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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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Subject: Veterinary Public Health × End date: 2019 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CANINE ZOONOTIC HELMINTHS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO TOXOCARA CANIS
    (AAU, Anand, 1999) Brahmbhatt, M. N.; Pal, Mahendra
    Helminthological examination of 614 faecal samples from pet dogs attending the O.P.D. of the Clinics of the Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University Campus, Anand was undertaken for a period of 12 months from November 1997 to October 1998. In addition, 115 faecal samples collected from stray dogs in and around the Anand city of Gujarat were also investigated for various helminths. The overall helminth prevalence rate observed in pet dogs was 34.53 per cent with 32.23 per cent in male and 37.85 per cent in female animals. The overall prevalence of helminths in the dogs between the age of 13 to 24 months was significantly higher. No significant difference in the prevalence of helminthic infection in male and female animals within each age group would be recorded. Stray dogs showed the overall prevalence of 41.74 per cent. Monthwise prevalence of parasitic infection in stray dog and pet dog population revealed high prevalence in the months of winter season. The examination of faecal samples from pet as well as stray dogs revealed Ancylostoma caninum (24.59 and 26,96%) and Toxocara canis (9.61 and 19.13%), Dipylidium caninum (2.44 and 3.48%), Toxascahs leonina (1.79 and 2.61%), Uncinaria stetiocephala (1.98 and 2.61%), Echinococais spp. (0.65 and 3.48%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.65 and 1.74%)Diphyllobothrium latum (0.49 and 1.74%), Trichuris vulpis (0.0 and 1.74%) and Spirometra spp. (0.0 and 0.87%)). The infection rate was found almost similar in male and female animals for all the helminths Agcwise distribution of individual helminth did not reveal any definite trend. Monthwise and seasonal distribution of various helminths showed fairly high prevalence for each helminth during winter season followed by summer and monsoon. Single or multiple helminthic infection in pet and stray dog indicated single helminth infection in 28,34 and 21.74 per cent, two species infection in 5.86 and 17.39 per cent and three species infection in only 0.33 and 2.61 per cent samples respectively. Among the various sites of collection, the highest overall prevalence of helminths in stray dogs was observed in the samples from road sides. Epidemiological study of T.canis in pet and stray dog population showed the prevalence of 9.61 and 19.13 per cent, respectively. Monthwise and seasonal prevalence of T.cams in both the canine population was observed higher during the months of November-February and lowest in October. No significant difference was observed in sexwise prevalence of T.cams in pet dogs, and sitewise prevalence of T.canis in stray dogs, however, showed higher prevalence in the samples obtained from playgrounds. The prevalence of T.canis in 504 soil samples collected from various localities revealed overall prevalence rate of 26.39 per cent. Among the various sites of collection, highest prevalence was observed in the soil samples from slum area (45.83%) followed by playgrounds (37.50%)), rural area (27.78%), gardens/public places (26.39%), school compounds (22.22%), liuman dwellings (13 18%) and lowest in samples from road sides (11.11%). Monthwise prevalence of T.canis in soil samples indicated highest prevalence in December (36.09%) and lowest in October (11.90%) and seasonal prevalence showed higher values in winter season (29.17%). Haematological studies following the experimental infection with T.canis in laboratory mice revealed elevated eosinophilic count with peak after 2-3 weeks of postinfection. Higher values were recorded in mice with booster infection. Moderate leucocytosis and slight neutrophilia were observed throughout the study. Gradual decrease of haemoglobin and reduction in PCV was noticed after 24 day post-infection. Histopathological changes in the experimentally inoculated mice were noticed in the liver, muscle, lung, brain, kidney and spleen. The liver, lungs and kidneys showed fatty changes, congestion, cellular infilteration, granuloma formation and necrosis. Meningitis, focal liquefactive necrosis and gliosis were observed in the brain. No significant histopathological lesions were noticed except mild degenerative changes in the cardiac muscles. Seroprevalence study in human serum samples failed to demonstrate antibodies against T.canis in the specified group of persons such as staff members and students