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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access PARASITIC FAUNA OF WILD ANIMALS IN GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Premdas Vinodbhai; PATEL, A. I.Research work was carried out for twelve months from February, 1997 to January, 1998 to have an insight into the parasitic fauna of wild carnivores and herbivores. Wild animals which are kept in captivity in different zoo as well as those which are free living in the forest/sancturies/ safari parks were examined for the parasitic infection. Faecal samples collected regularly from captive wild animals and occasionally from free living wild animals were examined by qualitative as well as quantitative methods. In felines, the prevalence of parasitic infection in free living animals was higher than the captive animals. However, species of the parasites remained similar in both the groups. The prevalent species were observed as Toxascaris leonina. Toxocara. Ancylostoma. Trichuris. Capillaria aerophila. Paragonimus. Spirpmetya, Taenia, Dipylidium caninum. Isospora and larvae of Filaroides. The prevalence of parasitic infection in lion and tiger has significant difference between the months of the year. In tiger, parasitic infection was significantly higher in winter than summer and monsoon. The prevalence of ascarids was nonsignificantly higher (39.06 %) in lion followed by tiger (34.62 %) and leopard (17.08 % ) . The intensity of ascarids (Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara spp.) was significantly higher in cub than the adult lion, while that of of Ancylostoma spp. was significantly higher in females than the cubs. The intensity of helminths in captive lion was significantly higher during monsoon followed by winter and summer. The prevalence of Spirometra spp. was nonsignificantly higher (30.42 %) in leopard than the lion (5.58 % ) . The mean egg count of Spirometra spp. in male and ascarids in female leopard was significantly higher in monsoon and winter, respectively. The prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. was nonsignificantly higher (13.46 %) in tiger followed by leopard (7.92 %) and lion (6.94 % ) . Mean egg count of Ancylostoma spp. in female tiger was significantly higher in winter than other seasons. The mean egg count of Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara spp. was significantly higher in winter and monsoon, respectively. Infection of ascarids was significantly higher in male than the female tiger. Prevalence and intensity of helminth infection were higher in free living felines than the captive felines. The prevalence of Trichuris spp. was higher (15.00 %) in jackal than wolf and fox, while Ancvlostoraa spp. was higher (37.50 %) in fox than jackal and wolf. The wolf had higher infection of ascarids (27.08 % ) , Taenia spp. (12.50 %) and Dipylidium caninum (8.33 %) than other canines. In hyaena, the highest infection'was observed for Ancylostoma spp. (33.33 % ) . In felines as well as canines, mixed infection with two or three species of parasites was the most common. The prevalence of parasitic infection in free living herbivores was higher than the captive herbivores. The prevalent species were recorded as trichostrongyles, Trichuris. amphistomes, Fasciola. Strongyloides and Eimeria. The intensity of Trichuris spp. was higher than the trichostrongyles. There was low grade infection of amphistomes, Fasciola and Strongyloides species. When the prevalence of infection due to ascarids, Ancylostoma spp., Spirometra spp. or mixed infection of these parasites were higher (100.00 %) in lion, there were significantVy decrease in AKP (7.96 ± 0.77 U/L), total serum protein (6.14 ±0.22 G/dl), albumin (2.55 ± 0.17 G/dl), calcium (6.41 + 0.19 mg % ) , phosphorus (4.38 ± 0.06 mg % ) , magnesium (1.10 ± 0.03 mg % ) , Hb (9.86 ± 0.31 gm % ) , RBCs (4.66 ± 0.22 X 106/cumm), PCV (29.92 + 0.93 %) and lymphocytic count (18.67 ± 1.15 % ) . But, significant increase were observed in the values of BUN (56.50 ± 1.55 mg/dl), SGPT (25.04 ± 0.41 U/L, SGOT (42.71 ± 0.93 U/L), WBC (19354.17 ± 389.02/cumra) as eosinophils (5.79 ± 0.35 % ) . As there was reduction in percentage prevalence (37.00 %) and intensity of these infections due to anthelmintic treatment, all the biochemical and haematological parameters tended towards physiological values. Internal parasites recorded during post-mortem examination of lion, leopard and tiger were identified as Toxascaris leonina. Toxocara cati. Ancylostoma spp., Gnathostoma spp., Capjllaria aerophila. Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Taenia pisiformis. Dipylidium caninum. larval stages of Filaroides spp. and Mesocestoides lineatus. while external parasites were identified as Ctenocephalides felis. Ctenocephalides canis. Rhipicephalus spp. Linognathus spp. and Trichodectus spp. The larval stages of flies were Chrysomyia bezziana and Musca species. Histopathological section of intestinal nodules revealed the presence of parasites surrounded by heavy infiltration of leucocytes, eosinophils and macrophages. There was fibrosis and necrotic lesions around the parasites with severe destruction of mucosa and submucosa. Section of skin with attached tick revealed severe destruction of dermis and epidermis. Experimental infection of ascarids in mice revealed congestion and haemorrhages with infiltration of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the liver, lung, spleen, brain and muscles. The histochemical changes in liver, lung and muscles revealed moderate to intense reaction with PAS staining, indicating the presence of good to moderate amount of mucopolysaccharide in these organs. Albendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole were found to have good effect against ascarids and Ancylostoroa spp. infection in lion, leopard and tiger, while they were at not at all effective against the infection of Spirometra species.ThesisItem Open Access CROP-PEST-WEATHER INTERACTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF (Heliothis armigera (Hubner) IN TWO DIVERSE PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) GENOTYPES (BDN-2 and GT-100) AT ANAND(AAU, Anand, 1998) Chaudhari, G. B.; Shekh, A. M.The results obtained in this investigation revealed that the air temperature and photoperiod had profound influence on growth and development of the pigeonpea crop. The variation in air temperatures during different phenophases resulted in differential attainment of physiological maturity in both the genotypes. Whereas, the