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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIAZEPAM, PENTAZOCINE AND PROCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE WITH THIOPENTONE SODIUM AS A GENERAL ANAESTHETIC IN DOGS (Canis domestica)(AAU, Anand, 1985) SOLANKI, H. J.; Mannari, M. N.The effect of Diazepam, Pentazocine and Procaine hydrochloride as maintenance agents in Thiopentone sodium anaesthesia were evaluated in three different groups of mongrel dogs. Each group contained six animals. Each group was sub-divided into two divisions, one where surgery was performed and the other where surgery was not performed. All the dogs were preanasthetized with Atropine sulphate.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED RENAL BIOPSY USING 14 AND 16 GAUGE TRU-CUT BIOPSY NEEDLES IN ADULT DOGS.(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SUDHAKAR SUBHASH; PARIKH, P. V.An experiment was conducted on ultrasound guided renal biopsy using 16 gauge (Group I, n=12) and 14 gauge (Group IL n =5) needles in 17 clinically healthy dogs of either sex. The biopsy procedure was carried out under general anaesthesia using combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg bodyweight, i.v.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg body weight, i.v.) and premedication with acepromazine @ 0.05 mg/kg body weight, i.m. The renal biopsy was performed by routine ultrasound guided technique. The biopsy sample in group I was obtained by 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle and in group II by 14 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle with spring loaded gun. Pre-biopsy, immediate post-biopsy and 48 hrs. post-biopsy arterial blood and urine samples were obtained from animals of either groups for biochemical study and urinanalysis. Clinical observations and biopsy samples quality was recorded following biopsy in both the groups. Under post-biopsy clinical observation, general health, appetite, water intake and urination were found normal in all 17 animals. The anaesthetic protocol was found safe with smooth induction and uncomplicative recovery. The ultrasound images in either group were observed with use of 5.0 MHz Mechanical Sector Transducer with B-Mode. Renal cortex was having intermediate echogenicity, medulla was seen hypoechoic and renal pelvis was highly echognic. The cortex was hyperechoic relative to the medulla and a distinct demarcation between them was present and echogenic rim separated cortical from the rnedullary tissue. The needle were seen parallel to the dotted line in hyperechoic image. The biochemical study with arterial blood sample revealed a nonsignificant alteration in the determinants of glomerular filtration rate such as blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine and also in arterial blood gases like blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide and haemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage in either groups after biopsy. The plasma electrolytes such as sodium and chloride in group II and potassium in group I revealed a significant decrease and increase at 48 hrs. post-biopsy, respectively. The urinanalysis in both the groups recorded non-significant variations in urine pH and specific gravity, urine creatinine, urinary sodium and protein as well as in urine protein/urine creatinine ratio and urinary fractional excretion of sodium after biopsy. A significant increase in enzymuria like urinary N-acetyl-beta-DGlucosaminidase in either groups and urinary alanine aminopeptidase in group II was observed at immediate and 48 hrs. post-biopsy. Urinary gamma glutamyltransferase non-significantly increased at immediate post-biopsy in either groups followed by a non-significant decrease observed in group I at 48 hrs. post-biopsy. The histopathological findings revealed that the samples obtained using 16 gauge needle (Group I) yielded an average of 10.77 number of glomeruli per sample while the samples using 14 gauge needle (Group II) yielded an average of 7.75 number of glomeruli per sample. The cell morphology of the samples in both the groups was found to be normal. The average size of the biopsy sample obtained by using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 1 X 0.1 cm. and biopsy sample obtained by using 14 gauge needle (Group 11) was 0.75 X 0.1 cm. The medulla content obtained in samples using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 5 to70 per cent and samples obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found have 70, 50, 30, 20 per cent of medulla. Samples analyzed histopathologically for crushing and fragmentation of tissue obtained. One sample crushing using 16 gauge needle (Group I), while four sample obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found to reveal either crushing (1), fragmentation (1) or both (2) samples. The present study concludes that using ultrasound guided renal biopsy technique, 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle still gives adequate quality biopsy sample, cell morphology and glomeruli number with less renal injury as compared to 14 gauge needle, hence useful, especially in dogs with high risk for renal failure.