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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IMMUNOMODULATION BY LEVAMISOLE ALONG WITH VACCINATION IN CHICKS AGAINST RANIKHET DISEASE AND IN CALVES AGAINST HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA(AAU, Anand, 1985) VYAS, GIRISH P.; DHOLAKIA, P. M.The present study was aimed assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of levamisole along with vaccination in chicks against RanikhetDisease (R.D.) and in calves against Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (H.S.) in relation to serum antibody titres, effect of dose of levamisole, total immunity period and electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins after immunization and treatment with levamisole. In all 560 serum samples from 140 chicks belonging to Central Poultry Research Station and 100 serum samples from 20 calves belonging to Livestock Research Station of Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand were subjected to Haemaggulutination Inhibition (H.I.) test, Passive Haemagglutination (PHA) test, Sodium sulfite precipitation test and Agar gel electrophoresis.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MYCOTIC MASTITIS IN EXOTIC AND CROSSBRED CATTLE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS INCIDENCE AND DIAGNOSIS(AAU, Anand, 1984) SIMARIA, MULJI B.; DHOLAKIA, P. M.The present study was taken up to assess the incidence of mycotic infections of under in apparently healthy quarters of lactating cows and diagnosis in milk samples from clinical cases, Simultaneously, the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM), and pathogenicity of fungal strains were also studied. The milk samples from 150 lactating cows (53 Jersey, 30 Kankrej and 67 crossbred) were collected. In addition to this 82 milk samples from clinical cases of mastitis received in Department of Bacteriology were also included in the present study. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) was recorded as 15.33 and 5.27 per cent on animal and quarter basis with California Mastitis Test. Although, incidence of SCM was highest in Jersey herd (8.82% quarterwise), fungal isolation was as low as 2.45 per cent, Hence CMT did not prove efficient enough to detect fungal infection in apparently normal udders.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ADVANCED METHODS OF ASCERTAINING BRUCELLOSIS IN CATTLE(AAU, Anand, 1985) PATEL, J. B.; JHALA, V. M.The disease Brucellosis caused by the infection of Brucella abortus in cattle adversely affects the economy of livestock rearing due to losses of calves created by abortions in suffering animals along with loss in milk production. The disease is worldwide in distribution and calves lost due to abortions create highly adverse economic impact on the animal husbandry development. The disease also occupies a special importance being zoonotic in nature. It is# therefore, essential to diagnose the disease in a herd as early as possible for its effective control. It is now well established that the Brucella organisms being the facultative Intracellular organisms the cellular immunity plays a major role in the host resistance. In view of the above facts, the present work was carried out in cows at Livestock Research Station, Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar, employing following six parametars to study their efficacy. (1) Screening of individual cow by milk ring test using ABR i.e. Aboirtus Bang Ring Antigen. (2) Above cows and the cows which were not in milk but having the history of abortion, were subjected to serum plate agglutination test. (3) All above sera samples were further examined by Serum Tube Agglutination Test (STAT). (4) Fourteen sera samples from positive, doubtful and negative reactors to STAT were sent to International Brucella Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar for confirmation by complement fixation test. (5) Determination of conglutinin (K) and immunoconglutinin (IK) level in sera of positive, doubtful and negative reactors to STAT . (6) Measurement of cell mediated immunity in vitro by leucocyte migration inhibition test. Prom the results obtained it could be concluded that:- i)The serological tests namely milk ring test plate agglutination test, tube agglutination test may serve as useful tool for diagnosis of brucellosis in a herd. ii) The level of K and IK in sera of positive, doubtful or negative reactors to STAT have no significant difference and there was no significant correlation with agglutination titre, hence the determination of K and IK may not be of use in diagnosis of Brucellosis. iii) The Brucella organisms are being the facultative intracellular micro organisms, the cell mediated immunity plays an important role in resistance. The measurement of cell mediated immunity in vitro by leucocyte migration inhibition test led to the conclusion that this test may be of very great value as a modern advanced method for the diagnosis of Brucellosis where cellular immunity is considered to play a significant role.