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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on renoprotective effect of aqueous and alcoholic biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum Calycinum and Solanum Xanthocarpum in Wistar rats(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) PATEL DHAVALKUMAR BHAILALBHAI; Dr. S. K. RavalUrolithiasis or kidney stone is formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and wide spread diseases known to man. The occurrence in some areas is so alarming that they are known as “Stone belts”. A number of plants have been used because of being efficient for curing and correcting urinary stones; for example, Tribulus terrestris (fruit), Bryophyllum calycinum (Leaves), Soalnumn xanthocarpum (fruit) Didymocarpus pedicellata (leaf), Dolichos biflorus (seed), fruits and leaves of Solanum nigrum, and seeds of Cichorium intybus are very common in Traditional Indian System of Medicine.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL, HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN GOATS(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) CHAVELIKAR PRATIKKUMAR RAMESHCHANDRA; Dr. G.C. MandaliGoat is a versatile animal known as the “Poor man’s cow” in India. Archaeological studies provide sufficient evidence that goat was the earliest ruminant and probably the first animal after dog to be domesticated by man long before 7000 B.C. India has the largest population of goats of the world. Ruminal acidosis is one of the most important clinical emergencies in small ruminants.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF PLANTS SOLANUM XANTHOCARPUM AND ACHYRANTHES ASPERA ON ETHYLENE GLYCOL INDUCED UROLITHIASIS IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2016) RATHVA, ALPESH N.; Raval, S. K.Urolithiasis or kidney stone is formation of urinary calculi at any levels of urinary tract. Stone formation is also documented in the early Sanskrit documents during 3000 and 2000 B.C. The problem of stone formation is considered as a medical challenge due to its multifactorial etiology and high rate of reoccurrence. Indigenous herbs are used as remedies against various diseases in the traditional system of medicine or in ethno medical practices. They are relatively safe, easily available, and affordable to the masses.. Number of medicinal plants shows antiurolthiatic activity and play vital role in prevention of disease Solanum xanthocarpum is commonly known as Yellow berried nightshade found as weed troughout India. The fruits are known for their anthelmintic, antipyretic, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, diuretic, antiurinary stone activity and aphrodisiac activities. Achyranthes aspera is an important medicinal plant which is found as a weed throughout India up to 900 m. It has been used all the parts in traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Seeds and roots are recommended for treatment of urinary disorders. Traditional medical practitioners prescribe a combination of herbal products with synergistic action. There is no satisfactory method available for complete cure of urolithiasis. The study was conducted on 108 adult healthy Wistar rats. In this experiment 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was used for induction of urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Rats were selected randomly and divided in to 18 groups (group - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, DC, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII and XVIII). All groups had six animals each. All the rats were numbered group wise and individually. Group I served as normal control consist of healthy animals. Urolithiasis was induced in group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV animals using 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol along with drinking water as stone inducing agent for 28 days, group I, II, XVI, XVII and XVIII animals were given normal water. Solatium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera plants were used in this antiurolithiatic study. Aqueous and alcoholic extract were prepared from fruits of Solarium xanthocarpum and roots of Achyranthes aspera. Physical characteristics of the extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) of both the plants were studied. The aqueous extract was yellowish brown of Solanum xanthocarpum and dark brown of Achyranthes aspera while alcoholic extract was dark brown and greenish brown respectively. Percent extractability of the extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) of plant Solanum xanthocarpum was ranging from 31.11 to 21.23 % while Achyranthes aspera was ranging from 21.47 to 16.99 %. Extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera was mixed in 1:1 ratio and administered by oral route using sterile 1 ml syringe with oral rat gavage needle. Blood samples were collected twice: firstly after 28th days of induction of urolithiasis and then 28 days of dosing period i.e. on the 28th and 56th day of experimental period. At the end of experimental period kidney, liver and spleen were collected and preserved in 10 % formalin solution for histopathological examination. During the experiment data recorded for behavioral signs, feed consumption, body weight, hematology, serology, kidney homogenate analysis,, ultrasonography and histopathology. Paired T-test and One-way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the effects of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera extracts with normal control group, ethylene glycol model group and group given plant extract on different variables like body weight, hematological, serum biochemical, urine biochemical and kidney homogenate parameters by using software SPSS (Version 20). All the data have been presented as mean ± SE. Rats in all groups were observed for some abnormal behaviour, salivation (excessive salivation), diarrhea. Lithiatic control rats showed symptoms like dullness and depression. No significant difference was observed in behavior of