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE HEALING PROCESS OF SEVERED SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL AND DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDONS IN CALVES REPAIRED BY CARBON FIBRE FILAMENTS ( Grafil-AS ) AND 24 G MONOFILAMENT STAINLESS STEEL WIRE(AAU, Anand, 1987) Rao, N. Madhu; PATEL, M. R.The main purpose of the investigations on the healing process of severed superficial and deep digital flexor tendons repaired by carbon fibre and stainless steel wire in crossbred male calves was to evaluate the efficacy of suture implants in the repair and collagen fibre formation. In all 126 animals were divided into two groups and each group, further divided into three sub-groups having 21 animals in each for observation of healing process at 20, 40 and 80 days, respectively. Trifluropromazine (Siquil) was given intravenously as pre-anaesthetic at the dose rate of 0.15 mg/kg body weight and chloral hydrate solution (10%) intravenously to effect and operation performed. The evaluation of the healing process in the sectioned tendons was done clinically, and by using radiography, angiography, biomestry, biomechanics, biochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The fasciography on 20th P.O.D. did not reveal any difference between the groups. On 40th day, except for the thickness of the tendon in the first group, no changes were observed. On 80th P.O.D., nearly completion of healing process could be observed. The arteriographic studies revealed extensive proliferation of blood vessels on 20th P.O.D. in both the groups. Vascularization existed on 40th and 80th P.O.D. in both the groups. This indicated on-going repairing process. Tendon biometry revealed that the stump measurement values were more in CF group in all the three periods than in SS group. A definite increase was observed in the width of SDF and DDF tendons in both the groups. However, the width was more in CF group than in SS group. Analysis of variance showed that effects of type of suture and normal versus repaired tendon were found statistically significant (P <0.05) and interaction effects were also significant (P < 0.05). Thus indicated that use of CF filaments enhanced collagen fibre formation and thus the repair. Considerable increase in the cross measurement of repaired SDF and DDF tendons was observed in both the groups at 20, 40 and 80 days P.O.D. Increase in the tendon measurement was observed as the post-operative interval increased. This indicated that transected tendon had healed clinically. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of type of suture was nonsignificant and effects normal versus repaired tendon was statistically significant (P < 0 . 0 5 ) . This meant that in the groups under reference had no difference in the healing process irrespective of the suture materials used. The measurements of tendon lengths at repaired zone were considerably increased in all the periods of observation in both the groups. The analysis of variance revealed that effects of suture material, normal versus repaired were statistically significant (Pv<0.05). In the groups under reference, the type of suture material had a effect on the healing process in the repaired tendon. Biochemical studies revealed, significantly higher effects of S-GOT in the CP group when compared to SS group. S-GOT levels gradually increased and reached a peak by 20th P.O.D. However, in the 40th day group, the values were significantly higher (P<0.01) in SS group when compared to CF group. On 80th P.O.D., the S-GOT levels were significantly higher (P< 0.01) in CF group when compared to SS group. The levels of S-GOT observed in the animals were in close association with progressive healing process to normalcy. The trend in S-GPT levels was similar to that of S-GOT levels upto 20th P.O.D. However, significantly higher levels were observed between material used and post-operative time intervals. On 40th day, the reverse trend was observed in S-GPT levels. Analysis of variance showed that material used and post-operative time intervals were statistically significant (P <0.05) and interaction effects were also significant (P<0.05). On 80th P.O.P., there were significantly higher (P <0.01) levels of S-GPT in the GF group than SS group. The effects of suture material used, the groups and the periods were found statistically significant {P<0.01). The levels of S-GPT demonstrated that the type of suture material used, animal