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MICROFLORA OF BOVINE SEMEN AND THEIR EFFECT ON SEMEN QUALITY(AAU, Anand, 1983) KHER, HIRABHAI N.; DHOLAKIA, P. M.Tho present study ims alaed to assess the baoterial load and types of organisms presant In saaien and their relation to semen quality. The study also included antibiotie sensitivity pattern of the isolates in vitro. Totally 45 bulls belonging to (a) Regional A. I. Centre, Rajkot, (b) Central Semen Collection Station, Mehsana, and (c) A. I. Centre, Godhra were studied during the year 1982-83. Bacterial load in the range frota 630 to 14375 organisms per ml for neat semen and in the range from 12300 to 130000 per ml for preputial washings had been encountered. The bacterial load from neat semen was high in summer season followed by monsoon and winter season, while that of preputial washings was high in monsoon season followed by summer and winter season. The semen quality was found fairly good , irrespective of bacterial load of ejaculates. Within the centre, bacterial load of neat semen and preputial washings was higher in buffalo bulls than that of cow bulls and was not varying according to type of sheath.ThesisItem Open Access ANTIGENIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EGG DROP SYNDROME-1976 (EDS-76) VIRUS(AAU, Anand, 1994) Bhalja, S. R.; Anjaria, J. M.Egg drop syndrome-1976 (EDS-76) virus has gained importance as one of the major causes of drop in egg production. EDS-78 virus has representative strains like 127 and BC14 which are identical serologically. The possibility of appearance of new isolates can not be ruled out by investigating the variations in immunogenic fractions and their interrelationship say provide indications to select a particular strain for vaccine production and to correlate specific antigenic fractions to immunogenicity of the virus isolate. The present work was on establishing antigenic relationship between strain 127 and two local isolates Sb and Kr of BDS-76 virus employing Haemagglutination inhibition (HI), Agar gel inmunodiffusion (AGID), Counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and Cross immunoeleotrophoresis (CrIEP). No much significant variation could be observed in the HI titres of sera against strain 127 and isolates Sb and Kr. Thus isolates of EDS-76 were indistinguishable based on HI test. Two common sharing lines were observed in strain 127 and Kr isolate, while one common sharing line was observed in Sb isolate with homologous as well as heterologous system in AGID. More number of precipitation lines were detected in ClEP than that in AGID in homologous and heterologous systens. Closed antigenic relationship was observed among strain 127 and isolates Sb and Kr. In standardized CrIEP using homologous and heterologous system of strain 127 and isolates Sb and Kr, four immuno precipitates were observed in each case. No apparent differences could be established among three isolates (strain 127 and isolates Sb and Kr of EDS-76 virus) by HI test, AGID, CIEP and CrIEP.ThesisItem Open Access SEROPREVALENCE, ANTIGEN DETECTION, EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION AND ELECTRONMICROSCOPY OF CANINE PARVOVIRUS(AAU, Anand, 1994) Shukla, Devendrakumar V.; KHER, H. N.In veterinary field, dog practice has gained an important position, particularly due to the constant association of man with dog. Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection has emerged as a new disease entity clinically characterized by servere vomition and diarrhoea. The present study on CPV was aimed at screening dog population in and around Anand and Baroda region for prevalence of antibodies against CPV, detection of viral antigen in clinical cases, pathological study in experimental pups, an attempt for isolation and propagation of virus in cell-culture and demonstration of CPV under electronmicroscope (EM).ThesisItem Open Access SEROPREVALENCE, EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION AND DETECTION OF EGG DROP SYNDROME 1976 VIRUS(AAU, Anand, 1993) Rangnekar, Alpana G.; Kher, H. N.During the last decade, Egg Drop Syndrome has gained importance as one of the major causes of drop in egg production. The present study was aimed at screening of poultry population in and around Anand for the