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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF DECAPITATION AND PGR's ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CLUSTER BEAN SEED (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) CV. PUSA NAVBAHAR
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) NARSHI, SATODIYA BAKUL; Patel, H. C.
    A field experiment was conducted at Main Vegetable Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during the years 2008-09 and 2009-10 in summer seasons on sandy loam soil with a view to study the "Influence of decapitation and PGR's on growth, yield and quality of cluster bean seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) cv. Pusa Navbahar" under middle Gujarat conditions. There were twenty one treatment combinations comprising three decapitation treatments i.e. D1-Without decapitation (control), D2-Decapitation at 70 DAS and Ds-Decapitation at 85 DAS and seven different PGR's treatments along with control i.e. G1 -Water spray (Control), G2-NAA 20 mg/l, G3-NAA 40 mg/l, G4-GA3 20 mg/l, G5-GA3 40 mg/l, G6-Thiourea 500 mg/l and G7-Thiourea 1000 mg/l in a Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with three replications. Growth parameters viz. plant height and number of leaves per plant were found non-significant at 30 and 60 DAS. Whereas, without decapitation (control) treatment recorded significantly the highest plant height i.e. 112.07 and 115.72 cm and number of leaves per plant i.e. 50.70 and 45.15 at 90 DAS and harvest stage, respectively. The effects of decapitation on physiological parameters viz. LA, LAI, CGR, NAR and dry weight of plant were found non-significant at 30 and 60 DAS whereas, at 90 DAS all the physiological parameters and at harvest only LA and dry weight of plant recorded significantly, higher values in control treatment (Without decapitation). Decapitation of plant at 70 DAS registered significantly the highest number of pods per cluster (7.55), number of clusters per plant (18.29), number of pods per plant (138.00) and weight of 1000 seeds (37.00 g) in pooled analysis. However, dry pod length (9.59 cm) and number of seeds per pod (7.05 cm) were found maximum in treatment decapitation at 85 DAS. Decapitation of plant at 70 DAS produced significantly the highest seed yield (917.7 kg/ha) in pooled analysis as compared to without decapitation (889.13 kg/ha), which was 9.26 % higher than without decapitation. Root and shoot ratio (0.057) and harvest index (627.04) were also found significantly superior in treatment decapitation at 70 DAS. Seed quality parameters viz. seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and II were recorded the highest values in treatment decapitation at 70 DAS at 6th 8th and at 10th day on pooled basis. Plant growth regulators treatments significantly influenced growth parameters viz. plant height and number of leaves per plant at various growth stages of crop except at 30 DAS. At 60, 90 DAS and harvest stage treatment GA3 40 mg/l recorded significantly maximum plant height and number of leaves per plant as compared to rest of treatments. Physiological parameters viz. LA, LAI, NAR and dry weight of plant at 60 and 90 DAS registered significantly the higher values in treatment GA3 40 mg/l in pooled analysis. At harvest, LA, LAI and dry weight had recorded significantly maximum values in treatments Thiourea 500 mg/l and GA3 40 mg/l which remained at par with each other. Yield attributing characters viz. number of pods per cluster (7.25), number of clusters per plant (18.75), number of pods per plant (136.01), dry pod length (9.86 cm) and weight of 1000 seeds (37.22 g) were significantly the highest in treatment Thiourea 500 mg/l on pooled basis. The significantly maximum seed yield was recorded by the treatment Thiourea 500 mg/l (1030.36 kg/ha) in pooled analysis, which was at par with treatment GA3 20 mg/l (992.81 kg/ha) which was 26.67 and 22.05 %, higher than control, respectively. The treatment GA3 20 mg/l recorded the highest harvest index (638.80). Seed quality parameters viz. germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight and vigour index-I and II were recorded the maximum values in treatments of GA3 and Thiourea at all the three stages i.e. 6th, 8th and 10thday. Interaction effects between decapitation and PGR's treatments on growth parameters viz., plant height and number of leaves per plant showed significant differences at 60, 90 DAS and harvest stage except for number of leaves per plant at harvest. Different combination of decapitation and PGR's treatments recorded significant results on physiological parameters at various growth stages viz. LA, LAI, CGR, NAR and dry weight of plant. At 60 and 90 DAS LA, LAI, NAR and dry weight of plant recorded significant results in different combinations except CGR at 60 DAS. At harvest stage, CGR, NAR and dry weight of plant were found significant due to interaction between decapitation