groups and periods were influenced by these parameters. The S-AKP levels showed gradual increase upto 65th day and then declined in all the three groups. Statistical analysis revealed that material used was nonsignificant at 80 days. The relation with time intervals were significantly higher (P <0.01) in all the three periods of study. This meant that when final healing at 80th P.O.D. is considered, type of suture material was more important. A general decrease in the levels of S-LDH was observed at 20 and 40 days period in both the groups. The material used and post-operative intervals were statistically significant (P <0.05) in all the three periods. The interaction between the materials and time intervals was statistically nonsignificant in 20 days studies and significant (P <0.05) at 40 and 80 days P.O.P. This clearly showed that the use of type of suture material was more important. Biomechanical studies revealed increase in tendon length in both the groups as evident from the measurement taken on 20th P.O.P. Analysis of variance between animals had significant (P <0.05) effects on tendon length. Interaction effects were also significant (P<0.05). Under the study, biomechanical measurements of the tendon length helped in knowing the regaining of the healing. Measurement of cross sectional area of tendon helped in assessing the healing progress of the tendon. The analysis of variance showed between the groups, time intervals and normal versus repaired was found statistically significant (P<0.05) for their effects. Interactions with main effects viz., periods, normal versus repaired and materials was also found significant (P<0.05). A considerable decrease in UTL in both the groups, was observed at 20 and 40 days P.O.P. The UTL values were increased in both the groups by 80th P.O.P. The analysis of variance showed that experimental groups,periods, repaired versus normal and their effects were statistically significant (P <0.05). The decrease in UTL at 20th and 40th P.O.P. indicated that the repair of the sutured tendon was not complete. However, by 80th P.O.P., an increase in UTL in both the groups, indicated that clinically the tendon had healed and was able to bear the weight for normal activity. The tensile strength decreased considerably at all the periods in both the groups. The analysis of variance showed main characters and interaction between periods, normal versus repaired and material was statistically significant (P<0.05) effects on tensile strength. Decrease in the tensile strength after repair might be due to the disarranged arrangement of the collagen fibres in the healing tissue. The decrease in the modulus of elasticity was observed in all the periods of both the groups. The analysis of variance showed main characters and interaction between period, normal versus repaired and material used was statistically significant (P<0.05). Decrease in the modulus of elasticity was indicative of weakness of the replaced tissue even by 80th P.O.P. tendon which had not regained its normal strength. Histomorphologically and histochemical studies revealed that first healing process was characterized by a proliferation of young granulation tissue characterized by plumpy fibroblast. There was intense staining reaction by PAS-AB indicating intense activity for the formation of ground substance. At 40 days CF group, the CF filaments separated from implanted CF bundles and were surrounded by fibroblast, macrophages and collagen fibres. In both the groups, there was intense activity of PAS-AB indicating collagen production. At 80 days P.O.P. in both the groups, the transected tendon almost appeared structurally like a normal tendon. SEM studies revealed at 20 days P.O.P., the gap at the transected tendon ends was filled by granulation tissue wilthout evoking tissue reaction and necrotic changes. CF filament did not evoke tissue reaction. The healing process was quicker in CF group when compared to SS group. At 40 days P.O.P. in SS group, the transected ends were completely joined by the granulation tissue and collagen fibre was present. The healing was qomplete at 40 days P.O.P. In the case of CF group, collagen fibre was more in number and wavy in pattern. At 80 days in SS group, the transected tendon end had completely joined. The collagen bundle was parallel to the long axis of the tendon. In CF group, the collagen bundles were thicker, more wavy and anastamosis between them was also more when compared to SS group. TEM studies revealed that there was no tissue reaction in both the groups. In the granulation tissue fibroblast surrounded by amorphous ground substance were seen at 40 days P.O.P. The collagen fibrils were arranged in parallel to one another and, also they were parallel to the long axis of the fibroblast. At 80 days P.O.P., axial periodicity consisted of one dark and one light segment at regular intervals in the collagen fibrils was seen. This axial periodicity was more in CF group as compared to SS group. The carbon fibre filament incited more tissue reaction in the initial stages. It assisted in the early healing of the sectioned tendons, and modulated the healed tendon to normalcy in the latter stages. It assisted in the early healing of the sectioned tendons, and modulated the healed tendon to normalcy in the latter stages. The results of clinical, biometrical, biomechanical, histomorphological, SEM and TEM studies showed that the carbon fibre filament to be a better replacement to SS wire for the repair of sectioned tendons.