differential availability of bright hours of sunshine (BSS) during reproductive phase resulted in higher seed yield. Low vapour pressure (VP) and relative humidity (RH) during flower bud initiation to podding phase, were favourable for higher seed yield. The seed yield and other yield attributing characters of pigeonpea crop were significantly influenced by the different treatments. The seed yield of protected condition was observed 36% higher than that under unprotected condition. The short duration genotype, GT-100 was found significantly higher in seedyield than the long duration genotype BbN-2. The seed yield was found to decrease upto 35%, with delayed sowing till 40 days after the onset of monsoon. Significant differences in total biomass were noticed in treatments like irrigation, genotypes and dates of sowing The results from correlation study revealed that there was a positive significant association between seed yield and different weather parameters like, maximum and minimum temperatures, bright hours of sunshine and different thermal indices like, growing degree days, phototherraal units and Heliothermal units and accumulated PAR. It has been observed that there was a difference in growing degree days requirement for the two genotypes to attain different phenological phases. To attain physiological maturity the GDD requirement for BDN-2 was 3105°Cd and it was 2894°Cd for GT-100 genotypeThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION IN ASSOCIATION WITH MULCH AND NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHILLI (Capsicum annum L.) cv. JWALA(AAU, Anand, 1998) Chauhan, Naransinh Prabhatsinh; UPADHYAY, P. N.A field experiment was carried out at the College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand on loamy sand soil, with a view to study the effect of drip irrigation in association with mulch and nitrogen on growth and yield of chilli (Capaicum annum L.) cv. Jwala during winter-summer seasons of 1994-95 and 1995- 96. Twenty four treatments comprising of four levels of irrigation (drip Irrigation at 40, 60 and 80 per cent of CPE and surface irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio with 50 mm depth of irrigation water), two levels of mulching (No mulch and mulching with black polyethelene mulch) and three levels of nitrogen (75, 100 and 125 kg N/ha) were tried in a split plot design with four replications. Levels of irrigation were assigned to main plots and combinations of mulch and nitrogen were relegated to the sub-plot treatments. The results on effect of irrigation revealed that drip irrigation at 80 per cent of CPE in comparison to surface irrigation, remarkably Increased plant height, secondary branches/plant at all dates of observations, started fruit setting and 50 % of flowering 1 days earlier, while initiation of ripening 3 days later, considerably increased chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll content in leaf lamina at 60, 120 and 150 DAP and markedly reduced weed count and dry biomaas of weeds, while tended to increase dry biomass of broom rape. This treatment also recorded the maximum values of the yield and yield attributes for green chilli i.e. total number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, average green chilli fruit length and weight, green chilli yield (14140, 17729 and 15934 kg/ha) and dry stalk yield (1898, 2203 and 2051 kg/ha) during both the years as well as on pooled basis. Drip irrigation at 80 % of GPE was also found superior In recording the higher values of yield and yield attributes for dry red chilli yield i.e. total number of dry red chilli fruits/plant, yield of dry red fruits/plant average weight of dry red fruit and dry red chilli yield (2072, 2355 and 2214 kg/ha), yield attributes for seed yield i.e. number of mature seeds/fruit, seed weight/fruit, seed and flake yield/plant, weight of 100 seed, seed yield (615, 681 and 648 kg/ha) and flake yield (1209, 1356 and 1283 kg/ha), respectively during both the years as well as on pooled basis. Field water use efficiency values for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yields were maximum under drip Irrigation at 40 % of CPE during both the years and in the pooled results and the values of field WUE under drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE were comparatively higher than that under surface irrigation. Different levels of irrigation did not influence significantly the root-knot index and nutrient status of soil I.e. total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potash after harvest of first and second season crop. The results pertaining to the effect of mulching revealed that as compared to no mulch, treatment of mulching with black PM remarkably increased plant height, secondary branches/plant, chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll content in leaf lamina at 60, 120 and 150 DAP, yield attributes for green chilli yield i.e. number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, green chilli fruit length and weiglit, yield attributes for dry red chilli yield i.e. number of dry red fruits/plant, yield of dry red fruits/plant, weight of dry red chilli fruit, yield attributes for seed and flake yields i.e. number of mature seeds/fruit and seed weight/fruit, while remarkably reduced total weed cotint, dry blomass of weed as well as broom rape, favoured early fruit setting, during both the years and in the pooled analysis. Green chilli yield (12785, 15171 and 13978 kg/ha), dry stalk yield (1809, 2199 and 2004 kg/ha), dry red chilli yield (1967, 2202 and 2086 kg/ha), seed yield (579, 630 and 605 kg/ha) and flake yield (1138, 1266 and 1202 kg/ha) were recorded the maximum under mulching treatment during the year 1994-95, 1995-96 and in the pooled results, respectively. Mulching treatment also registered the highest field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yield during both the years and in the pooled analysis. This treatment also increased N, P and K content in dry red chilli and dry stalk during both the years and significantly increased uptake of N, P and K by crop during both the years and in the pooled results over no mulch. Treatment of mulching did not influence significantly the root-knot index, days to 50 % flowering, initiation of ripening, weight of dry red fruit, total soil nitrogen, available phosphorus and potash status of soil after harvest of first and second season crop. Among different levels of nitrogen, as compared to lower level of 75 kg N/ha, the nitrogen fertigation @ 125 kg/ha recorded