and PGR's treatments. At all the growth stages, interaction between without decapitation and treatments of GA3 and Thiourea recorded significantly higher values of all the physiological parameters. Yield attributing parameters viz. number of seeds per pod and weight of 1000 seeds significantly affected by interaction between decapitation and PGR's treatments which, were the highest in combinations D'aGe (8.20) and D2G6 (41.40 g), respectively. Seed quality parameters like, seedling length, seedling dry weight and vigour index-I and II recorded the maximum values in combinations of decapitation at 70 DAS with treatments of GA3 and Thiourea at all the three stagesi.e. 6th 8th and10th day. The higher net return of 47,849 Rs./ha along with B.C.R. of 1: 2.60 was obtained by decapitation at 70 DAS, whereas, the lowest net realization (41,935 Rs. /ha) and B.C.R. (1:2.43) was obtained when plant decapited at 85 DAS. The treatment Thiourea 500 mg/l recorded the maximum net realization of Rs. 52,277 per hectare with 1:2.73 B.C.R., followed by treatment GA3 20 mg/l.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON BALANCED ANAESTHESIA USING BUTORPHANOL - ACEPROMAZINE - GLYCOPYRROLATE (BAG) AS PREANAESTHETIC TO KETAMINE - DIAZEPAM, KETAMINE -MIDAZOLAM, PROPOFOL AND ISOFLURANE MAINTENANCE IN CANINES
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) KAVECHIYA, VIPULKUMAR PRAHLADBHAI; BARVALIA, D. R.
    A clinical study, on 36 dogs of either sex allotted to six groups of six animals in each, was undertaken to evaluate sedative effect of BAG - Butorphanol, Acepromazine and Glycopyrrolate @ 0.2, 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg b.wt., respectively, as a combination administered intramuscularly. Induction was carried out using Diazepam @ 0.28 mg/kg b.wt. and Ketamine @ 5 mg/kg b. wt. mixture in KDK (I) and KDI (II) groups, Midazolam @ 0.28 mg/kg b.wt. and Ketamine @ 5 mg/kg b.wt. mixture in KMK (III) and KMl (IV) groups and Propofol @ 5 mg/kg b.wt. in PP (V) and PI (VI) groups intravenously (IV) about 15 min. after premedication with BAG. The maintenance of anaesthesia was carried out with ketamine (0.25 mg/kg/min.) in ketamine-diazepam and ketamine-midazolam induction for KDK and KMK groups. Animals of similar induction groups were also maintained with isoflurane in KDI and KMI groups. In propofol induction, propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min.) and isoflurane were used as maintenance agent in PP and PI groups. Anaesthesia was induced in overnight fasted and preanaesthetically evaluated dogs 15 min. after premedication over a period of 90 sec. in ketamine combination groups and over 90-120 sec. time in propofol groups. Onset of sedative effect of preanaesthesia, induction quality and time of intubation were recorded in all animals. Optimum doses for desired effect were also recorded for preanaesthesia, induction and maintenance in all animals. Different clinical parameters related to anaesthesia, recovery times, vital signs and complication, if any, were recorded at 15 min. after preanaesthesia (AP), 0 min. (at induction), 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min. inclusive of commencement of induction in all groups. Different haematological and biochemical parameters were studied at 0 min. (normal), 15 and 30 min. post induction in all cases. Cost of preanaesthesia, induction and maintenance were calculated for all cases. Postoperative pain managmant was achieved using meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg b.wt.) for 5 days after operation. All the animals showed profound signs of sedation without any complications. Combination mixture (BAG) also masked the adverse effects of opioid in preanaesthesia. Lower dose of acepromazine seem to be safe for older dogs also. Induction of anaesthesia was smooth and satisfactory without any complications, however it was comparatively faster in propofol and ketaminemidazolam groups than ketamine-diazepam. Time for induction and endotracheal intubation was also less in propofol and ketamine-midazolam induction than ketamine-diazepam. In all six groups, mean pulse rate per minute showed a nonsignificant decrease at 15 minutes after preanaesthesia. At the time of induction and after induction, mean pulse rate showed significant increase in KDK, KDI and KMK groups and nonsignificant increase in KMI, PP and PI groups. Mean Sp02 values showed nonsignificant decrease after preanaesthesia and followed by increase in all groups. However, increase was observed in animals of isoflurane maintenance groups. Respiratory rate showed nonsignificant changes through out the period of anaesthesia. Same way the rectal temperature decreased gradually but nonsignificantly in all groups. Mean blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean) showed nonsignificant decrease after preanaesthesia in all groups there after increased nonsignificantly in ketamine maintenance groups but remained