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF VISCERAL PROCAINE BLOCKADE, LUMBAR EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA AND LOCAL INFILTRATION ANAESTHESIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN BUFFALO CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1986) MALEK, MOHAMMED YUSUF A.; PATEL, M. R.A comparative clinical study on the efficacy of visceral procaine blockade, lumbar epidural anaesthesia and local infiltration anaesthesia, with particular reference to the haematological and biochemical changes, was carried out in buffalo calves divided into three groups of six animals each. All of three anaesthetic procedures were adequate to perform operations like enterotomy, intestinal anastomosis and abomasotomy. Haematological changes were found to be statistically non-significant in all the three groups. Among biochemical changes, blood glucose level increased significantly in visceral procaine blockade and lumbar epidural groups. S-GOT increased significantly only in the visceral procaine blockade group.ThesisItem Open Access SCREENING OF URINE SAMPLES OF BULLOCKS FOR INHIBITORS OF CRYSTALLIZATION AND STUDY OF EFFICACY OF CYSTONE TABLETS IN THE PREVENTION OF URINARY CALCULI(AAU, Anand, 1986) JOSHI, PRAVINCHANDRA K.; Patel, M. R.The present field trial was conducted in the animals belonging to village - Lasundra, Taluka - Kapadvanj, District - Kheda, where incidence of urolithiasis is prevelant. Urine samples collected from 100 bullocks were subjected to tests for presence or absence of inhibitors of crystallization of calcium oxalate. Out of these, crystallization on glass fibre was noticed in 11 bullocks within 3 hours which indicated that these animals were prone to stone formation. These potential stone-formers were given 20 tablets of Cystone daily orally for 15 days. Urine samples of these animals which were found positive during screening were further analysed for calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium levels and also for pH. A significant increase in calcium levels was evident in the urine samples of stone formers. The other three electrolytes Viz., Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium, did not show any significant variation.ThesisItem Open Access GLYCEROL GUAIACOLATE, CHLORAL HYDRAS AND MAGNESIUM SULPHATE COMBINATION AS GENERAL ANAESTHETICS IN BUFFALO CALVES-STUDY OF IT'S EFFECT ON BLOOD CHEMISTRY(AAU, Anand, 1985) VASAVADA, RAMESH ISHWARLAL; Mannari, M. N.A general anaesthetic study with chloral-mag, chloral hyfrass and glycerol guaiacolate with and without pre-anaesthetic medication with triflupromazine was conducted in 24 healthy male buffalo calves, divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each.The induction time, duration of anaesthesia, recovery time, muscular relaxation, respiration, pulse/heart rate and temperature were observed. The biochemical estimation of blood glucose, total serum protein, serum creatinine, S-GOT, S-AKP and S-LDH were carried out from the blood, which were collected at 5 different intervals viz., 0 hour, 10 minutes, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours after induction.ThesisItem Open Access USE OF NEOSTIGMINE AS AN ADDITIVE TO LIGNOCAINE AND BUPIVACAINE FOR EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA IN COW CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2006) KULKARNI, SHEETAL VIVEK; BARVALIA, D. R.A study on epidural anaesthesia was conducted in 24 cow calves allotted to 4 groups of 6 each by injecting the drug(s) into the first intercoccygeal site. In group A, 2% Hgnocaine hydrochloride @ 0.2mg/kg b.wt.; in group B, combination of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride @ 0.2mg/kg b.wt. with neostigmine 250µg; in group C, 0.5% bupivacaine @ 0.1mg/kg b.wt. and in group D, combination of 0.5% bupivacaine @ 0.1mg/kg b.wt. and neostigmine 250µg were injected epidurally through first intercoccygeal site. The total volume for epidural injection was kept constant (2ml) by adding normal saline solution in all the individuals. The efficacy of each drug alone and in combination was evaluated by observing induction