the maximum values of plant height, secondary branches/plant, chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll contents in leaf lamina, dry weight of weeds as well as broom rape, yield attributes for green chilli, i.e. total number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, average length and weight of green chilli fruit, yield attributes of dry red chilli and seed yields, i.e. total number of dry red chilli fruits/plant, yield of dry red chilli fruits/plant, number of mature seeds/fruit, seed weight/fruit, seed and flake yields/plant weight of dry red fruit and 100 seed during both the years and on pooled results. This treatment also registered the maximum yields of green chill fruit (13235, 15320 and 14277 kg/ha), dry stalk (1863, 2063 and 1963 kg/ha), dry red chili (2023, 2207and 2115 kg/ha), need yield (588, 630 and 630 kg/ha) and flake yield (1175, 1272 and 1223 kg/ha) during both the years and in the pooled result, respectively. Field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yields and N, P and K content in dry stalk and P and K content in dry red chilli and uptake of N, P and K, total soil nitrogen after harvest of first and second season crop during both the years as well as In the pooled results. Different levels of nitrogen did not influence significantly root-knot index, days to 60 % flowering, fruit setting initiation and weed count. Though the nitrogen level 125 kg/ha recorded the maximum values of these characters, this treatment tended to delay initiation of fruit ripening. Interactive effect I x M was found significant in respect of chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b' contents in leaf lamina at 60 DAP, total chlorophyll at 60 and 150 DAP, dry weight of broom rape, number of green chilli and dry red chilli fruits/plant, green chilli yield, flake yield and K uptake and treatment combination of drip irrigation at 80 % CPE coupled with tarping with black polyethelene mulch on soil was found superior in recording the maximum values of these parameters. Interactive effect I x N was found significant for chlorophyll 'a' and total chlorophyll contents in leaf lamina at 120 DAP, total dry weight of weeds, stalk yield, number of dry red fruits/plant, seed and flake yield/plant, field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yield. Treatment combination of drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE in association with 125 kg N/ha stood first. Interactive effect M x N had significantly influenced total dry weight of weeds, green chili yield, dry stalk yield, dry fruit yield/plant, dry fruit yield/ha, seed and flake yields/ha, field WUE for green, dry red chilli and seed yield and K uptake. All these characters were the under treatment combination of mulch in conjuction with 125 kg N/ha. From the economic point of view, treatment involving drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE, coupled with mulching (black PM) and application of @125 kg/ha nitrogen through fertigation in form of uren in 10 equal splits at every 4th Irrigation starting from third irrigation registered the highest green chilli yield (18939 kg/ha) or dry red chilli yield (2689 kg/ha) or seed yield (791 kg/ha) with the net benefit of Rs. 47287 or 40369 or 192018 for respective yields. Drip should be run with the pressure of 1 kg/cm2 for the period of 10.30 to 11.00 hrs before transplanting for complete wetting of soil for transplanting of seedlings and 3.30 to 4.00 hrs after 3 days of planting as common irrigations and subsequently It should ba run at three days interval for the period of 3.30 to 4.15 hrs in, October and November, 3.00 hrs In December and January; 3.45 to 4.30 hrs. in February and 5.30 to 6.00 hrs in March and 6.45 to 7.15 hrs in April. Under situation of assured irrigation If a farmer is not in a position to adopt drip Irrigation system or black polyethelene mulching, 15 irrigations each of 50 mm depth including two common irrigations for transplanting and establishment of the crop should be given and crop should be fertilized with 125 kg N/ha in four equal splits at 30 days interval for obtaining maximum benefit from green or dry red chilli yield. Irrigation should be applied at an Intervals of 12-13 days in November, 17-19 days In December, January and February, 10-12 days In March and 8 days In the month of April. Seed crop fetched the highest net profit (Ra. 133866/ha) when mulching was done in addition to above combination of the treatments.ThesisItem Open Access INDIGENOUS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT BY TRIBAL FARM WOMEN IN VADODARA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Jayantilal G.; Trivedi, J. C.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The overall objective of this investigation was to study the level of participation of tribal farm women in indigenous resource management in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. The specific objectives of the study were as follows : 1 To study the selected characteristics of tribal farm women. 2 To assess the knowledge level of tribal farm women regarding indigenous resource management in the areas of agriculture, animal husbandry and minor forest products. 3 To ascertain the participation of tribal farm women in indigenous resource management activities. 4 To assess the income contribution of tribal farm women from indigenous resources. 5 To findout the extent of relationship , between selected characteristics of tribal farm women and their level of knowledge. 6 To know the extent of relationship between selected characteristics of tribal farm women and their level of overall participation. 7 To explore the training needs of tribal farm women in indigenous resource management activities. 