in normal range in all groups. There was nonsignificant increase in AST and ALT values in all groups but minor increase in PP, PI, KDI and KMI groups. BUN and creatinine values decreased nonsignificantly in all groups but minor decrese in PP, PI, KDI and KMI groups. Blood glucose concentration showed nonsignificant increase in all groups whereas the total protein concentration were decreased nonsignificantly in all groups. TEC decreased nonsignificantly in PP and PI groups whereas there was nonsignificant increase in all other groups. TLC, haemoglobin and PCV decreased in all groups however was nonsignificant. In DLC, neutrophils increased and lymphocytes decreased nonsignificantly in all groups. The changes in monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were not significant. Recovery characteristics like recovery start time, time for response to pin prick, head raising time, sternal recumbency time, stand unassisant time and resume to feeding or watering time were significantly decreased in PP and PI groups. The cost of propofol and ketamine-midazolam inductions were significantly higher as compared to ketamine-diazepam. Maintenance cost of anaesthesia with isoflurane and propofol were cheaper as compared to ketamine. Meloxicam provided optimum postoperative pain relief All the protocols were competitively effective having no adverse effects on animals. Propofol in combination with isoflurane for maintenance in BAG premedicated group was cheaper and the safest protocol.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDY ON BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY IN RELATION TO MILK PROTEIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KAPPA CASEIN IN INDEGENOUS GOAT
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) PATEL, SANJAYKUMAR B.; Pande, A. M.
    Caprine casein genes exiiibit an unusual and extensive polymorphism that affects milk quality and composition. The Kappa casein gene includes 5 exons, 4 of them carrj'ing more than 90 per cent of the information to encode for the mature protein. Caseins comprise about 80 per cent of the total protein content of milk and present polymorphism with changes in the amino acid sequence. Within this abundance of proteins. Kappa casein is noteworthy, since it has been associated with differences in milk yield, composition and processing. The objective of this study was to observe the existence of polymorphism in the Kappa casein gene and to compare the levels of plasma and milk biochemical parameters in lactation stage of Zalawadi goats. For this purpose, blood samples from 50 lactating goats, collected with vacutainer by needle puncture of the jugular vein. Plasma separated from blood and cellular parts (WBCs) was used for genomic DNA extraction. Milk samples were collected in glass test tube (50 ml capacity) v^ith boric acid preservative and milk samples were preserved at -20 °C till laboratory analyses. The milk biochemical profiles were estimated by using the ECOMILK analyzer and milk urea nitrogen and total casein were estimated by Auto method and kjeidahl method, respectively. The blood biochemical profiles were estimated by using the BS 120 CHEMISTRY analyzer. Plasma sodium and potassium were measured by Flame photometer. DNA was extracted from cellular part of blood. Goat Kappa Casein (CSN3) gene (exon 4) was amplified from genomic DNA samples by PCR. The PCRs were carried for the amplification of Kappa casein {CSN3) gene with specific primers (F: - 5' TCC CAA TGT TOT ACT TTC TTA ACA TC 3') and (R: - 5' GCG TTG TCC TCT TTG ATG TCT CCT TAG 3') gene loci. Amplified products were visualized as a single compact band of expected size of 645bp under UV light by gel documentation system. PCR products and restriction enzymes were incubated overnight in water bath at 37 °C for digestion with Haelll and Alw441 RE and at 65 °C for digestion with BseNI RE. Digested products were visualized as per restriction patterns with compact band size under UV light by gel documentation system. There were monomorphic restriction patterns with HaeIII-RFLP digestion, whereas polymorphic restriction patterns shown with BseeNI-RFLP and Alw44I-RFLP. In this study, genotypes AA, AG, GG ware observed with BseNI and CC, CT, TT with Alw44I in these animals except HaeIII RFLP. The frequency of allele A and allele G was 0.87 and 0.13, respectively and the frequency of allele C and allele T was 0.88 and 0.12, respectively. There were non-significant and positive correlations between blood glucose with milk fat, plasma total proteins with milk protein and milk casein and plasma total cholesterol with milk fat. There was non-significant and negative correlation between plasma triglycerides with milk fat. There was highly significant (P<0.01) and positive correlation between blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF ROSE GROWERS
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) PATEL, DHARMENDRAKUMAR D.; Patel, B. B.
