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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUMMER STRESS IN BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1997) Ghodasara, D. J.; Prajapati, K. S.The present study was under taken to know the effects of summer temperature on physiology, viability and performance of broilers. The study was made on commercial broiler birds at Anand Poultry Farm, Palana, District Kheda. Broiler birds of 46 to 49 days of age were used for the study. The study was conducted during extreme hot period of summer. For comparison, base level data were obtained by conducting similar study during comfortable environmental temperature of the winter season. Samples like blood, serum, plasma and tissues were collected at morning and afternoon hours. Pathological study was also made on the natural cases of heat stroke. Concentration of thyroid hormones were decreased during high temperature of summer, indicating reduced activity of thyroid gland during summer stress. The plasma concentration of Cortisol and relative weight of adrenal gland increased during high environmental temperature of summer, suggesting increased activity and hypertrophy of adrenal gland. The serum cholesterol level decreased in summer as well as during afternoon hours in summer. The level of blood glucose was found to be decreased in the birds exposed to summer temperature. The activity of AKP and ALT increased during summer. The ALT activity in the afternoon serum samples also increased during high cyclic temperature of summer. The level of total serum protein was found to be decreased in the summer season. A significant decrease in total serum protein was also noticed at afternoon hours during the cyclic temperature of summer. High environmental temperature of summer caused a decrease in the levels of serum electrolytes. During the cyclic temperature of summer, the levels of K and Ca were also found to be decreased at afternoon hours. The values of Hb, PCV and RBC count decreased during the summer stress. The total leucocytic count as well as absolute count of heterophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil were found to be decreased in summer. The TLC as well as absolute count of heterophil and lymphocyte also decreased at afternoon hours during the summer season. A significant increase was observed in H : L ratio in the summer season. The increase in body temperature directly correlated with the increase in the environmental temperature. A non-significant difference of FCR was observed between the high environmental temperature of summer and comfortable temperature of winter. Birds sacrificed in the afternoon during summer showed mild congestion of trachea and lung. Severity of these , lesions increased in the birds died due to heat stroke. The microscopic lesions in the form of congestion and haemorrhages were observed in lung, trachea, liver and kidney along with lymphoid aggregations in liver and kidney. A variable degree of hyperplasia and vacuolization was noticed in the cortical cells of adrenal gland. The thyroid acini were lined by flattened epithelium. Similar microscopic lesions with more severity were also observed in the birds died due to heat stroke. The autopsy incidence of heat stroke was found to be 3.76 % with maximum mortality during sixth, seventh and eighth weeks of age.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL, IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BOVINE HORN CANCER(AAU, Anand, 1984) Prajapati, K. S.; Heranjal, D. D.Pathomorphological, immunopathological, histochemical and clinicopathological studies on horn cancer affected cows and bullocks were undertaken to understand the biomechanism of horn cancer and evaluating suitable diagnostic methods. Clinical studies on 136 horn cancer affected animals revealed tilting of the affected horn as a prominent clinical sign. Frequency of occurrence of horn cancer was highest in Kankrej breed (58.82%) followed by non descript (26.47%) and Gir (14.71%) breeds. Bullocks comprised of 79.41% cases while cows in 20.59% cases. Age of 9 to 11 years was found highly vulnerable to this disease (39.70%).Diseases in 85.29 % cases was recorded during 6 to 14 tears of age. Both the horns were found to be equally susceptible to cancer.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF HISTAMIINE AND 5 - HYDROXY TRYPTAMINE (5-HT) IN THE MEDIATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE NORMAL AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSED CHICKENS(AAU, Anand, 2001) Shukla, Supriya; PRAJAPATI, K. S.The present study was undertaken to know the basic differences in the mechanisms of acute inflammation induced in the normal and immunosuppressed (IS) chickens. IBDV-induced immunosuppression in chickens was used as a model in which bacterial (S.aureus), viral (ND LaSota), and chemical (Carrageenan and Turpentine) induced inflammatory studies were carried out. Pretreatment with anti-inflammatory drugs - promethazine and reserpine was followed to check the release of chemical mediators - histamine and 5-HT in the IS birds. The parameters evaluated were bursal histopathology, NDHI titre for immunosuppression and visual, quantitative assessment of the permeability response using the intravital dye - Evans blue technique as well as the qualitative and quantitative estimation of tissue leukocytosis for inflammatory studies. Both IVP and tissue leukocytosis were studied over five different intervals viz., 0 mt., 1, 3, 6 and 9 hrs. A partial immunosuppression of chickens was seen when infected with 10 per cent bursal suspension on the 14th, 15th and 16th day of life. Depletion of lymphoid follicles, bursal atrophy and a low NDHI titre were the hallmarks of IS. In