8 To identify the problems faced by tribal farm women in indigenous resource management. The present study was conducted in tribal area of Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Out of twelve talukas, three talukas namely Chhotaudepur, Pavi-jetpur and Naswadi were purposively selected. These talukas possess more than fifty per cent of the tribal population. From each taluka four tribal dominated villages were selected using random sampling techniques. Thus, 12 villages were selected for study and random selection of tribal farm women from each village was made proportionately on the basis of two major criteria (i) maize as a major crop and (ii) dairy farming as a minor source of income. Thus, sample for this study was 240. The data were collected through structured schedule by personal interview method. The dependent and independent variables were measure«i by utilizing appropriate scales and procedures adopted by other research workers. To measure the knowledge of tribal farm women regarding indigenous resource management (IRM) in the areas of agriculture, animal husbandry and minor forest products, a knowledge test was developed, standardized and used. The statistical tools used to analyse the data were : percentage, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of correlation and path co-efficient. FINDINGS The important findings of the study are summarised as under : 1 Majority of the tribal farm women were illiterate, belonged to low to medium level of socio-economic status and extension contact, middle age group and having no membership in any social organisation. 2 Majority of the tribal farm women belonged to joint family with medium size of family and having one kachha house. 3 Majority of the tribal farm women were exclusively dependent on farming within five acres of land and labour work. 4 A great majority of the tribal farm women possessed one to two bullocks and three to four milch animals. 5 More than three-fourth of the tribal farm women possessed local implements of farming. 6 Slightly less than half of the tribal farm women had total annual income of Rs.5001/- to Rs.10,000/- but debt upto Rs.10,000/-. 7 More than half of the tribal farm women had 6 to 10 years of farming experience. 8 Slightly more than half of tribal farm women had migration with their family in search of agricultural labour work and non-agricultural labour work. 9 More than two third of tribal farm women were having medium to high level of cosmopolite-localiteness, economic motivation, high level of risk-preference; three-fourth had scientific orientation and 67.92 per cent had medium to high level of knowledge regarding IRM in the areas of agriculture, animal husbandry and minor forest products. 10 Present study revealed important aspects about different activities participated by tribal farm women as IRM activities. The important points raised from the investigation are stipulated below in descending order with reference to the number of tribal farm women participated in the activities depending on the income generation (sale), home purpose, selfdoing, supervising and assisting etc., milking (96.25 per cent), separation of grains (91.24 per cent), plucking of 'TIMRU' leaves (80.83 per cent), removing seeds from pods (72.50 per cent), rearing cocks for meat (68.75 per cent), collection of gum (68.75 per cent), fibber extraction (63.34 per cent), making 'TOPALA', 'TOPALI', 'CHABADI', 'KARANDIYA', 'SUPDA', bow and arrows and toys (61.24 per cent), collection of Mahua flowers (57.50 per cent), making dishes CPATARADA') and bowls ('PADAYA') from 'KHAKHAR' leaves (56.25 per cent), drying of leafy vegetables (53.34 per cent), plucking of ripe fruits from 'CHAROLI' tree (52.08 per cent), collection of honey (36.26 per cent) and mat-making from pam ('TAD') leaves (32.50 per cent). 11 Slightly less than two-fifth (38.75 per cent) of the tribal farm women had medium level of overall participation followed by 35.42 and 25.83 per cent with low and high level of overall participation in IRM activities, respectively. 12 Among 19 independent variables i.e. type of family, risk preference, scientific orientation and overall participation were positively and significantly correlated with level of knowledge of tribal farm women regarding IRM. While fifteen variables viz., education, social participation, size of family, type of family, socio-economic status, extension contact, housing pattern, farm power, material possession, indebtedness, cosmopolite localite-ness, economic motivation, risk preference, scientific orientation and knowledge of IRM had positive and significant, correlation whereas only one variable viz., occupation had negative and significant correlation with participation in IRM activities. 13 As regards direct effect, the variables social participation, followed by knowledge of IRM, size of family and education exhibited medium positive direct effects in IRM activities. The direct effect of extension contact and housing pattern were positive and low. The total indirect effects of education, size and type of family, socio-economic status, extension contact, housing pattern, indebted-ness, cosmopolitelocaliteness, economic motivation, risk preference and scientific orientation were comparatively higher than their respective direct effects. 14 Slightly less than half (45.42 per cent) of the tribal farm women had derived 51-7 5 per cent of their total annual income from indigenous resources. 15 Majority of the tribal farm women expressed their training needs in the important areas like plant protection, seed and grain processing, control of stored grain pests, feeding and caring the animals, selection of eggs for hatching, feeding and caring the poultry birds, raising of seedling, pickle making, kitchen gardening, techniques for better quantity and quality of gum, different designs for toys, making dishes ('PATARADA') and bowls ('PADAYA') by machine and marketing strategy for medicinal plants/materials. 16 Major problems faced by the tribal farm women in IRM activities were (i) products do not fetch reasonable price, (ii) burden of work in farm at home (ill) dry, poor soil and small holding and (iv) lack of information of new agricultural technology.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUS KHOA MAKING MACHINE(AAU, Anand, 1998) BHADANIA, AMRUTLAL GORDHANBHAI; Shah, U. S.Khoa, a traditional Indian dairy product has considerable market potential as the milk utilized for the manufacture of khoa is higher than the milk handled by organized dairy sectors. The organized dairy plant have shown interest for the manufacture of khoa which requires suitable mechanized equipment for commercial application It has been also suggested by many research worker and policy makers to find alternative method for the continuous manufacture of khoa. Keeping these aspects in view the present work was under taken to develop a continuous khoa making machine and to evaluate the performance of the machine. The present work covers development of three stage scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) and its components, evaluation of heat transfer behaviour and determination heat transfer co-efficients, development of co-relationship between heat transfer and various operating parameters like scraper speed, steam pressure, milk flow rate, etc., estimation