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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access ETIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON VISCERAL GOUT IN BROILER CHICKS(AAU, Anand, 2001) Shrivastava, Nidhi; Joshi, B. P.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND ITS EFFECT ON LYMPHOID ORGANS IN LAYER CHICKS(AAU, Anand, 2001) A D, Deshmukh; Joshi, B. P.The present study was undertaken to evaluate IBDV induced immunosuppressive effect on different lymphoid organs i.e. bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, caecal tonsils and gland of Harder in layer chicks. A primary survey in relation to autopsy incidence of the disease was also undertaken from the available data on poultry autopsies from January 1996 to December 2000 to ascertain the severity and importance of the disease condition. The relative incidence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) was found to be 9.74 per cent with yearwise frequency varying from 7.70 to 12.39 per cent. Majority of these cases (70.7%) were recorded during summer months (March to July). The mortality was recorded in the age group of 2nd to 16th week with peak incidence between fourth to ninth week of age. Among different breeds of layer birds the frequency of the disease was found to be highest in Babcock layers followed by Bovans, Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Lohman. Experimental induction of IBDV induced immunosuppression was carried out by procuring 140, day-old White Leghorn Babcock layer chicks and after dividing them into two equal groups as-control and infected on 14th day of age. The infected group of birds were inoculated witli bursal homogenate prepared from natural outbreaks of infectious bursal disease. Ten birds from each group were sacrificed at each weekly interval for the period of five weeks (7 to 35 day PI) and detailed study was made for the evaluation for set parameters. Experimental IBDV Infection resulted in significant rise in IBD ELISA antibody titres and significant fall in NDHI titres at each PI interval upto 35 day PI. The serological response to NDV vaccination was found to be reduced at each PI interval. Boosting with LaSota vaccination on 28* day of birds age (14 day PI) could not result in improvement of titres. There was significant reduction in bursa : body weight ratio (BF:BW) at 14, 21, 28 and 35 day PI and no alteration in spleen body weight (S:BW), thymus body weight (T:BW) and gland of Harder : body weight (GH:BW) at any post-infection interval. Total leukocyte count fall significantly while differential leukocyte count showed significant rise in heterophils and significant fall in lymphocytes throughout the period of experiment. Clinical signs of mild dullness, depression, ruffled feathers and white diarrhoea along with twelve per cent mortality was noticed during acute phase of the first week post-infection period. Gross lesions were confined to BF and marked by reduction in its size to its pronounced atrophy with the advancement of age. Histopathological changes in the BF were progressive in nature. The lesions became severe and more marked with progression of the experiment. At 7 day PI, mild to moderate depletion of lymphoid cells, cystic spaces in the bursal follicles giving moth eaten appearance and interfollicular heterophilic and mononuclear cells infiltration were the prominent lesions. The lesions were more marked at 14 day PI with diffuse necrosis of bursal follicles, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of corticomedullary epithelium and extensive fibrous tissue proliferation. In subsequent post-inoculation interval of 21 and 28 day PI, the lesions became still severe with extreme small size of follicles, cystic dilatation of mucosal epithelium and extensive fibroplasia. On 35 day PI bursal lesions were marked by extensive fibrous tissue proliferation, extreme small sized follicles, and glandular pattern formed by proliferation of mucosal lining epithelium. Few of the bursal follicles were seen regenerated during this stage in some of the birds. Mild lesions in the form of mild depletion of lymphocytes and RE cell hyperplasia were observed in spieenic parenchyma and caecal tonsils at 7 and 14 day PI. Gland of Harder showed depletion of lymphoid cell and plasma cell population compared to the control birds at 21, 28 and 35 day PI. The fields IBDV isolate resulted in its transmissibility by inducing immunosuppressionThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF HISTAMIINE AND 5 - HYDROXY TRYPTAMINE (5-HT) IN THE MEDIATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE NORMAL AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSED CHICKENS(AAU, Anand, 2001) Shukla, Supriya; PRAJAPATI, K. S.The present study was undertaken to know the basic differences in the mechanisms of acute inflammation induced in the normal and immunosuppressed (IS) chickens. IBDV-induced immunosuppression in chickens was used as a model in which bacterial (S.aureus), viral (ND LaSota), and chemical (Carrageenan and Turpentine) induced inflammatory studies were carried out. Pretreatment with anti-inflammatory drugs - promethazine and reserpine was followed to check the release of chemical mediators - histamine and 5-HT in the IS birds. The parameters