time, return of reflex, duration of anaesthesia, heart and respiration rates, rectal temperature at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes interval after injection. Onset of anaesthesia was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) early in animals of group D as compared to animals of groups B and C, however, inspite of longer time for onset no significant difference was observed in animals of group A as compared to the animals of group D. Duration of anaesthesia was found to be significantly longer (P < 0.05) in animals of group D as compared to animals of other groups. Moreover, duration of anaesthesia also significantly differ (P < 0.05) in animals of groups B and C as compared to animals of group A, however, no significant difference was observed in animals of groups B and C.Return of pinprick reflex was earliest in the animals when lignocaine HCl was used alone (group A) whereas it was almost similar when lignocaine-neostigmine combination (group B), and bupivacaine alone (group C) were used. However, it was much delayed when bupivacaine-neostigmine combination (group D) was used. Animals developed loss of hindlimb co-ordination i.e. ataxia whenever lignocaine HCl alone (group A) was used, however, all the animals of this group were standing throughout the period of study upto 60 min. post injection, whereas, animals of other groups did not showed any signs of ataxia. Analgesia was restricted only to the base of tail when pin prick reflex made in animals of group D where bupivacaine was used in combination with neostigmine, whereas, analgesia was present on entire tail in animals of other groups. In all the groups, alterations in mean heart and respiration rates and rectal temperature observed at various time intervals were non-significant and remained within the normal physiological limits throughout the period of study. Side effects such as ataxia was seen in some animals wherein lignocaine HCl was used. The present study infers that epidural neostigmine in combination with Hgnocaine HCL and bupivacaine is safe, effective and well tolerated by cow calves and as caudal additive to lognocaine HCl and bupivacaine increased the duration of analgesia vis-a-vis when used alone.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CRYOSURGICAL OOPHORECTOMY IN BITCHES(AAU, Anand, 2007) MANKAD, MANAN YOGESHBHAI; TANK, P. H.Cryosurgical oophorectomy (Group - I; n=6) and conventional surgical oophorectomy (Group - II; n=6) following standard midline laparotomy were compared in a clinical trial on twelve healthy bithces. The ovaries were cryofrozen to -20° C by liquid nitrogen spray under cryogaurd protection employing double freeze-thaw cycles. The cryosurgical oophorectomy was bit quicker (31.53 ± 0.9 minutes) as compared to conventional surgical oophorectomy (34.24 ± 0.64 minutes). There was significant fall in the rectal temperature following both the methods of oophorectomy. Additionally, there was mild but nonsignificant fluctuations within physiological range in the physiological parameters viz., pulse rate, respiratory rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation as a combine effect of general anaesthesia and surgical and cryosiirgical procedures. The haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume did not differ significantly in the animals during perioperative observations but it showed significant difference between the animals of both the groups. The variation in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate remained nonsignificant during perioperative observations in the animals of both the groups. The total erythrocyte count fluctuated nonsignificantiy within the physiological range at different time intervals, but this variation was significant statistically between the animals of both the groups. The nonsignificant variation of total leucocyte count observed between the animals of both the groups indicated that none of the procedures has specific influence on this vital cell count. The neutrophils rose initially up to 48 hours, which then got substituted by the lymphocytes. Hence, an almost reverse trend was observed for the lymphocyte during the present study. A transient post-operative elevation in serum Cortisol level following the procedures in both the groups of animals with tendency to resume normalcy at later phases was suggestive of temporary pain and / or stress imposed by surgical as well as cryosurgical oophorectomy. Cryosurgery remained uneventful during post-operative observations with absence of systemic reflections, which indicated local damage limited to the frozen ovaries only. Laparoscopic as well as histomorphological assessment of cryodamaged ovaries a month later confirmed their complete nonvitality. The cryosurgical oophorectomy was found simple, quick, bloodless, stressfiree, safe and equally effective as compared to conventional surgical oophorectomy. Additionally, it was cost-effective as well as its clinico-surgical execution was feasible.