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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIO-PATHOLOGY OF SUMMER STRESS IN LAYERS(AAU, Anand, 1989) GHODASARA, D. J.; Prajapati, K. S.The present study was made on layer birds kept at AICRP on poultry, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand. The study was conducted during extreme period of summer heat. For comparison, base level data were obtained by conducting similar study during comfortable environmental temperature of winter season .The experimental birds were divided into five groups with different housing and managemental systems. Samples like blood, serum, plasma and tissues were collected during morning and after-noon from each group and used for the study. Study was also made on natural cases of heat stroke and FLHS. Relationship of heat stress with incidence of FLHS as well as effect of housing system were also analysed. Concentration, of thyroid hormone in plasma was significantly decreased during summer season. Serum cholesterol level decreased during summer season as well as in after-noon than morning serum samples, suggesting lowered functioning of liver under heat stress. Relative weight of adrenal gland was increased during summer season, indicating increased activity of adrenal gland. Short term increase in temperature caused increase in the glucose level while, birds exposed for long period of high cyclic temperature (summer season) caused decrease in level of blood glucose. Activities of AXF and ALT increased during summer season. Thesealso increased in after-noon samples during summer season. The level of AKP was significantly higher in cage birds than deep litter birds during summer season, suggesting more stress of caging. Heat stress and housing systems did not cause any significant change in the level of total serum protein and sodium. Concentration of potassium and calcium was decreased in summer season. Potassium concentration was also decreased in after-noon serum sample in all the groups. Effects of heat stress and housing systems did not alter - the values of haemoglobin, PCV and R3C count. Total leukocytic count was significantly decreased during summer season. Further the after-noon blood samples also showed decrease in TLC in summer season. Absolute count of heterophil increased and lymphocytic count decreased during summer season. Number of heterophil was also increased in after-noon blood samples during summer season while, it was reverse for lymphocyte. Seasons and housing systems did not cause any significant change in the number of eosinophils and monocytes. Increase in environmental temperature directly correlated with the increase in H:L ratio and was found to be a good measure of stress to the chickens. Birds sacrificed in the after-noon during summer season showed mild fatty changes in liver and congestion in trachea and lungs. Severity of these lesions increased in the birds, died due to heat stroke. Birds under summer groups showed variable degree of hyperplasia of interrenal cells of adrenal gland. Thyroid acini were lined by flattened epithelium. More or less similar microscopic lesions were also observed in the birds, died due to heat stroke, but severity was increased. Amount of fat deposition increased in the liver samples, collected in the after-noon during summer season. Maximum mortality due to heat stroke was observed in the month of May. Increase in mortality due to FLHS was correlated directly to increase in the environmental temperature. Mortality due to FLHS v/as significantly higher in the cage birds than deep litter birds. Striking gross lesions in FLHS were highly friable and fatty liver leading to rupture and fatal internal haemorrhages. Liver sections stained with Oil Red 0 from cases of heat stroke and FLHS showed increased deposition of lipid in hepatic cells.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON 'NALED TECHNICAL' IN RATS AND DOGS(AAU, Anand, 1989) DAVE, C. J.; Heranjal, D. D.The study on toxicopathological effects of naled technical was undertaken in rats and dogs. Naled technical (1-2, dibromo 2,2 dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate) was given intragastrically to obtain the oral LD50 in laboratory inbred albino rats (Ratus morvegicus) which was found to be 425 mg/kg body weight (P0.05). Rtas of either sex were divided into four groups each comprising of three male and three female. Group I was provided with plain ground feed (without naled) which served as control. Group II, Group III and Group IV were given 12.5 25 and 50 mg naled per kg of feed, respectively. Weekly body weight was recorded and experiment was conducted in natural day-night rhythm. Initially u[pto four weeks, rise in body weight was observed compared to control which started decreasing after seven weeks of experiment.ThesisItem Open Access BOVINE LYMPHOSARCOMA IN CROSSBRED CATTLE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL STUDIES(AAU, Anand, 1980) VARGHESE, KOSHY; Heranjal, D. D.A rare case of lymphosarcoma in a Jersey X Kankrej cow with profuse enlargement of peripherial lymph nodes was studied in a crossbred farm near Anand, Gujarat. A number of other in a crossbred cattle were also showing enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes. The biopsy material of the peripheral lymph nodes of some of these cattle revealed lesions of lymphosarcoma. Two animals were euthanised and the autopay confirmed the biopsy findings and one animal died of lymphosarcoma. Haematological examination of all the animals revealed no significant or