of energy requirement and energy analysis of the process. The product prepared under different operating conditions was also evaluated for its chemical, sensory and rheological attributes. The shelf life of the product was also evaluated at room temperature as well as under refrigerated conditions. The suitability of khoa prepared in the continuous khoa making machine for the manufacture of khoa based sweets was also evaluated. The design of the continuous khoa making machine which consists of three SSHE (denoted as HE1, HE2 and HE3), Teflon coated spring loaded scraper assemblies, drive for scraper assemblies and constant milk supply arrangement can be successfully used for the manufacture of khoa from milk and from vacuum concentrated milk. The present design offers advantage of gravity flow and it is easy to control the operating variables as the milk is concentrated in three stages. The overall heat transfer co-efficients (U-values) under different operating conditions were determined by using a Fourier's heat flow equation, Q = UxAx(Ts-Tp). The U-value during manufacture of khoa depends on the milk flow rate, steam pressure, scraper speed, TS of the feed and changes in the properties of milk in each stage of concentration. The U-values obtained ranged from 725.43 to 999.64 W/m2°K in HE1, 497.48 to 712.65 W/m2°K in HE2 and 318.33 to 554.57 W/m2°K in HE3 under different operating conditions of the khoa making machine. The U-value decreased from HE1 to HE3 due to reduction in mass flow rate on concentration together with increase in TS in the subsequent stages. The rates of evaporation and U-values decreased as the TS of milk increased in the khoa making machine. Linear regression equations were obtained between TS of milk and U-values under different operating conditions which are useful to predict the U-value at different TS during the process. The graphical method, based on Nusselt theory and experimental values of AT and U, used to determine steam side film heat transfer co-efficient (ho) and steam side wall temperature (Tw) is simple to adopt in similar heat exchangers. The values of ho obtained in HE1, HE2 and HE3 were 10700, 11850 and 14625 W/m2°K respectively at 98.1 Kpa steam pressure. The feed rate is not anindependent variable as it depends on the rate of evaporation which is governed by various operating parameters of the machine during manufecture of khoa. Therefore, the output of khoa depends on the rate of feed achieved, TS of the feed and final moisture content of the product. The output of khoa was 11.1 kg/h when TS of milk was 13.73 %. The output rate increase to 25.1 kg/h and 38.2 kg/h when vacuum concentrated milk of 23.77 % TS and 35.08 % TS were used respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE, Meloidogyne javanica (Pathotype 2) ON GROUNDNUT cv. GG 20(AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Somabhai Keshavlal; Patel, D. J.The experiments on root-knot nematode, MeloidoQ/ne javanica (Pathotype 2), attacking groundnut cv. GG 20 were conducted with respect to i. pathogenicity of root-knot nematode, M. javanicapt.2 on groundnut cv. GG 20 to determine threshold level in terms of plant growth character and nematode reproduction; ii. effect of M. javanica pt 2 on uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S nutrients by plant; iii. effect of M. javanica pt. 2 infection on meteorological parameters viz., leaf temperature, diffusion resistance and transpiration rate in groundnut; iv. histopathological studies to know host-parasite relationship in groundnut; v. biochemical changes induced by M. javanica pt 2 infection in groundnut; vi, effect of interaction between M. javanica pt 2 and Aspergillus niger on groundnut; vii. effect of interaction between M. javanica pt.2 and Rhizobium sp. on groundnut and viii. determination of avoidable yield losses due to M. javanica pt2 on groundnut in pots as well as field, during kharif, 1996 through kharif 1997. The saHent findings are as under : i) An inoculiun level of 100 M. javanica pt2 J2 and above/plant proved detrimental to the growth and development of groundnut cv. GG 20. The nematode population significantly increased progressively with an increase in nematode inoculum levels from 10 to 10,000 M. javanica pt.2 J2 /plant. Nematode reproduction rate was maximum of 4801.0 times in the level of 10 J2 /plant while it was minimum of 10.7 times in the highest level of 10,000 J2 /plant. ii) Uptake of various nutrients viz., N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S by groundnut cv. GG 20 was significantly reduced with an increase in inoculum levels from 10 to 10,000 J2 /plant Control plants had significantly more uptake of all the nutrients over other treatments of various nutrients, uptake of N, K and Mg was much more reduced by M javanica pt.2 infection than P, Ca and S nutrients. iii) Infection of M. javanica pt 2 induced significant increase in leaf temperature and diffusion resistance with proportionately decrease in transpiration rate with an increase in nematode inoculum levels in groundnut cv. GG 20. iv) Histopathological and cytological studies revealed that after root invasion, nematodes penetrated epidermal cells and migrated both inter and intra cellularly reaching to cortex region and anchored adjacent to the vascular tissues resulting in rupturing and degeneration of epidermic cells and cortical layers of roots. All different nematode stages were found inside infected root tissues feeding on vascular portion, while no abnormalities of root tissues were observed in healthy roots. Infected tissues exhibited hypertrophy. uneven thickening of cell walls and granular protoplasm with enlarged nuclei and nucleoli. Multinucleate condition of giant cells was also observed. v) Studies on biochemical changes induced by M javanica pt.2 indicated that roots inoculated with 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 J2 /plant had progressively more peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities and total phenol contents. These activities increased progressively with an increase in nematode inoculum levels over uninoculated control roots. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents also decreased due to increase in M.javanica pt2 infection levels. vi) Study on interaction between M javanica pl2 and Aspergillus niger indicated neutral type of effects for plant growth diaracters. When both the pathogens inoculated simultaneously, there was more depressing effects on plant growth and development than that of fungus inoculation alone. Thus, nematode inoculation @ 1,000 and 2,000 J2 /plant played a vital role in predisposing host roots to the attack and aggravation of A. niger fungus on groundnut cv. GG 20. vii) Study conducted on interaction between M javanica pt 2 and Rhizobhun sp. revealed that the presence of M. javanica pt 2 significantly recfaiced number of nodules/plant over Rhizobiiun alone and control treatments. This clearly indicated that M. javanica pt.2 infection adversely affected N fixation by Rhizobium bacteria on groundnut cv. GG 20. viii) Application of Phenamiphos @ 2 kg/ha and Dazomet @ 400 kg/ha significantly increeised plant height, fresh and dry shoot weights over control in pots. Phenamiphos was more effective than Dazomet. However, fresh and dry root weights were more in control (untreated) plants due to heavy root galling and egg sac formation on roots. RKI was minimum in Phenamiphos followed by Dazomet treatment. Nematode reproduction rate was maximum of 37.1 times in control (untreated) plants while it was minimum of 2.2 times and 2.7 times in Phenamiprfios and Dazomet treatments, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that nematicides Phenamiphos and Dazomet proved very effective in management of M. javanica pt.2. ix) Under field condition, soil application of Phenamiphos @ 2 kg/ha under the crop row at the time of seeding effectively increased dry pod and fodder yields by 42.6 and 25.7% with reduction in RKI and final nematode population by 60.7 and 63.7% respectively, incurring 30.0 and 20.4% yield loss with monetary loss of Rs. 5025=00 and Rs. 1375=00 in dry pod and fodder yields of groundnut cv. GG 20 respectively over control.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICOPATHOLOGY, THERAPEUTIC AND TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CONTROL MEASURES OF Toxocara vitulorum IN BUFFALO CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1998) Jani, Rajeshkumar G.; Patel, P. R.Ascariasis in young buffalo calves is one of the main factors causing variable morbidity and mortality in subtropical countries like India. The present study was carried out from 1st June, 1996 to 31 May, 1997 in the four villages of Anand district, which embodies results of endeavours directed towards development of rural calf health surveillance system for generation of data through epidemiological surveillance in buffalo calves upto six months of age, to investigate clinicopathological changes and therapeutic regimes with a view to correlate prevalence rate, prognosis and early diagnosis so that proper control measures can be taken up viewing economic of losses due to ascariasis. A total of 744 buffaloes calves were screened through surveillance, of which 712 were studied as experimental group and remaining 32 buffalo calves as control groups. Out of 712 buffalo calves ascariasis was found in 325 (45.64 per cent) buffalo calves. The prevalence rate of ascariasis was found to be 45.64 per cent in buffalo calves. The extent and magnitude of prevalence indicated, 7.86 per cent mortality and 17.23 per cent case fatality. The significant (P<0.05) high prevalence rate was found in Surti breed (55.37 per cent), in the age group of 21 - 40 days (72.07 per cent) of male buffalo calves (53.68 per cent) with poor body condition (66.97 per cent) which were husbanded with poor hygiene (55.78 per cent) in open yard system (56.81 per cent) by landless labourers (65.66 per cent). The prevalence indicated significant (P<0.05) higher in third parity (63.95 per cent) of dams and in those 'calves which were not fed first colostrum after their birth (50.15 per cent) and in calves which were provided not enough amount (52.3 per cent) especially during monsoon season (70.08 per cent). Most of the affected calves were found voiding greyish white with foul odour faeces (58.5 per cent) with or without gross parasites. On clinical examination, the affected buffalo calves revealed partial to complete anorexia (57.23 per cent) with major digestive disorders (73.27 per cent). Clinical observations indicated subnormal rectal temperature (99.36 + 0.170°F) and slight rise in respirations rate (23.99 + 0.364 per minute). No significant difference in pulse rate was recorded in affected calves when compared with the field and farm control groups. The microscopic examination bf 325 faecal samples revealed 259 (79.69 per cent) samples with T. vitulorum ova, whereas, 66 (20.31 per cent) were with mixed infection of Strongyloides spp., Eimeria spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. Haematological study revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count and packed cell volume indicated mild to moderate anaemia in affected group of calves compared to field and farm control groups. Leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia with eosinophilia in affected calves suggested localised infection with migratory tissue parasitic features. Significant (P<0.05) reduction in blood glucose, total plasma proteins and increase in level of blood urea nitrogen in affected calves were observed to that of field and farm control groups. Detection of larvae in the milk sample may suggest the possibility of transmission of parasites through milk. Significant (P<0:.05) high morbidity and mortality due to ascariasis was observed in hypo-or agammaglobulinaeraic calves. Mean egg per greun was found in the range of 5.4 to 15942. The therapeutic trials of anthelmintics indicated high efficacy of fenbendazole {96 per cent) followed by krumikuthar rasa (88 per cent) while ethnoveterinary medicine of whey and salt revealed 44.86 per cent efficacy on 9 week post therapy. The projected economic losses due to mortality, poor growth rate, reduction in milk yield and treatment cost was found Rs. 302.58 per calf in a population of 100 calves while it was Rs. 658.52 per calf in a population of ascariasis affected calves. The Benefit : Cost ratio;, (B/C) of fenbendazole derived as 13.44 and 29.26 for a population of 100 calves and 100 infected calves, respectively. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable control measures and prophylaxis against ascariasis by regular deworming at second week after the birth of a calf and implementation of good hygienic approach to control the ascariasis. Review of literature, modalities of techniques and technologies put to use, the achievements, constraints and suggestions for future are detailed.