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON ILIZAROV TECHNIQUE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF TIBIAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2010) Bhatia, Ami Sandip; TANK, P. H.A clinical study on Ilizarov technique for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs was carried out with multiple objectives of knowing the epidemiological status of various orthopaedic affections, standardizing the application of 'Ilizarov technique' for external immobilization of tibial fractures on cadaver models and lastly, applying and comparing the Ilizarov technique with intramedullary pinning for immobilization tibial fractures in dogs. Last three years' retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the College Hospital. During that period, a total of 8790 canine cases were registered out of which 486 (5.53%) cases were having orthopaedic maladies. Amongst those, the cases of fractures were 378 that accounted for nearly 78% cases of the reported orthopaedic maladies. Majority of the fractures involved radio-ulna (29.36%) followed by femur (28.30%), tibia-fibula (23.80%) and humerus (14.55%). Cadaveric tibiae were used for standardization of the Ilizarov technique. The diaphyses of tibiae were sawed in a manner to mimic different fractures and these fractures were immobilized using Ilizarov technique of circular external fixation to get hands on training. To evaluate the feasibility of the Ilizarov technique in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fracture in dogs, a study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of tibial fractures. The cases were randomly divided into two groups based upon the fracture stabilization technique used, viz., Ilizarov technique (Group I, n=6) and Intramedullary pinning (Group II, n=6). No exudation was seen in group I whereas mild exudation was observed in few cases of group II. Partial weight bearing was seen as early as 2nd postoperative day in group I as against 7th postoperative day in group II. Complete weight bearing was observed from the 6th postoperative day in majority cases of group I as compared to 24th postoperative day in group II. The earlier restoration of the functional usage of the limb could be attributed to the closed reduction, no external infection and axial stability of the Ilizarov apparatus. In majority cases of group I joint mobility was earlier, seen from the 2nd post operative day whereas limited joint mobility was seen in the first week which gradually improved in all the cases of group II. Radiological examination was done at weekly intervals. Most of the dogs belonging to both the groups showed proper reduction and good alignment of the bone fragment immediately after the operation. Callus fomiation was earlier i.e. within 45 days in majority cases of group I as against 54 days in all cases of group II. One case of group I did not show any bridging between the fractured fragments. Minimum or no periosteal reaction was seen around fracture site in group I whereas considerable periosteal reaction was seen around the fracture site in group II. Mild periosteal reaction was seen around the K wire insertion sites in group I by 4th postoperative week. Postoperative complications observed in group I were mild wire tract infection which subsided with proper antibiotic dressing. In group I, majority of cases healed completely except one case in which the animal took off the apparatus within 15 days of operation. Also, one case did not show bridging between the fractured ends. This could have been due to preoperative infection at the fractured site. Few cases showed mild wire tract infection. In group II, occasional limping was observed inspite of complete weight bearing. This might have been due to irritation to soft tissues around the entry site of Steinmann pin while flexing and extending the stifle joint. Infection was seen in one case of group II at the incision site and mild rotation of the distal fragments were seen in few cases. Removal of the Ilizarov apparatus or pin was carried out at 5-7 weeks in group I and 7-8 weeks in group II. This was done when clinical healing was observed in the fomi of functional limb use and endosteal and/or periosteal bridging was evident on radiographs. The Ilizarov apparatus, using external circular transosseous fixation provided better anatomic reduction, axial stability of the fractured fragments, greater joint mobility and functional weight bearing. This technique also prevented muscle atrophy and rotational instability unlike intramedullary pinning. Hence Ilizarov technique is better suited for treating tibial fractures than intramedullary pinning.