    The recent advances in rose production technology have demonstrated that scientific management has great potential for increasing the rose production. Therefore, raising management efficiency is of paramount importance for rose producer. This will open up new vistas and make possible for rose growers to achieve substantial gains in income. There are number of factors affecting the rose production. Management is one of the most important factors which help the rose growers to exploit natural resources and accumulate capital. The efficient use of resources depends to a greater extent on how rose growers acquire and adopt innovations in the rose cultivation in effective manner to reach higher levels of economic performance through their management efficiency. The present study on "MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF ROSE GROWERS" was undertaken with following specific objectives: 1. To know the profile of rose growers 2. To study the management efficiency of rose growers 3. To ascertain the relationship of personal, social, economical, communicational and psychological characteristics with management efficiency of rose growers 4. To know the extent of contribution of selected independent variables on dependent variable of rose growers 5. To study the direct and indirect effect of the independent variables on the management efficiency of rose growers 6. To analyze the constraints faced by rose growers regarding various aspects of rose production The present study was undertaken in Dholka taluka of Amdavad district of Gujarat state. There are 71 villages of Dholka taluka. Out of these, six villages were selected based on specific criteria. These selected villages were considered as stratum and with the help of proportional allocation method sample size of each stratum was determined. A random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of respondents from the selected villages. Thus, total 127 rose growers were selected randomly. The Ex-post-facto research design was followed. A scale was developed to measure the management efficiency of rose growers. The dependent and independent variables were measured with appropriate scales and procedures adopted by other research workers. To measure the knowledge level regarding improved rose cultivation practices and attitude towards improved rose cultivation practices, tests were developed by the investigator. An interview schedule was developed in accordance with the objectives of the study and it was pre-tested and translated into Gujarati. The data of this study were collected through personal interview. The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of correlation, stepwise multiple regressions, standard partial regression coefficient and path analyses were used. MAJOR FINDINGS The important findings of the study are as under: 1. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS 1.1 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTIC Majority of the rose growers had middle age (72.44 per cent), at least primary education level (83.50 per cent) and medium level of experience in rose cultivation (63.80 per cent). 1.2 SOCIAL CHARACTERISTIC Nearly three-fifth (57,50 per cent) of the rose growers had large family size. 1.3 ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS More than three-fourth (77.16 per cent) of the respondents possess up to 2.00 hectares of land and a great majority (84.25 per cent) of the rose growers had above 35.00 per cent of their total land under rose cultivation. 1.4 COMMUNICATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Majority (83.46 per cent) of the rose growers had medium to low level of participation in training programme, more than fourfifth (81,10 per cent) of the rose growers had medium to high level of contacts with extension agencies and more than three-fourth (77.95 per cent) of the rose growers possessed medium to high level of exposure to mass media. 1.5 PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Majority (74.80 per cent) of the rose growers had medium to high level of economic motivation, three-fourth (75.59 per cent) of them had medium to high degree of risk orientation, four-fifth (81.10 per cent) of them had medium to high level of achievement motivation, a great majority (89.76 per cent) of them had medium to high level of aspiration, majority (77.95 per cent) of them had medium to high level of innovative proneness, a great majority (85.83 per cent) of them had medium to high level of cosmopoliteness, a great majority (85.83 per cent) of them had medium to high level of competition orientation and a great majority (85.04 per cent) of them had medium to high level of self confidence. 2. MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY AND ITS COMPONENTS OF ROSE GROWERS 2.1 MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF ROSE GROWERS Slightly more than two-third (68.50 per cent) of the rose growers had medium level of management efficiency, while 16.54 per cent of the rose growers had high level of management efficiency and 14.96 per cent of the rose growers had low level of management efficiency. 2.2 VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF ROSE GROWERS Slightly more than four-fifth (81.10 per cent) of the rose growers had medium to high level of knowledge about improved rose cultivation practices, more than four-fifth (85.83 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of attitude towards improved rose cultivation practices, three-fourth (75.59 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of ability in planning in rose cultivation, slightly less than four-fifth (79.53 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level, of ability to make rational decision, majority (83.47 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of timely adoption, majority (85.04 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of ability to mobilize resources, more than four-fifth (85.04 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of ability to co-ordinate activities, slightly less than three-fourth (74.02 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of efficient use of resources, majority (84.25 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of ability in rational marketing and slightly less than three-fourth (73.23 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of competence in evaluation. 3. RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL, COMMUNICATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF THE ROSE GROWERS Out of eighteen independent variables, sixteen viz.; education, experience in rose cultivation, land under rose cultivation, participation in training programme, contact with extension agency, exposure to mass media, economic motivation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, level of aspiration, scientific orientation, innovative proneness, cosmopoliteness, competition orientation and self confidence were positively and significantly related, while age is negatively and significantly related to management efficiency of the rose growers. 4. EXTENT OF CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE OF THE ROSE GROWERS Management efficiency was found to be predicted by nine independent variables such as participation in training, scientific orientation, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, education, land under rose cultivation, level of aspiration, innovative proneness and experience in rose cultivation, which has together contributed 75.80 per cent of the total variation in the management efficiency of the rose growers. 5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECT OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF THE ROSE GROWERS Participation in training programme of the respondents was the key variable in exerting considerably direct and substantial effect on management efficiency. Education and scientific orientation were the major traits in determination of management efficiency through positive indirect effect. Whereas, age of the respondents is only character which negatively and indirectly influenced on management efficiency. 6. CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE ROSE GROWERS REGARDING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ROSE PRODUCTION The most important constraints faced by the rose growers regarding various aspects of rose cultivation were: Fluctuation in prices of roses, non-availability of labours for various rose cultivation practices, high cost of inputs, commission rates of agents very high, weed problem, high cost of transportation, lack of technical guidance at proper time, natural calamites/flood and lack of marketing facility near by village.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON ILIZAROV TECHNIQUE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF TIBIAL FRACTURES IN DOGS
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) Bhatia, Ami Sandip; TANK, P. H.
    A clinical study on Ilizarov technique for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs was carried out with multiple objectives of knowing the epidemiological status of various orthopaedic affections, standardizing the application of 'Ilizarov technique' for external immobilization of tibial fractures on cadaver models and lastly, applying and comparing the Ilizarov technique with intramedullary pinning for immobilization tibial fractures in dogs. Last three years' retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the College Hospital. During that period, a total of 8790 canine cases were registered out of which 486 (5.53%) cases were having orthopaedic maladies. Amongst those, the cases of fractures were 378 that accounted for nearly 78% cases of the reported orthopaedic maladies. Majority of the fractures involved radio-ulna (29.36%) followed by femur (28.30%), tibia-fibula (23.80%) and humerus (14.55%). Cadaveric tibiae were used for standardization of the Ilizarov technique. The diaphyses of tibiae were sawed in a manner to mimic different fractures and these fractures were immobilized using Ilizarov technique of circular external fixation to get hands on training. To evaluate the feasibility of the Ilizarov technique in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fracture in dogs, a study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of tibial fractures. The cases were randomly divided into two groups based upon the fracture stabilization technique used, viz., Ilizarov technique (Group I, n=6) and Intramedullary pinning (Group II, n=6). No exudation was seen in group I whereas mild exudation was observed in few cases of group II. Partial weight bearing was seen as early as 2nd postoperative day in group I as against 7th postoperative day in group II. Complete weight bearing was observed from the 6th postoperative day in majority cases of group I as compared to 24th postoperative day in group II. The earlier restoration of the functional usage of the limb could be attributed to the closed reduction, no external infection and axial stability of the Ilizarov apparatus. In majority cases of group I joint mobility was earlier, seen from the 2nd post operative day whereas limited joint mobility was seen in the first week which gradually improved in all the cases of group II. Radiological examination was done at weekly intervals. Most of the dogs belonging to both the groups showed proper reduction and good alignment of the bone fragment immediately after the operation. Callus fomiation was earlier i.e. within 45 days in majority cases of group I as against 54 days in all cases of group II. One case of group I did not show any bridging between the fractured fragments. Minimum or no periosteal