of Veterinary College. However, 8.57 per cent serum samples from 70 children showed positive reaction when tested by agar gel precipitation technique. Detailed clinical examination of positive cases showed leucocytosis, eosinophilia, fever, coughing, pneumonia and dyspnoea. Epidemiological investigation indicated that majority of positive cases had the habit of eating soil and history of contact with dogs. Blood smear examination of 159 children for the presence of eosinophilia along with the epidemiological information about the patient collected in a prescribed questionaire format revealed higher percentage of moderate, marked and severe eosinophilia in 0 to 5 year age group, association of dog ownership, poor socio-economic class, geophagia, habit of playing in soil, open school compound, improper personal hygiene and illiterate group with practically no educational background. It was concluded that the overall helminth infection was more prevalent in stray dog population as compared to pet dog population. No significant difference was observed in sex but the significant difference was observed in the various age group. Significantly higher prevalence was noticed in winter season. The prevalence for individual helminth was observed higher in stray dogs with more number of helminth. Single infection was found higher in pet dogs while mixed infection was noticed higher in stray dogs. Prevalence of T.canis was recorded higher in stray dogs as compared to pet dogs. Age group between birth to 4 months was more frequently affected with T.canis. Examination of soil samples for T.canis showed prevalence rate of 26.39 per cent with highest prevalence in soil samples from slum area. Experimental infection in mice is characterized by eosinophilia, and histopathological changes such as congestion, degeneration, cellular infiltration, moderate to marked fatty changes, necrosis and granuloma formation were observed in various organs. Seroprevalence study showed 8.57 per cent prevalence of T.canis antibodies in children who had contact with dog. On blood smear examination, eosinophilia was found as the constant feature in 152 children.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LISTERIA SPECIES FROM MARKET MEAT
    (AAU, Anand, 2009) NAYAK, JITENDRAKUMAR BHOGILAL; Brahmbhatt, M. N.
    The present study was carried out with a view to isolate and identify Listeria spp. from different samples of buffalo meat, chevon and mutton sold in retail market as well as from butcher's hand and their instruments in Anand city. The recovered isolates were studied for their properties in relation to phenotypic characterization (CAMP test), standardization of PCR protocol for detection of i . monocytogenes in raw meat, specificity and sensitivity of the developed assay, comparision of the PCR assay with conventional culture method for the detection of L. monocytogenes from meat, comparison of efficacy of different selective plating media for the recovery of Listeria spp, detection of virulence genes by PCR and antimicrobial drug sensitivity pattern of Listeria spp. to various antibiotics conmionly used in human and veterinary treatment. Altogether 500 samples comprising of buffalo meat, mutton and chevon (150 samples each) as well as swabs from butcher's hand, knife and log (50 samples) were collected from randomly selected five different retail meat shops of Anand (Gujarat State) and subjected to two stage enrichment process with UVM 1 and UVM 2 for two days each, followed by plating on three selective media viz. DRIA, PALCAM and Oxford agar. Out of 500 samples collected, 25 (5.5%) meat samples and 2 (4.0%) swabs were positive for Listeria spp. with overall prevalence of 5.4 per cent. Out of these 25 positive meat samples, 12 (2.7 %) samples were positive for L. monocytogenes, 6 (1.3%) samples positive for L. innocua, 5 (1.1%) samples for L. seeligeri and 2 (0.4%) samples for L. welshimeri. Out of two positive swab samples 1 (2.0%) was positive forZ. monocytogenes and 1 (2.0%) forZ. innocua. The highest prevalence of Listeria spp. was observed from mutton (7.3%) followed by buffalo meat (6.7%), chevon {1.1%) and least in butchers' hand and knife swab (2.0 % each). L. monocytogenes isolated from 13 (2.6 %) samples. The observation in the study suggested DRIA medium found superior to PALCAM and Oxford agar for the recovery of Listeria spp. including L. monocytogenes with the highest recovery on DRIA (92.6 %) followed by PALCAM (88.9 %) and Oxford agar (59.3 %). The PCR assay targeting iap gene was found useful for the specific detection of L. monocytogenes up to the level as low as 2 x10 to power 1 CFU/ml from various samples. PCR targeting iap gene can be used for the rapid detection of