evaluated were bursal histopathology, NDHI titre for immunosuppression and visual, quantitative assessment of the permeability response using the intravital dye - Evans blue technique as well as the qualitative and quantitative estimation of tissue leukocytosis for inflammatory studies. Both IVP and tissue leukocytosis were studied over five different intervals viz., 0 mt., 1, 3, 6 and 9 hrs. A partial immunosuppression of chickens was seen when infected with 10 per cent bursal suspension on the 14th, 15th and 16th day of life. Depletion of lymphoid follicles, bursal atrophy and a low NDHI titre were the hallmarks of IS. In normal birds, for the control, promethazine and reserpine pretreated groups, the permeability response was biphasic for bacteria, and monophasic for virus, carrageenan and turpentine. With the infectious agents - bacteria and virus, promethazine was found to be more effective, indicative of a more potent role of histamine in chemical mediation whereas with carrageenan and turpentine an almost equal involvement of 5-HT along with histamine was seen in the mediation of the acute inflammatory response after the 3 hr. interval. The permeability response was categorized as immediate-transient for bacteria and virus, immediate-sustained for carrageenan and delayed-prolonged type for turpentine. In contrast, in immunosuppressed birds, monophasic responses were seen even in the drug - pretreated bacterial groups, along with virus, carrageenan and turpentine. The dye exudation was overall quantitatively low as compared to the normal groups. Histamine proved to be a more effective mediator of permeability except in the turpentine group where a stronger action of 5-HT over histamine was noticed. In normal birds, the tissue leukocytosis was more or less stereotyped in nature. The initial emigration comprised heterophils and monocytoid cells, soon followed by a concurrent emigration of basophils. Almost similar mixed cellular exudate was observed with all four different stimuli with slight variations in the quantity (at 6 and 9 hrs.) and quality of exudate. In the bacterial group, heterophils dominated the picture till 9 hrs. Syncytia formation and phagocytosis of S.aureus organisms by macrophages was seen. However, giant cells were absent at the 9 hr. interval. There was an early formation of perivascular-lymphoid aggregates by 6 and 9 hrs. intervals following the degranulation of basophils. PVLA may have an analogous fiinction to mammalian lymph nodes. Their functional significance warrants further attention. Apart from similar findings in the viral injury groups, the appearance of lymphocytes and plasma cells as early as 1 hr. after injury, was the most significant observation. In normal birds with chemicals, the carrageenan-induced cellular response was the highest. The highest population of heterophils, monocytoid cells mainly lymphocytes, degenerated heterophils, necrosis and haemorrhage was noticed by 6 and 9 hr. in the oedematous interstitium. There was a marked absence of PVLA and syncytia formation compared to the infectious agents. Deposition of metachromatic carrageenan and its phagocytosis by monocytoids was distinguishing feature. In contrast, with turpentine a reduced level of cellular exudate with a highly oedematous interstitium till 9 hrs. was noticed, Maximal number and degranulation of basophils was observed at 3 hr. followed by PVLA formation, necrosis and syncytia formation in the 6 and 9 hr. intervals. In immunosuppressed birds, the carrageenan induced cellular inflammation was distinguished by a late basophilic and mast cell degranulation between 1 and 3 hr. and unusually high heterophilic and total cell count at 6 and 9 hrs. as compared to the normal groups. It is speculated that in immunosuppressed birds, heterophils are unable to phagocytose the non-infectious or kill the infectious agents. The accumulation of heterophils is most probably to wall off the foreign body as a part of defense. The significance of the presence of heterophils in immunosuppressed host needs to be explored in future. In addition, there was also marked absence of PVLA and syncytia formation with CGN injury. In comparison, although the turpentine-induced leukocytic response was quantitatively low, qualitatively after the 3 hr. interval, the heterophils were replaced by monocytoid cells. In all control and pretreated groups, appearance of PVLA and syncytia formation by macrophages was apparent between 6 and 9 hr. intervals. Thus, the overall permeability response was low and mostly cellular infiltration high with the infectious agents in the immunosuppressed birds. The exact reasons for these unusual differences are unknown. A prominent role of histamine with the infectious and also that of 5-HT to some extent with the chemicals has materialized. It is suggested that leukotrienes, prostaglandins, toxic oxygen and nitrogen radicals may be mediating the acute inflammatory responses in the immunosuppressed chickens. Generally a delayed start of the inflammatory mechanisms seems to take place. However, it was observed, as by the previous workers, that increased vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration occurred, chronologically, as dissociated phenomenon in both the normal and immunosuppressed chickens.