pathognomonic picture.ThesisItem Open Access EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PATHOLOGY OF CL. welchii TYPE D EPSILON TOXIN IN MICE AND Past. multocida IN RABBITS(AAU, Anand, 1988) PATEL, MAHESH B.; Heranjal, D. D.A.Pathological study on Cl. welchii type D in mice The study on pathology of Cl. Welchii type D epsilon toxin was carried out on healthy white Swiss mice which were injected with 0.1 ml of 1 : 1000 MLD intravenously. The disease was characterised by rapid and fatal course with a gradual development of symptoms and microscopic lesions in various organs.ThesisItem Open Access ETIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CHICK MORTALITY(AAU, Anand, 1986) NAIK, ASHOK B.; Heranjal, D. D.Etiopathological study on mortality of chicks at the time of hatch and during 0 to 8 weeks of age was undertaken in seven hatches of three hatcheries and eight flocks of seven poultry farms situated in Gujarat State. Bacteriological, Vigrological, Parasitological and Histopathological studies were undertaken to know the cause of mortality. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus species were found responsible for causing average mortality of 10.48 in chicks at the time of hatch.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI INFECTION IN LABORATORY ANIMALS-ALBINO MICE, RATS AND RABBITS(AAU, Anand, 1982) Patel, Naresh M.; Heranjal, D. D.Study on pathogenesis of T. evanai was carried out in albino mice, rats and rabbits which were artificially infected with T. evansi. In mice and rats, the disease was characterized by rapid and fatal course with a steady increase of trypanosomes in the blood circulation, while in the case of rabbits, the disease took a chronic course with a relaping type of infection. Blood glucose level significantly decreased during the course of infection in all the three species of laboratory animals. Differential leucocyte count revealed significant neutrophilla, lymphopenia and monocytosis, which were expressed through a significant increase in the values of Neutrophil - Lymphocyte Index (N.L.I.) and Monocyte- Lymphocyte Index (M.L.I.) in mice and rats. However these values were non-significant in the case of rabbits.ThesisItem Open Access THE STUDY OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUTATIONS IN p53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE BY PCR-SSCP(AAU, Anand, 2006) DHAYGUDE, VITTHAL SHRIRANG; Joshi, B. P.The present study entitled "The study of canine mammary tumors with special reference to mutations in p53 tumor suppressor gene by PCR-SSCP" was conducted to know the prevalence of canine neoplasms as well as mammary tumors by analyzing the data available at Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand and to investigate the role of p53 gene in molecular pathogenesis of canine mammary tumors by mutational analysis using molecular technique PCR- SSCP. Epidemiological studies on canine neoplasms with special reference to mammary tumors were carried out by obtaining the autopsy/ biopsy records of last five years (January 2001- December 2004). Information like breed, age, sex and histopathological type was analyzed and classified year wise, age wise and breed wise to acertain the susceptibility of the canine mammary tumors. For study of mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene a total of sixteen cases of spontaneously occurring canine mammary tumors were collected by personal visits at clinics, hospitals and Dept. of Surgery at Veterinary College, Anand as well as Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai with detailed history and gross observations of individual case. The tumor tissues were collected in two sets of vials from each individual case; one in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examination and other in liquid nitrogen (- 196°C) for DNA extraction and subsequent PCR- SSCP studies for detection of mutations in Exon 5, Exon 6 and Exon 5 to 7 of p53 tumor suppressor gene using gene specific primers. During the period from January 2001 to December 2005, a total of 124 autopsy / biopsy samples of various canine neoplasms were recorded. Among these, tumors of skin and soft tissues were recorded highest 74 (59.67 %) followed by mammary gland tumors 43 (34.67 %), transmissible venereal granulomas 3 (2.4 %) and tumors each of ovary and testes 2 (1.6 %). Among different breeds of canines, these neoplasms were recorded highest in Alsatian 27.41 % followed by Pomeranian 21.77%, Labrador 12.90 %, Mongrels 12.10%, Doberman 8.87 %, Spitz 8.5 %, Great-Dane, Cocker Spaniel, Tibetan Mastiff each of 2.42 % and Daschounds 1.6 %. Majority of tumors (70.15%) were recorded between 5-12 years of age. Overall there were 67.7 % tumors of benign nature while remaining 32.3 % tumors were malignant. A total of 43 mammary gland tumors were recorded during the period January 2001 to December 2005. All the tumors were recorded in female dogs with near equal frequency during last five years. Among different age groups the canine mammary tumors were recorded highest in the age group of 5 to 8 years (41.9%) followed by 9 to 12 years (37.2%), 13 to 16 years (11.6%) and 0 to 4 years (9.3%). Majority of the neoplasms (79.1%) were recorded between 5 to 12 years of age. Alsatian 37.2 % was found to be most susceptible to develop mammary tumors followed by Pomeranian 25.6 %, Doberman 13.9 %, Labrador 9.3 %, Spitz 6.9 % and Mongrels 6.9 %. Histopathologically out of a total 43 mammary tumors 48.8% were of benign nature while remaining 51.2 % were malignant. Benign neoplastic