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GENETIC ASPECTS OF RESIDUAL FEED CONSUMPTION (RFC)AN IMPORTANT FEED EFFICIENCY TRAIT IN POULTRY FOR EGG(AAU, Anand, 1998) Joshi, Rajeshkumar S.; Solanki, J. V.A study on genetic aspects of Residual Feed Consumption (RFC) was carried out at C.P.R.S., Anand using 414 and 454 pedigreed pullets belonging to 37 and 30 sire families of synthetic flock of WLH birds in S1 and S2 generation respectively. The mean RFC or accumulated RFC was not significantly different from zero during 4 weekly interval in both generations (range for RFC during 4 weekly periods were - 10.0 to 11.562 in S1 while - 9.981 to 9.013 in S2 generation birds). Mean cumulative RFC during 21-40, 21-56 and 21-72 weeks periods were -0.199, -0.191 and - 0.339 gm while -0.208, -0.250 and 0.010 gm in S1 and S2 generations respectively. Also coefficient of determinations (R2 values) were found lower viz. 0.50 to 10.7 % in S1 generation whereas 1.0 to 10.4 % in S2 generation.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES ON PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDE -VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (TG-VLDL) AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH GROWTH, EGG PRODUCTION AND FEED EFFICIENCY TRAITS IN A SYNTHETIC STRAIN OF WHITE LEGHORN(AAU, Anand, 1998) Savaliya, Fulabhai P.; Solanki, J. V.The present study was carried out to investigate inheritance and association of plasma Triglyceride - Very Low Density Lipoprotein (TGVLDL) concentration at 18 and 28 weeks with various traits in a synthetic strain of While Leghorn in two successive generations. At each generation 476 pullets (belonging to 37 and 30 sire families in first and second s generation, respectively) were utilized as experimental material. The means, heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations were computed through Least Square Analysis using LSMLMW and MIXED MODEL computer programme. The plasma TG-VLDL concentration were estimated by using Triglyceride enzymatic kit. The mean plasma TG-VLDL was found to be 189.337 + 11.154 and 409.607 + 29.850 mg% at 18 weeks and 989.257 + 11.852 and 964.630 + 22.707 mg% at 28 weeks in first and second generation, respectively. The least squares means for body weight at 18, 20, 32, 40, 56 and 72 weeks for age at first egg, for egg number produced up to 40, 56 and 72 weeks, egg weight at 28, 32, 40, 56 and 72 weeks, egg mass produced up to 40, 56 and 72 weeks, feed consumption per day, feed consumption per dozen eggs and feed consumption per kilo eggs during 21-40, 21-56 and 21- 72 weeks period were computed in each generation. Hatch effect was found significant for TG-VLDL at both the ages, body weight at all the ages except at 18 weeks, age at first egg, egg number up to 40 and 56, mean egg weight at 32, 56 and 72 weeks, egg mass at 40 weeks and feed consumption per dozen eggs during 21-40 weeks in second generation. The heritability estimates for plasma TG-VLDL were 0.289 ± 0.259 and 0.272 + 0.133 at 18 weeks and 0.541 + 0.202 and 0.703 + 0.208 at 28 weeks in first and second generation, respectively. The heritability estimates were moderate at 18 week and high at 28 weeks of age. The estimates of heritability for body weight were high at all the ages in both the generations except at 56 and 72 weeks in second generation. The heritability estimates for age at first egg were 0.453 + 0.168 and 0.710 + 0.207 in first and second generation, respectively. It was highly heritable character in both the generations. The estimates of heritability for egg number up to 40, 56 and 72 weeks were 0.398 + 0.160 , 0.437 + 0.169 and 0.314 + 0.189 in first generation and 0.226 + 0.124, 0.123 + 0.106 and 0.272 + 0.146 in second generation, respectively. The egg weight showed high estimates of heritability in both the generations. However, heritability estimates obtained at 32 and 40 weeks in first generation and at 28 and 56 weeks in second generation exceeded the parametric range. Egg mass showed decreasing trend of high to moderate estimates of heritability with advancement of age in first generation and reverse trend of similar magnitude was observed in second generation. The heritability estimates for egg mass up to 40, 56 and 72 weeks of age were 0.373 + 0.156, 0.271 + 0.142 and 0.206 + 0.172 in first generation and 0.213 ± 0.121, 0.290 ± 0.141 and 0.385 ± 0.167 in second generation, respectively. The heritability estimates for feed consumption per day were found high at all the periods in both the generations. The feed consumption per dozen eggs showed high estimate of heritability during 21-40 weeks (0.411 + 0.162) and moderate estimates during 21-56 weeks (0.336 + 0.153) and 21- 72 weeks (0.301 + 0.187) period in first generation while they were moderate during 21-40 weeks (0.169 + 0.112) and 21-72 weeks (0.204 + 0.132) and low during 21-56 weeks (0.062 ± 0.093) in second generation. The feed consumption per kilo eggs showed declining trend of high to moderate estimates of heritability with advancement of age in first generation and increasing trend of low to moderate estimates in second generation. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL at two ages were negative, non-significant and low (-0.090 + 0.439) in first generation but high (-0.448 + 0.275) in second generation. The phenotypic correlations between same were low and positive in first generation but negative in second generation. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL18 and body weight were all non-significant but positive and high with BW20 and low with BW72 while negative and moderate to high at other ages in first generation. In second generation same were significant, high and positive with BW.n (0.615 ± 0.214) and negative with body weight at other ages (-0.539 + 0.274 to - 0.967 + 0.377) except at 20 weeks. The phenotypic correlations were significant, positive and low with BW20 while non-significant and negative at later ages in first generation. In second generation they were significant at all the ages however, positive at early ages (BW18, BW20) while negative at later ages. The genetic correlations of plasma TG-VLDL28 were significant, positive and high with BW20 (0.859 ± 0.233) while non-significant and moderate to high at later ages in first generation. They were significant, positive and high (0.578 + 0.188 to 0.725 ± 0.141) with BW28, BW40 and BW56 in second generation. The phenotypic correlations between same were significant, positive and low to moderate with BW28 in both the generations and with BW32 and BW40 in second generation. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between TG-VLDL18 and AFE were negative, high and significant in both the generations. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL28 and AFE were non-significant, negative and moderate in first generation but significant, positive and high in second generation. The phenotypic correlations between same were non-significant, negative and low in first generation but significant, positive and low in second generation. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL18 and egg number were all non-significant in both generations however, were positive and moderate to high at all ages in first generation and at 40 weeks in second generation but negative at later ages. The phenotypic correlations between same were significant, positive and moderate with EN40 but low and nonsignificant at later ages in both the generations. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL28 and egg number were non-significant, positive and moderate to high at different ages in both the generations except which was significant with EN40 (0.689 + 0.230) in first generation. The phenotypic correlations between same were significant, positive and low to moderate with EN40 in first generations and with egg number at all the ages in second generation. The genetic correlation between plasma TG-VLDL18 and egg weight were all non-significant, either positive or negative and moderate to high in first generation and moderate in second generation. The phenotypic correlations were all non-significant, low, either positive or negative in both the generations. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL28 and egg weight were all non-significant, either positive or negative, and low to moderate in first generation and moderate to high and positive in second generation. The phenotypic correlations were significant, positive and low with EW72 in second generation while at other ages they were low, non-significant and either positive or negative in both the generations. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL18 and egg mass were all non-significant, however, were positive and moderate at 40 weeks and negative and moderate to high at other ages in both the generations. The phenotypic correlations between same were significant, positive and moderate at 40 weeks and non-significant at other ages in both the generations. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL28 and egg mass were positive, high and significant at 40 weeks in first generation and at 56 and 72 weeks, in second generation. The phenotypic correlations between same were significant, positive and low at 72 weeks in first generation and moderate at all ages in second generation. The genetic correlations between TG-VLDL18 and FC/D were all non significant, positive and low to moderate while phenotypic correlation between same were all non-significant, positive and low in both the generations. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL28 and FC/D were significant, positive and high during 21-40 and 21-56 week periods and non-significant during 21-72 weeks period in second generation while non significant, positive and moderate at all the periods in first generation. The phenotypic correlations were significant, positive and low during 21- 40 and 21-72 week periods in second generation while non-significant, positive and low at other ages in both the generations. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL18 and FC/DE were all non-significant. They were low to moderate and negative during different periods in first generation and were negative and low during 21-40 weeks and positive and moderate to high during 21-56 and 21-72 weeks in second generation.The phynotypic correlaitons were significant, negative and moderate during 21-40 weeks but non-significant at later ages in both the .general ion. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL28 and FC/DE were significant, negative and high during 21-40 weeks in first generation while were non-significant negative and moderate to high at other age periods in both the generations. The sigificant negative and low to moderate phenotypic correlations were observed with fC/DE21-40 in first generation and with FC/DE at all age periods in second generation. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL18 and FC/KE were nonsignificant, negative and moderate during 21-40 weeks period in first generation while non-significant, positive and low to high at different age periods in second generation. The pheoytypic correlations between same were significant, negative and low to moderate during 21-40 weeks in both the generations. The genetic correlations between plasma TG-VLDL28 and FC/KE were significant, negative and high during 21-40 weeks in first generation and 21-56 and 21-72 weeks periods in second generaiton. The phenotypic correlations between same were significant, negative and low to moderate during 21-40 weeks period in first generation and at all the periods in second generation. In the comparative performance of extreme high and low TG-VLDL groups birds, the high TC-VLDL18(O) group birds have showed lower body .weight at all the ages after 20 weeks in both the generations compared to low TG-VLDL18(O) group. The high TG-VLDL18(O) group, birds have significantly (P<0.05) earlier (21-22 days) age at first egg and have produced more egg with slightly lower weight throughtout the period of lay. They have higher egg mass production at all the ages in both the generations except at 72 weeks in first generation. The high TG-VLDL18(O) group birds have better feed efficiency than low group birds. The high TG-VLDL28(O) group birds showed higher body weight at all the ages, have produced more eggs and egg mass but have lower egg weight than low TG-VLDL28(O) group. The high TG-VLDL28(O) group birds have better feed efficiency than the low TG-VLDL28(O) group birds. High TG-VLDL18(S) group birds have lower body weight at all the ages after 20 weeks, as compared to low TG-VLDL18(S) group. The high TG-VLDL18(S) group birds matured significantly earlier (13-14 days) and have produced more number of slightly lower weight eggs throughout the laying period, but have produced lower total egg mass up to 72 weeks of age as compared to low TG-VLDL18(S) group. High TG-VLDL28(S) group birds have higher body weight at all ages as compared to low TG-VLDL28(S) group birds. The high TG-VLDL28(S) group birds were matured significantly later but have produced more number of eggs, higher egg weight and egg mass and have better feed efficiency than low TG-VLDL28(S) group.