reaction was seen around fracture site in group I whereas considerable periosteal reaction was seen around the fracture site in group II. Mild periosteal reaction was seen around the K wire insertion sites in group I by 4th postoperative week. Postoperative complications observed in group I were mild wire tract infection which subsided with proper antibiotic dressing. In group I, majority of cases healed completely except one case in which the animal took off the apparatus within 15 days of operation. Also, one case did not show bridging between the fractured ends. This could have been due to preoperative infection at the fractured site. Few cases showed mild wire tract infection. In group II, occasional limping was observed inspite of complete weight bearing. This might have been due to irritation to soft tissues around the entry site of Steinmann pin while flexing and extending the stifle joint. Infection was seen in one case of group II at the incision site and mild rotation of the distal fragments were seen in few cases. Removal of the Ilizarov apparatus or pin was carried out at 5-7 weeks in group I and 7-8 weeks in group II. This was done when clinical healing was observed in the fomi of functional limb use and endosteal and/or periosteal bridging was evident on radiographs. The Ilizarov apparatus, using external circular transosseous fixation provided better anatomic reduction, axial stability of the fractured fragments, greater joint mobility and functional weight bearing. This technique also prevented muscle atrophy and rotational instability unlike intramedullary pinning. Hence Ilizarov technique is better suited for treating tibial fractures than intramedullary pinning.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON INCIDENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF HOOF DISORDERS IN COMMERCIAL DAIRY FARMS AROUND ANAND
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) Mahla, Jalendrabhai Kapilchandra; Parikh, P. V.
    The hoof is complex structure that plays a key role in many aspects of the animal's overall health and productivity. The present investigations were aimed at studying the incidence and symptoms of hoof diseases, the effectiveness of hoof trimming in general and for identification of lesions and its treatment, and also to analyse the economic losses in terms of reduced milk production. The information derived by surveillance was analysed in relation to species, breed, age, sex, housing system and floor conditions. This clinical work involved 523 clinical cases among the population of 3,169 heads in 25 commercial dairy farms located around Anand. The surveillance of 1267 cattle and 1902 buffaloes revealed 523 clinical cases of hoof diseases comprising of 53.15 percent cattle and 46.85 percent buffaloes. The overall average incidence of hoof diseases was 523/3169 (16.50%), comprising of 278/1267 (21.94%) cattle and 245/1902 (12.88%) buffaloes. Frequency of foot disorders was greater in commercial dairy farms with pakka floor 375/1805 (20.77%) as compared to kachha floor 148/1364 (10.85%)). The incidence of different foot lesions included sole ulcer 10 (1.91%), white line separation 90 (17.21%), white line abscess 4 (0.76%), punctured sole and pus 16 (3.05%)), foreign body in sole 6 (1.15%), heel horn erosion 9 (1.72%), foul of the foot 11 (2.10%), interdigital hyperplasia 16 (3.05%)), interdigital foreign body 1 (0.19%)), sole haemorrhage 26 (4.97%), horizontal fissure 14 (2.67%), sand crack 8 (1.53%)), aseptic laminitis 9 (1.72%)), cork screw horn 31 (5.93%)), deep sepsis 2(0.38%o) and overgrown hooves 270 (51.63%o). The breed wise incidence of hoof disorders in affected cattle revealed highest rate of occurrence in Jersey crossbred 38/163 (23.31%) followed by H.F. crossbred 223/1013 (22.01%), Gir 12/64 (18.75%) and Kankrej 5/27 (18.51%)). Similarly among buffaloes highest breed incidence was recorded in Jafrabadi 162/1476 (10.95%) followed by Mehsani 35/148 (23.64%), Murrah 21/133 (15.78%), Surati 19/95 (20%), Non-descript 8/50 (16%). It was revealed that out of 523 affected animals, 148/523 (28.30%) animals were maintained on kachha floor with moderate hygienic conditions and the rest 375/523 (71.70%o) on pakka floor. The incidence of hoof disorders was 15/119 (12.61%)) in cattle maintained on kachha floor and 133/1245 (10.68%) in buffaloes, while 263/1148 (22.91%) cattle and 12/657 (17.05%) buffaloes were maintained on pakka floor. Hoof lesions were observed to be greater in hind limbs (312; 59.65%)) with greater involvement of outer claw (192; 61.54%) than in fore-limbs (211; 40.35%) with greater involvement of inner claw (122; 56.83%)). Hoof disorders observed were higher as the concentrate level in the diet increased. Out of 523 affected animals, 215/715 (30.07%)) were maintained on 80-90 percent concentrate diet, 185/1072 (17.25 %>) on 65- 80 percent concentrate diet and 123/1382 (8.9 %) animals were maintained on the 50-65 percent concentrate diet. Milk production reduced as severity of hoof lesions and pain increased. In forty animals the average milk loss after hoof disorder was (155/40) 3.8 liters/day/animal, while after hoof trimming and treatment average improvement of milk production was (24/40) 0.6 liters/day/animal. Hoof disorders lead to milk loss up to 31.66 percent of entire lactation. Successful trimming of the hooves in 150 animals facilitated early detection of subclinical laminitic lesions. Thus, corrective hoof trimming was found to be effective procedure for treating overgrown hooves and reduce the incidence of hoof lesions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF AGE OF SEEDLINGS, ORGANIC MANURES AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF TRANSPLANTED KHARIF RICE {Oryza sativa L.) UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) SHANKARBHAI, PATEL ASHVINKUMAR; Patel, J. J.