conditions recorded were adenoma simple & papillary (4), fibroadenoma (5) and mixed tumors involving myoepithelial cells, bone, cartilage and fibrous connective tissue (12). Malignant neoplastic conditions were adenocarcinoma solid, tubular and papillary (16) and mixed malignant tumors involving bone, cartilage and fibrous connective tissue (6). Out of a total 16 cases of mammary tumors collected for study of p53 gene mutations; majority of dogs (13/16) developed mammary tumors between the age of 8 to 10 years. Only three were spayed previously while in other 13 cases ovariohysterectomy was done at the time of surgical removal of the tumor. There was variation in size of the mammary tumor ranging between 2 cm X 1.5cm X 1 cm to 21cm X 15cm X 14cm. Shape of the tumors varied from ovoid, elongated, rounded to irregularly nodular. Maximum tumors were hard and firm in consistency. Mammary glands of the right side were found affected more in comparison to left side. The fourth (caudal abdominal) and fifth (inguinal) pairs of mammary gland were found more suscep*:ibie to develop mammary tumor. Histopathologically all the 16 tumors revealed six conditions of benign nature while remaining ten were of malignant nature. The benign neoplastic conditions diagnosed were mixed benign tumor involving myoepithelial cells, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue and glandular epithelial cells (5) and fibroadenoma (1). The malignant neoplastic conditions were diagnosed in 10 cases. They were adenocarcinoma (solid and papillary) in nine cases and squamous cell carcinoma in one case. DNA was extracted from 15 out of total 16 tumor samples by proteinase K and phenol method. PCR amplification of exon 5 and exon 7 of p53 tumor suppressor gene was obtained in all the 15 samples with separate gene specific primers for respective regions. The amplification of exon 6 could not be made by PCR with different annealing temperatures of 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C and 66°C. PCR using Hot start Taq Polymerase was also not successful. PCR- SSCP profile revealed aberrantly migrating bands suggestive of mutations in amplified exon 5 (codon 117-175) of p53 tumor suppressor gene in 20% cases of spontaneous canine mammary tumors. Sequencing in one case of papillary adenocarcinoma out of three with mutant bands revealed four mutations. These were represented as two silent mutations; one on codon No. 117 (CTC-> CTT), second on codon 137 (CCA—> CCG) as well as two missense mutations on codon 157 (ACC—>ACA) and codon 158 (GAG—>AAG) which resulted amino acid change from threonine to lysine and glutamine to lysine. All the above changes in nucleotides were heterozygous. Screening of amplified exon 5 (from codon 165) to exon 7 (upto codon 241) of p53 gene segment for detection of mutations with PCR-SSCP revealed similar band pattern for all samples suggesting no mutations when primer E 5-7 was used. The PCR-SSCP studies suggested that mutations in p53 gene might be invariably involved leading to its inactivation in canine mammary neoplastic condition.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF HERBOMINERAL TOXIN BINDER IN EXPERIMENTAL AFLATOXICOSIS IN BROILER CHICKEN(AAU, Anand, 1999) Patel, Nishant R.; Joshi, B. P.The present study on experimental induction of aflatoxicosis was undertaken with a view to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 on performance of broiler chicks at 0.5 and 1.0 ppm dose level as well as to evaluate the efficacy of Herbomineral Toxic Binder (HTB) at 1.25 and 2.5 kg per tonne of feed as an adsorbent and hepatoprotective agent. The experimental design consisted of 315 birds equally distributed into nine groups comprising of 35 birds in each group. Birds in-group A were fed with control diet. Birds from groups B and C received aflatoxin B1 at the rate of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm respectively in the feed. Groups D and E were treated with 0.125 and 0.25 percent level of HTB respectively along with 0.5 ppm of aflatoxin B1. Similarly, groups F and G were supplemented with 0.125 and 0.25 percent level of HTB respectively along with 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin B1. The last two groups H and I received HTB alone at the rate of 0.125 and 0.25 percent respectively in the feed. Five birds from each group were sacrificed at weekly interval for the period of six weeks and the detailed study was made for the evaluation of different set parameters. The experiment started with production of aflatoxin B1 on rice and its quantification in moudly rice as well as in feed prepared for dietary schedule. The different parameters included, weekly body weight, weekly weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio to evaluate the general performance of the birds. The biochemical parameters included total serum proteins, serum alanine aminotransferase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides. The gross and histopathological lesions of organs collected viz.. Liver, kidney and bursa of Fabricious were also recorded. The establishment of aflatoxicosis was confirmed on gross and histopathological lesions. This was further supported by significant decrease in the values of total serum proteins, serum cholesterol and triglycerides and an increase in the values of serum ALT and AST at both the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin B1. The body weight and body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency were also affected by aflatoxin during the study. The severity was dose dependent