L. monocytogenes. The specificity of both the cultural and PCR method was compared and foimd to be 100.0 per cent. Very good correlation was observed between these two methods for detection of Z. monocytogenes. All the 13 L. monocytogenes isolates were screened for the presence or absence of virulence genes viz. inlA, inlB, InU and plcB using specific primers. Presence of virulence associated genes in L. monocytogenes isolates ranged from 76.9 per cent to 100.0 per cent suggesting the presence of pathogenic L. monocytogenes in meat samples. The highest degree of sensitivity of listeria isolates was observed towards gentamicin (96.3%) followed by ampicillin and ciprofloxacin (92.6% each); tetracycline and erythromycin (88.9% each); chloramphenicol and penicillin G (85.2% each) while isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone (81.5%) and cefotaxime (70.4 %). The antibiogram of L. monocytogenes isolates showed cent percent sensitivity to penicillin G followed by ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline (92.3% each), erythromycin (84.7%), gentamicin, rifampicin (76.9%), where as the maximum resistance was recorded against ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL POPULATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS ZOONOTIC SIGNIFICANCE
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) PARMAR, BHUPENDRA C.; Brahmbhatt, M. N.
    The aim of the present study was to isolate, identify and characterise Mycobacteria from various clinical specimens of human beings, animals and from environment. Microbiological examination of 600 samples (150 from human, 400 from animals and 50 from environment) was carried out to study the prevalence of Mycobacteria. Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were isolated during the study period from various specimens of animals and human, viz. milk 18 (out of 148) and nose swabs 40 ( out of 252) from cattle; throat swab 1 (out of 24), nose swab 6 (out of 62) and sputum 6 (out of 64) samples from human. However, no non- tuberculous Mycobacteria {Mycobacterium forttiitum) were isolated from soil and water during the study period. All these clinical isolates of Mycobacteria were subjected to Z-N staining. Biochemical tests, viz. Catalase test. Niacin detection. Nitrate reduction, Pyrazinamidase activity and T2CH (Thiophene- 2- carboxyllic acid hydrazide) and PCR (Polymerase chain reaction). Single intradermal test (tuberculin test) was carried out in 260 animals of LRS and HF farm. Among these, 42 cattle were found positive for tuberculin test. From 42 tuberculin positive and 218 tuberculin negative cattle, 37 and 21 isolates, respectively, of Mycobacterium bovis were recovered. Single intradermal test (Mantoux test) was carried out on 50 human beings, none was found positive for Tuberculosis; eventhough 13 isolates oiMycobacterium tuberculosis were recovered. The results of this investigation indicated that the frequency of occurrence of organism was higher in the cattle (81.69 %) than the human (18.31 %); frequency of occurrence was higher in exotic cattle (37.29 %) than indigenous cattle (1.41 %). In man, the frequency of occurrence of organism was higher in the males (11.11 %) than the females (0 %). Among cattle; females are more susceptible than males. Among the various clinical specimens collected, 64.80 per cent isolates of Mycobacteria were from nose swab, followed by milk (25.50 %), sputum (8.50 %) and throat swab (1.20 %). Enviroimiental screening of the soil and water yielded zero isolate of Mycobacteria. It was concluded that, the overall prevalence of tuberculosis was higher in animals as compared to human and environment. Exotic cattle are more susceptible to tuberculosis than indigenous cattle. Single intradermal test (tuberculin test) is useful for the detection of primary infection of tuberculosis, but it is not important in human for detection of tuberculosis. Biochemical tests, viz. Catalase test. Niacin detection. Nitrate reduction, Pyrazinamidase activity and T2CH (Thiophene 2 carboxyllic acid hydrazide) are effective for differentiation between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. All the isolates of Mycobacteria were screened for PCR for the presence of genes viz. p34 for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and hupB for differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis using specific primers. Being a less expensive and easily available mediimi, LJ medivmi with or without sodium pyruvate can be recommended for the routine microbiological work in the microbiology and public health laboratories for the study of prevalence of tuberculosis in human and animal population.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access