normal birds, for the control, promethazine and reserpine pretreated groups, the permeability response was biphasic for bacteria, and monophasic for virus, carrageenan and turpentine. With the infectious agents - bacteria and virus, promethazine was found to be more effective, indicative of a more potent role of histamine in chemical mediation whereas with carrageenan and turpentine an almost equal involvement of 5-HT along with histamine was seen in the mediation of the acute inflammatory response after the 3 hr. interval. The permeability response was categorized as immediate-transient for bacteria and virus, immediate-sustained for carrageenan and delayed-prolonged type for turpentine. In contrast, in immunosuppressed birds, monophasic responses were seen even in the drug - pretreated bacterial groups, along with virus, carrageenan and turpentine. The dye exudation was overall quantitatively low as compared to the normal groups. Histamine proved to be a more effective mediator of permeability except in the turpentine group where a stronger action of 5-HT over histamine was noticed. In normal birds, the tissue leukocytosis was more or less stereotyped in nature. The initial emigration comprised heterophils and monocytoid cells, soon followed by a concurrent emigration of basophils. Almost similar mixed cellular exudate was observed with all four different stimuli with slight variations in the quantity (at 6 and 9 hrs.) and quality of exudate. In the bacterial group, heterophils dominated the picture till 9 hrs. Syncytia formation and phagocytosis of S.aureus organisms by macrophages was seen. However, giant cells were absent at the 9 hr. interval. There was an early formation of perivascular-lymphoid aggregates by 6 and 9 hrs. intervals following the degranulation of basophils. PVLA may have an analogous fiinction to mammalian lymph nodes. Their functional significance warrants further attention. Apart from similar findings in the viral injury groups, the appearance of lymphocytes and plasma cells as early as 1 hr. after injury, was the most significant observation. In normal birds with chemicals, the carrageenan-induced cellular response was the highest. The highest population of heterophils, monocytoid cells mainly lymphocytes, degenerated heterophils, necrosis and haemorrhage was noticed by 6 and 9 hr. in the oedematous interstitium. There was a marked absence of PVLA and syncytia formation compared to the infectious agents. Deposition of metachromatic carrageenan and its phagocytosis by monocytoids was distinguishing feature. In contrast, with turpentine a reduced level of cellular exudate with a highly oedematous interstitium till 9 hrs. was noticed, Maximal number and degranulation of basophils was observed at 3 hr. followed by PVLA formation, necrosis and syncytia formation in the 6 and 9 hr. intervals. In immunosuppressed birds, the carrageenan induced cellular inflammation was distinguished by a late basophilic and mast cell degranulation between 1 and 3 hr. and unusually high heterophilic and total cell count at 6 and 9 hrs. as compared to the normal groups. It is speculated that in immunosuppressed birds, heterophils are unable to phagocytose the non-infectious or kill the infectious agents. The accumulation of heterophils is most probably to wall off the foreign body as a part of defense. The significance of the presence of heterophils in immunosuppressed host needs to be explored in future. In addition, there was also marked absence of PVLA and syncytia formation with CGN injury. In comparison, although the turpentine-induced leukocytic response was quantitatively low, qualitatively after the 3 hr. interval, the heterophils were replaced by monocytoid cells. In all control and pretreated groups, appearance of PVLA and syncytia formation by macrophages was apparent between 6 and 9 hr. intervals. Thus, the overall permeability response was low and mostly cellular infiltration high with the infectious agents in the immunosuppressed birds. The exact reasons for these unusual differences are unknown. A prominent role of histamine with the infectious and also that of 5-HT to some extent with the chemicals has materialized. It is suggested that leukotrienes, prostaglandins, toxic oxygen and nitrogen radicals may be mediating the acute inflammatory responses in the immunosuppressed chickens. Generally a delayed start of the inflammatory mechanisms seems to take place. However, it was observed, as by the previous workers, that increased vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration occurred, chronologically, as dissociated phenomenon in both the normal and immunosuppressed chickens.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ASCITES SYNDROME IN BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1998) Dave, C J; Prajapatl, K SPresent study was undertaken to know the physlopathology of ascites syndrome in commercial broilers. The samples were" collected for haematology, histochemistry, organ : body weight ratio and serum biochemistry at weekly intervals during 3 to 7 weeks of age from clinically affected and apparently healthy birds.The mean serum levels of T3, T4 cholesterol, total serum protein and A : G in ascitic birds were found to be significantly lower compared to healthy birds. However, the difference was non-significant among various age groups of ascites and healthy birds. Significantly high level of blood glucose was found in ascites affected birds during 3 to 7 weeks of age compared to healthy birds. Serum enzymes like AKP/ ALT and AST were found to be significantly high in birds suffering from ascites compared to healthy birds. However, serum electrolytes like Na and K levels decreased significantly in ascitic birds than control birds.