    An experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station for Irrigated Crops, Anand Agricultural University, Thasra, Dist. Kheda (Gujarat) during two consecutive kharif season of the year 2006 and 2007 with a view to study the "Effect of Age of seedlings, Organic manures and Nitrogen levels on productivity of transplanted kharif Rice {Oryza sativa L) under Middle Gujarat conditions". The experiment consisted of twenty treatment combinations comprised of two age of seedlings A1 (10 to 12 days old seedling) and A2 (25 to 30 days old seedling), five levels of organic manures Mi (No organic manure), M2 (FYM 10 t ha-1), M3 (Vermicompost 2 t ha-1), M4 (FYM 10 tha-1 + Bio fertilizer) and M5 (Vermicompost 2 t ha-1 + Bio fertilizer) and two nitrogen levels Ni(75 kg Nha-1) and N2 (100 kg Nha-1).The field experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with four replications. The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture having good drainage capacity. It was low in organic carbon and nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The results revealed that age of seedling significantly influenced the growth and yield attributes viz., periodical plant height, dry matter production (except, 30 DATP), av.number of effective tillers plant-1 av.number of panicles m-2, av. panicle length, panicle weight, av.number of grains panicle-1 and test weight. These attributes were the highest under the treatment A1 (10 to 12 days old seedling) as compared to the treatment A2 (25 to 30 days old seedling). Grain and straw yields were significantly affected due to age of seedling. Treatment A1 (10 to 12 days old seedling) registered significantly the highest grain and straw yield (5287 and 7767 kgha-1) as compared to treatment A2 (25 to 30 days old seedling). The per cent increase in grain and straw yield under treatment Ai (10 to 12 days old seedling) was to the tune of 2.86 and 6.21 % respectively. Amylase content, N, P, K uptake in grain and straw and available phosphorus recorded significantly the highest under the treatment Ai (10 to 12 days old seedling) as compared to treatment A2 (25 to 30 days old seedling).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on the Effect of Solid State Fermentation Biomass on Density of Rumen Bacteria in Cattle by Real Time PCR
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) Desai, Nilekha Suresh; Pandya, P. R.