prevalence of antibodies against Egg Drop Syndrome-1976 (EDS-76) virus, detection of virus from clinical cases and its effect on the laying hens and on chicken embryos. Out of the 310 samples screened, 212 samples (68.38 per cent) were found to contain the antibodies against EDS-76 virus by haeraagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Only one farm was found to be sero-negative, though it had a complaint of drop in egg production. Of the 10 pooled faecal samples collected from the farms, 2 samples were found positive for EDS virus as ascertained by haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. Maximum seroprevalence (81.25 per cent) was recorded in the age group of 46-55 weeks, followed by the age group of 36-45 weeks (78 per cent). Forty per cent seroprevalence was detected in the age group of 25-35 weeks. It was possible to produce experimental infection in the 36 week old layers by the EDS virus 127 and the two field isolates (designated as Sb and Kr). Drop in egg production and egg abnormalities were evident. The antibody levels in the serum and egg yolk for each group were high at 21 days PI though the egg yolk antibody levels were slightly lagging behind the serum antibody levels by this time. The histopathological changes were most characteristic and restricted to the pouch shell gland areas of the uterus. In the chicken embryos, severe congestion with mild to moderate haemorrhages in the liver, kidneys and spleen were observed. HA activity was shown by the harvested allantoic fluids.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA ALUM PRECIPITATED VACCINE IN CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1993) Lakhtaria, P. T.; Kher, H. N.Studies on immune response to haemorrhagic septicaemia alum precipitated vaccine in cow calves was undertaken at the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand. Twenty four unvaccinated healthy cow calves of either sex between the age group of four and eight months of Livestock Research Station and Animal Nutrition Department, Veterinary College, Anand were randomly divided into four groups viz., groups I, II, III and IV, each group having six calves. The calves of groups I, II and III were vaccinated with 5 ml of haemorrhagic septicaemia alum precipitated vaccine subcutaneously once, twice and thrice, respectively. Interval between two vaccinations for groups II and III was seven days. The calves of group IV were vaccinated with 5 ml of HS alum precipitated vaccine with simultaneous treatment of levamisole hydrochloride at dose rate of 2.5 mg per kg body weight intramuscularly. The calves of each group were bled prior to the first vaccination and thereafter at monthly interval upto six months. The sera were subjected to IHA test, CFT and PMPT for assessment of immune response. In the sera of calves of group I, overall duration of immunity toy single vaccination was observed upto six months, with variations in peak levels as ascertained by different tests employed. Maximum level of mean IHA antibody titres was at months three and five with no significant difference from that at other months including pr«-vaccination stage. Maximum level of mean CP antibody titres was at month four with no significant difference from that at months two, three, five and six, but it differed significantly from that at month one and pre-vaccination stage. Maximum survivability of mice was observed at months one, two and four. No significant difference in IHA antibody titres was observed in sera of calves of groups II and III in comparison to group I Group mean CF antibody titres of groups I and II did not differ significantly, but the group mean CF antibody titres of group III were significantly higher than those of groups I and II. No significant difference between the survivability rate of mice of groups I, II and III was observed in PMPT. These results indicated that twice vaccination failed to increase immune response, but thrice vaccination had increased the CF antibody titre with no effect on IHA antibody and mouse protecting antibodies. In the sera of calves of group IV, levamisole treatment increased mean CF antibody titres significantly, but failed to increase IHA antibody titres and passive mouse protecting antibody in comparison to calves of group I. While comparing efficacy of different tests, it was observed that IHA titres increased significantly at month two and reached to its peak during months three to five except for drop at month four and fell back at month six close to the level of month two titre. These mean differences were statistically highly significant. No definite conclusion could be made regarding IHA titre. The