in nature. Liver appeared to be the target organ involved in aflatoxicosis. From third week onwards the gross lesions in the liver were characterised by enlargement and pale yellowish discoloration of the organ The liver also appeared fatty and fragile. From fourth week onwards, the kidneys showed mild enlargement and paleness while bursa of Fabricious revealed mild atrophy. Histopathological lesions in liver were marked by mild to moderate vascular congestion and hemorrhages, moderate to severe fatty changes, focal to diffuse areas of infiltration of mononuclear cells, and mild to moderate hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium. The kidney lesions comprised of mild to moderate congestion, focal areas of tubular hemorrhages, focal to diffuse tubular degeneration and infiltration of mononuclear cells. HTB + aflatoxin fed groups showed significant improvement over their respective aflatoxin fed birds. Marked improvement was observed on HTB supplementation at the rate of 2.5 kg per tonne of feed. A significant increase in body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency was noticed in HTB + aflatoxin fed groups. The biochemical parameters also showed a significant improvement in these groups over their respective aflatoxin treated groups. The histopathological lesions in the liver and kidneys showed the same trend of improvement characterised by mild lesions as compared to their aflatoxin treated groups. The findings suggested that by supplementation of HTB at 0.25 percent level there is restoration of damaging effects of aflatoxin Overall nature of the findings suggested that aflatoxicosis can be induced at both the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin but marked effects can be achieved at 1.0-ppm level. It has adverse effects on performance and general health of the birds. HTB supplementation was found to be effective in improving general health and performance by combating or restoring the damage caused by aflatoxin at the dose level of 2.5 kg per tonne of feed.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON COMMERCIAL INTERMEDIATE PLUS INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VACCINE IN CHICKEN(AAU, Anand, 1999) Prajapati, M. G.; Prajapati, K. S.Immunosuppressive and protective efficacy of five commercially available intermediateplus (invasive) infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines have been studied in White Leghorn BV 300 layer chicks with MAb against IBD. The pathogenic and immunosuppressive effect of the IBD vaccines were evaluated by the bursa - body weight ratio (BF:BW), histopathological changes in the lymphoid organs and antibody response to Newcastle disease vaccination. The protective capabilities of IBD intermediateplus vaccines was evaluated by vaccinal titre and protection against challenge with field IBD isolates at 45th day of age. Average level of maternal antibodies at 3rd day of age against IBD was 18,503 ELISA titres while NDHI was 64. IBD vaccination was carried out at 14th and 28th day of age while LaSota vaccination was done on 7th and 35th day of age. All the five IBD vaccines induced bursal atrophy as indicated by studies on BF : BW on 34th day of age. Vaccines B, C and E induced statistically significant atrophy as compared to other vaccines. From histopathological studies of lymphoid organs it was apparent that all the five vaccines strain had no detectable bursal lesions after primary vaccination. However, all the five vaccines induced bursal damage after booster vaccination. The bursal damage was more severe with vaccines B, C and E. Antibody response to ND vaccination measured at 45th day of age showed significant low NDHI titres as compare to control group indicating immunosuppressive effect of all the five IBD intermediateplus vaccines on the immune system. IBD ELISA titres at 45th day of age revealed vaccines A, B and C more immunogenic than vaccines D and E. Experimental challenge study revealed classical IBD clinical sign in Groups B, D and F1 (non-vaccinated challenged). Mortality rate was 5 per cent in Groups B and D whereas 40 per cent in non-vaccinated challenged group (F1). Gross lesions in dead birds were restricted to enlargement of BF with peribursal oedema and caseous material in bursal lumen. Histopathological lesions in lymphoid organs of dead birds were similar to those reported during natural outbreaks. Bursa - body weight ratio (BF:BW) at 54th day of age indicated severe bursal damage leading to its atrophy by IBD challenge virus in all the vaccine groups including control challenged Group F1. Histopathological changes in sacrificed birds at 54th day of age showed total destruction of bursal follicular lymphocytes with accumulation of necrotic debris within the follicles, the corticomedullary epithelium showed hypertrophic and hyperplastic changes, there was increased proliferation of interfollicular connective tissues leading to fibrosis in BF. Spleen showed focal areas of RE cell hyperplasia. Caecal tonsils showed lymphoid dipletion RE cell hyperplasia. Thymus showed depletion of medullary lymphocytes with thinning of cortex. NDHI titres in all the groups were found significantly low when compared to non-IBD vaccinated unchallenged Group F2 at 54th day of age. Compared to vaccines C and E. Vaccines A, B and D had comparatively better NDHI titres. Difference in IBD ELISA titres at 54th day of age between different vaccination groups and Group F1 were found to be non-significant indicating no difference in immunogenicity of vaccine virus and challenge virus.