    Forages have always provided the base upon which ruminant nutrition is built. It is evident that the ruminants consume grasses, leaves and stems rich in cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Animals do not produce the enzymes responsible for degradation of lignocelluloses and thus digestion of such structurally complex fibrous compounds in plant cell walls is accomplished through the enzymatic action of the ruminal microflora, but it is far from complete. Therefore to enhance the utilization of fibrous feeds by ruminant livestock ionophores, directly fed microbials and exogenous enzymes are used to complement or stimulate existing digestive activity in the rumen. The experiment was conducted on I2 cross bred calves of average similar body weight, divided into 3 groups viz. T1: control (0% SSF biomass), T2: (2% SSF biomass in TMR), T3: (3% SSF biomass in TMR) with each group having 4 animals. The Solid State Fennentation (SSF) biomass contains carboxymethylcellulase (3000 lU/g) and xylanases (1500 lU/g). The Total Mixed rations with different levels of SSF was prepared and fed to respective calves according to NRC (2001) feeding standards. Rumen liquor (200 ml) was collected on 0 and 30th day of experiment at 2 hrs post feeding from each animal to study the effect of SSF biomass on bacterial population. The bacterial DNA was extracted from rumen liquor of individual animal in each group by QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit. The DNA stock samples were quantified using Nano-drop spectrophotometer at 260 and 280 nm. Purity of DNA was judged on the basis of optical density ratio at 260:280 nm which was between 1.8 to 2.0 for all the samples indicating desirable purity. species specific primers were used to amplify the bacteria (Total Bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Prevotella ruminicola ,Selenomonas ruminantium, Streptococcus bovis, Treponema bryantii, Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Methanobacteriales) targeting 16S rRNA gene were used for amplification of DNA. The amplified products were visualized as a single compact band of expected size under UV light. The PCR products were purified by using Vacuum Manifold and were ligated in pTZ57R/T vector of InsT/Aclone TM kit (Fermentas). This was followed by transformation into competent cells (DH5-a strain) of E.coli. Recombinant colonies were picked up by Blue white screening. White colonies were confirmed for presence of insert by colony PCR using Ml3 primers. Recombinant colonies were inoculated in Luria Broth for 16-18 hrs. Plasmid extraction from overnight culture was carried out by using QIAprep plasmid extraction kit. The plasmids contain species specific amplified DNA fragment so these plasmids were used as standards while running the real time PCR. Their copy number was calculated using optical density and molecular weight of plasmids. The plasmids were serially diluted and standard plot was prepared and according to the plot, the concentration of amplified DNA and ultimately the bacterial population was measured. All samples along with standard plasmids were amplified with species specific primers using real time PCR. The average total bacteria count (x 10 to power 7) on 0 day in Tl, T2 and T3 was 1.25, 1.56 and 1.29 while on 30th day it was 1.63, 1.50 and 1.12, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA ISOLATES OF FISH
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) TEKALE, ASHISH ANANTRAO; Savalia, C. V.
    The present study was carried out in the post graduate laboratory, Department of Veterinary Public Health, CVSc, AAU, Anand with intension to find out prevalence of Salmonella spp. in raw fish sold at retail fish shops in Anand city of Gujarat. The samples of raw fish consisted of different parts such as skin, gills, muscles and intestines (54 each) collected aseptically from local fish market and subjected first to pre-enrichment in lactose broth and then enrichment in tetrathionate (TTB) and Rappaport-Vassiliadis soybean meal (RVSM) broth, followed by plating on two selective media viz. xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) and bismuth sulphite agar (BSA). The colonies showing typical colony characteristics were further characterized on the basis of their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Cultures identified as Salmonella were further subjected to detection of different virulence associated genes and sensitivity to various antibiotics used in treatment. In the present study, 4.16 per cent (9/216) prevalence oi Salmonella spp. in raw fish samples was recorded. The organ wise the highest isolation rate was from gills' samples (7.40%) followed by intestines (5.55%), skin (1.85%)) and muscles (1.85%)). Serotyping of the isolates demonstrated that only Salmonella Weltevreden was main serotype recovered fi-om raw fish samples of Anand market (66.66%) o{Salmonella positive fish samples). The study of antibiogram of the isolates showed that all the Salmonella isolates were cent percent sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and norfloxacin; followed by the sensitivity pattern in descending order for cefepime and kanamycin (88.88% each), ciprofloxacin (66.66%), streptomycin (55.55%), carbenicilHn and cefotaxime (33.33%) each) and ampicillin (22.22%)). The cent per cent resistance towards erythromycin (100%) was observed followed by tetracycline (66.66%)), carbenicillin (44.44%)), ampicillin (33.33%)) and streptomycin (22.22%o). Looking to the sensitivity pattern of six S. Weltevreden isolates, all isolates were 100 per cent resistant to erythromycin followed by carbenicillin (66.66%)), ampicillin and tetracycline (50.00%) each) and streptomycin (33.33%)). All the Salmonella isolates were screened for the presence or absence of virulence genes viz. wvA, spvC, spVR. and stn using specific primers. All the isolates revealed presence of mvA gene suggesting their invasive ability and enteritoxin gene (stn) was present in all the isolates suggesting their potential to cause gastroenteritis among the consumers on account of consumption of such contaminated fish. None of the isolates showed presence of spvC gene or spvR. gene indicating their inability to cause systemic infections.