mean CF titre value increased significantly at month one in relation to pre-vaccination titre. The peak level of mean CF antibody titres were'observed at months two, three and four followed by significant decline at month five and further significant decline at month six. The mean CF values observed during different intervals of post-vaccination period were significantly higher than that at pre-vaccination stage. The results of PMPT indicated that mean value for survivability rate in mice at different months of post-vaccination period were significantly higher than that at pre-vaccination stage. The values were found highest at months one and two followed by gradual decrease during months three, four, five and six.ThesisItem Open Access QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE STUDIES ON GENITAL BACTERIA OF NORMAL AND REPEAT BREEDING BUFFALOES AND CLINICAL TRIALS WITH AMIKACIN(AAU, Anand, 1989) GOSWAMI, I. C.; KHER, H. N.The present study was aimed to assess the bacterial load and types of bacterial organisms present in cervical mucus of normal and repeat breeding buffaloes. The study also included antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates in vitro and clinical trials of amikacin on selected numbers of repeat breeding buffaloes. The samples of cervical mucus were examined from 100 buffaloes, of which 35 were normal and 65 were repeat breeders. The samples were collected from A.I. Centre of Veterinary College, Anand and two villages , namely Bedva and Jitodia , near by Anand town. Bacterial load was encountered in the range from zero to 10,600 organisms per ml of cervical mucus with the average of 1,475 in normal buffaloes and in the range of zero to 1,37,000 organisms per ml of mucus with the average of 26,609 in repeat breeders. The average bacterial load was 18 times higher in repeat breeders than in normal animals. Out of the 100 samples of cervical mucus exajnined for cultural Isolation, bacterial organisms were isolated from 75 samples. Out of the 35 samples from normal animals, 18 samples were found to be culturally positive which yielded 21 isolates. Prom 65 cases of repeat breeders, 55 samples were found to be culturally positive which yielded 76 isolates . Thus, the frequency of occurrence of organisms was higher in repeat breeders than in normal group. Totally 97 isolates were recovered from 73 culturally positive mucus samples. Gram positive organisms (81.84 per cent) predominated over gram negative bacteria (18.16 per cent). Twenty five isolates of gram positive cocci were obtained which included Staphylococcus aureus. Staph.epidermidis. Micrococcus spp. and Streptococci. Diphtheroids formed predominant group (39.18 per cent) of the isolates. They included Gorynebaoterium pryogenes, Coryn.bovis, Coryn.murium, Coryn.ulcerans, Coryn.xerosis, Coryn. eq.ui. Kurthia spp, and Listeria monocytogenes. Gram positive spore forming bacilli constituted 16.48 per cent of the isolates. They were Bacillas circulans, B.cereus, B.maceran, B.bad ins, B.firmus, B.coagulans and B.megaterium. Eighteen isolates (18.56 per cent) of gram negative bacilli were recovered which included Sscherichia coli, Snterobaoter cloacae, Pasteurella haemolytica, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes and untypable gram negative bacilli. Out of seven drugs tested, chloramphenicol was found to be the most effective with only 21.65 per cent of organisms resistant to it . The resistance of the Isolates observed to different drags was as follows: gentamicln - 25.77 per cent, Go-triaoxazole - 41.24 per cent, tetraoyolin - 42.67 per cent, streptomycin - 53.76 per cent, furazolidone - 63.91 per cent, and penicillin - 69.08 per cent. Clinical trial with amikacin on 22 repeat breeding buffaloes showed that average bacterial load in the cervical mucus before the treatment was 37,551 organisms per ml of mucus, whereas it was 4,600 organisms per ml of mucus after treatment. The count after treatment was 35.61 times less than the count prior to the treatment. The in vitro sensitivity trial of the isolates also showed that amikacin was the most effective drug with only 20 per cent of the isolates resistant to it. It was concluded that the bacterial load was significantly higher in cervical mucus of repeat breeders when compared to the mucus in normal fertile animals. The gram positive bacteria predominated over the gram negative bacteria. Of all the drugs tested in vitro, chloramphenicol was found to be the most effective on bacterial isolates. There was significant effect of amikacin on bacterial load of cervical mucus in the repeat breeders which correlated well with in vitro sensitivity trials.