantly related to yields of wheat crops while maximum temperature and minimum temperature had a negative impact on maize and wheat yields. For instance, a 1 °C maximum temperature increased decreases yields of maize by 10 per cent. The study has actually revealed that other factors, such as type of soil, soil fertility and method of farming may also be responsible for crop yield. Findings of study also indicated that income and cost of cultivation has no significant relationship with climate variable, means income of farmers changed due to change in the other factors rather than change in climatic variable over the period under study as cost of cultivation increases with increased in the price of input over the period not due to change climatic variable. This study thus concludes that food-crops grown in summer are adversely affected by the current trend of climate. Other summer crops are adversely affected by increase in rainfall and maximum temperature. On the other hand, though rainfall is at declining trend in winter, increase in temperature has positively contributed to the yield growth of both winter crops. With this, we can recommend that any program dealing with minimizing adverse impact of climate change on food-crops production should first consider the crops like maize and wheat. Moreover, these two crops are important staple food for Samastipur district. Micro-level findings substantiate that farming experience and access to information on climate change have a positive and significant influence on farmers. Other variables such as education, farm size and implements and machinery ownership are positively and significantly related to the choice of adaptation measures. The majority of the farmers suggested soil and water conservation (SWC) practices such as land levelling, change in crop calendar, crop diversification, reduced tillage etc, could be a better option to limit the adverse effects of climate change on cereal crops especially maize and wheat.