other groups. No major significant variation in feed consumption of Wistar rats in different groups during first week of induction was observed. But during study period after induction of urolithiasis. Group III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV showed progressively decreased in feed consumption up to fourth week as compare to group I. It may be due to progressive pathological changes due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. After onset extract treatment group III showed significant (P <0.05) lower feed consumption as compared to group I as it was kept untreated while group VI, VII VIII, DC, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group III. That indicates that alcoholic biherbal plant extract was most effective against urolithiasis in Wistarrats. Body weight during experiment was measured in each group. Same as feed consumption body weight also progressively decreased in 0.75 % (v/v) EG treated groups during first four weeks. After onset of treatment group XII and XV showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight as compared to group III and also other treatment group. That indicated alcoholic biherbal plant extract have better effect against urolithiasis induction in Wistar rats. Rats were continuously monitored throughout the experimental period. No mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. Biherbal plant extract didn't show any adverse effect on gross behavior of animals. Non-significant increase in mean value of haemoglobin, MCH and MCHC on 56th day (before treatment) as compared to 28th day(after treatment). Non-significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed in in mean value of RBC, TLC, Lymphocytes, Granulocyte, Monocyte, Lymphocyte, PCV and MCV on 56th day(before treatment) as compared to 28th day(after treatment). Non-significant difference was observed in serum albumin level before and after treatment in different groups during present study. Increased level of serum calcium, serum phosphorus while decreased level of serum magnesium and serum total protein in the calculi induced group were observed as compared to the normal control group. However, co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes dose dependently in the groups. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. As compared to a normal control group, the stone inducing regimen caused a significant impairment of renal functions of the untreated group shown by high level of creatinine, uric acid, urea, and BUN in serum. These were dose dependently inhibited in the animals receiving a simultaneous treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. Increased urine excretion of calcium, phosphorus while decreased excretion of magnesium in the calculi induced group were observed as compared to the normal control group. However, co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes dose dependently in the groups. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. Increased level of calcium, phosphate and oxalate in the kidney homogenate was observed in the lithiatic control group while co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes in dose dependently in the different groups. Ultrasonography of the kidney showed distinct cotico-medullary junction in the normal control. While lithiatic control group shows presence of numerous of hyperechoic foci at the cortico-medullary junction and indistinct cortico-medullary junction. While after treatment by aqueous and alcoholic extract the of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera hyperechoic foci were decreased and the corticomedullary junction become distinct after treatment in group IX, XI, XIII and XV which showed a therapeutic potential of both the plants. No gross and microscopic lesions were noted in liver and spleen of rats from different groups indicated no action of any chemicals and drugs used in this experiment on those organs during experiment. Histopathological examinations of kidney revealed many pathological alterations. 0.75% (v/v) EG treated groups showed pathological alterations like presence of crystals in the cystic spaces, necrotic degeneration, inter tubular hemorrhage, cystic dilatation of tubular epithelium, tubular epithelial hyperplasia and presence of cast in the lumen of tubules on H & E Stain while group IX, XI, XIII and XV showed comparatively less pathological alteration on histopathological examination on 0.75% (v/v) EG treated rat kidney. Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera consists of many principles having urolithiatic properties including flavonoids. These principles in Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera having protective effect against urolith are responsible for reduction of lesions in kidney.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative studies on chemotherapeutic effects of Gymnema sylvestre and cow urine distillate on streptozotocin induced type I diabetes in rats(AAU, Anand, 2016) MAHIDA, NISHTHA RAJENDRASINH; Mandali, G. C.The present study was carried out to study the symptomatology, haemato-biochemical alterations and pathological changes in streptozotocin induced diabetes and comparative chemotherapeutic effects of Gymnema sylvestre extract and cow urine distillate in wistar rats. Accordingly, sixty six adult male wistiir rats were divided uniformly into eleven equal groups Viz. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, K, X and XI. Out of them, Group I was kept as normal control and group II was kept as vehicle control while group III was kept as diabetic control. Groups IV and V (Plant extract I and II respectively) were dosed aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Gymnema sylvestre @ 400 mg/kg BW whereas groups VI and VII (Cow Urine Distillate I and II) were dosed Cow Urine Distillate @ 5.0 ml/kg BW and 10.0 ml/kg BW for 42 days after induction of diabetes. Groups VIII and IX were kept as aqueous plant extract control and alcoholic plant extract control respectively while groups X and XI were kept as cow urine distillate control. At commencement of experiment, rats of Group III, IV, V, VI and VII were injected with streptozotocin (@ 60 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally for induction of diabetes after overnight fasting. All the parameters studied under the experiment were in the normal range in healthy control groups. Clinical symptoms were more severe in Group III animals. Whereas, in Gymnema sylvestre and cow urine distillate treated animals, symptoms gradually receded. Clinical signs observed in untreated diabetic (group III) rats were polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia along with dullness and depression. Similar clinical signs with mild degree were found in the initial days of study in Gymnema sylvestre aqueous (group IV) and alcoholic (group V) extract and cow urine distillate I (group VI) and n (group VII) treated rats. These clinical signs were ameliorated in later days of study. There was increase in feed consumption observed in untreated diabetic (group ni) rats as compared to normal and control group rats. Feed consumption was markedly increased (P < 0.01) in group III rats (19.0 gm/rat/day) when compared with normal control group (18.06 gm/rat/day). While the treatment groups (IV, V, VI and VII) also showed higher rate of feed consumption initially but it gradually decreased compared to their control groups. Loss of body weight was marked in positive control and to a lesser extent in Gymnema sylvestre and cow urine distillate treated rats. It is decreased significantly (P < 0.01) to 121.00±12.36 in diabetic control group as compared to 435.67±12.58 and 429.33±9.90 in normal control and vehicle control group, respectively at the end of the experiment. The blood glucose level was increased in groups III, IV, V, VI and VII after streptozotocin injection. Progressive persistent hyperglycemia was observed in positive control. It decreased to 248.83±37.02 mg/dl and 194.50±8.92 in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Gymnema sylvestre treated groups, respectively while 276.50±24.73mg/dl and 180.00±16.24 in cow urine distillate I and II treated groups, respectively when compared with diabetic control group (531.00±18.44 mg/dl) of rat. Gymnema sylvestre alcoholic extract and cow urine distillate @ 10.0 ml/kg BW significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the blood glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Haematology revealed significant (P < 0.01) decrease in all the parameters viz. Hb, total RBC count, PCV, MCV and MCH in untreated diabetic rats (group III) as compared to control rats. Significant (P < 0.01) improvement in all the haematological parameters was observed in Gymnema sylvestre (aqueous and alcoholic extracts) and cow urine distillate I & II treated groups (IV, V, VI and VIII). Biochemical profile showed significant (P < 0.01) increase in serum cholesterol, creatinine and triglycerides in untreated diabetic rats of group in as compared to control rats. Significant (P < O.OI) improvement in biochemical parameters viz., cholesterol, creatinine and triglycerides was observed in groups IV, V, VI and VIII rats treated with Gymnema sylvestre (aqueous and alcoholic extracts) and cow urine distillate I & II, respectively. Pathoiriorphological lesions were mostly confined to pancreas, kidney and liver and intestine. Pancreas of diabetic rats showed atrophy, degeneration, congestion along with vacuolation of islets. Nephropathy was evident by degeneration along with congestion, scattered haemorrhages and necrosis. There was restoration of normal pancreatic architecture in treatment groups (IV, V, VI and VIII) observed. Liver showed fatty changes at parenchyma and congestion of central vein (centrilobular congestion). While the intestinal tissue revealed severe necrosis at mucosa and brush border accompanied by deleterious effects at it.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF PLANTS SOLANUM XANTHOCARPUM AND ACHYRANTHES ASPERA ON ETHYLENE GLYCOL INDUCED UROLITHIASIS IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2016) ALPESH N. RATHVA; Dr. S. K. RavalUrolithiasis or kidney stone is formation of urinary calculi at any levels of urinary tract. Stone formation is also documented in the early Sanskrit documents during 3000 and 2000 B.C. The problem of stone formation is considered as a medical challenge due to its multifactorial etiology and high rate of reoccurrence. Indigenous herbs are used as remedies against various diseases in the traditional system of medicine or in ethno medical practices. They are relatively safe, easily available, and affordable to the masses.. Number of medicinal plants shows antiurolthiatic activity and play vital role in prevention of disease Solanum xanthocarpum is commonly known as Yellow berried nightshade found as weed troughout India. The fruits are known for their anthelmintic, antipyretic, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, diuretic, antiurinary stone activity and aphrodisiac activities. Achyranthes aspera is an important medicinal plant which is found as a weed throughout India up to 900 m. It has been used all the parts in traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Seeds and roots are recommended for treatment of urinary disorders. Traditional medical practitioners prescribe a combination of herbal products with synergistic action. There is no satisfactory method available for complete cure of urolithiasis. The study was conducted on 108 adult healthy Wistar rats. In this experiment 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was used for induction of urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Rats were selected randomly and divided in to 18 groups (group - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII and XVIII). All groups had six animals each. All the rats were numbered group wise and individually. Group I served as normal control consist of healthy animals. Urolithiasis was induced in group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV animals using 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol along with drinking water as stone inducing agent for 28 days. group I, II, XVI, XVII and XVIII animals were given normal water. Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera plants were used in this antiurolithiatic study. Aqueous and alcoholic extract were prepared from fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum and roots of Achyranthes aspera. Physical characteristics of the extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) of both the plants were studied. The aqueous extract was yellowish brown of Solanum xanthocarpum and dark brown of Achyranthes aspera while alcoholic extract was dark brown and greenish brown respectively. Percent extractability of the extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) of plant Solanum xanthocarpum was ranging from 31.11 to 21.23 % while Achyranthes aspera was ranging from 21.47 to 16.99 %. Extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera was mixed in 1:1 ratio and administered by oral route using sterile 1 ml syringe with oral rat gavage needle. Blood samples were collected twice: firstly after 28th days of induction of urolithiasis and then 28 days of dosing period i.e. on the 28th and 56th day of experimental period. At the end of experimental period kidney, liver and spleen were collected and preserved in 10 % formalin solution for histopathological examination. During the experiment data recorded for behavioral signs, feed consumption, body weight, hematology, serology, kidney homogenate analysis, ultrasonography and histopathology. Paired T-test and One-way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the effects of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera extracts with normal control group, ethylene glycol model group and group given plant extract on different variables like body weight, hematological, serum biochemical, urine biochemical and kidney homogenate parameters by using software SPSS (Version 20). All the data have been presented as mean ± SE. Rats in all groups were observed for some abnormal behaviour, salivation (excessive salivation), diarrhea. Lithiatic control rats showed symptoms like dullness and depression. No significant difference was observed in behavior of other groups. No major significant variation in feed consumption of Wistar rats in different groups during first week of induction was observed. But during study period after induction of urolithiasis. Group III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV showed progressively decreased in feed consumption up to fourth week as compare to group I. It may be due to progressive pathological changes due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. After onset extract treatment group III showed significant (P <0.05) lower feed consumption as compared to group I as it was kept untreated while group VI, VII VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group III. That indicates that alcoholic biherbal plant extract was most effective against urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Body weight during experiment was measured in each group. Same as feed consumption body weight also progressively decreased in 0.75 % (v/v) EG treated groups during first four weeks. After onset of treatment group XII and XV showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight as compared to group III and also other treatment group. That indicated alcoholic biherbal plant extract have better effect against urolithiasis induction in Wistar rats. Rats were continuously monitored throughout the experimental period. No mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. Biherbal plant extract didn’t show any adverse effect on gross behavior of animals. Non-significant increase in mean value of haemoglobin, MCH and MCHC on 56th day (before treatment) as compared to 28th day(after treatment). Non-significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed in in mean value of RBC, TLC, Lymphocytes, Granulocyte, Monocyte, Lymphocyte, PCV and MCV on 56th day(before treatment) as compared to 28th day(after treatment). Non-significant difference was observed in serum albumin level before and after treatment in different groups during present study. Increased level of serum calcium, serum phosphorus while decreased level of serum magnesium and serum total protein in the calculi induced group were observed as compared to the normal control group. However, co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes dose dependently in the groups. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. As compared to a normal control group, the stone inducing regimen caused a significant impairment of renal functions of the untreated group shown by high level of creatinine, uric acid, urea, and BUN in serum. These were dose dependently inhibited in the animals receiving a simultaneous treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. Increased urine excretion of calcium, phosphorus while decreased excretion of magnesium in the calculi induced group were observed as compared to the normal control group. However, co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes dose dependently in the groups. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. Increased level of calcium, phosphate and oxalate in the kidney homogenate was observed in the lithiatic control group while co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes in dose dependently in the different groups. Ultrasonography of the kidney showed distinct cotico-medullary junction in the normal control. While lithiatic control group shows presence of numerous of hyperechoic foci at the cortico-medullary junction and indistinct cortico-medullary junction. While after treatment by aqueous and alcoholic extract the of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera hyperechoic foci were decreased and the corticomedullary junction become distinct after treatment in group IX, XI, XIII and XV which showed a therapeutic potential of both the plants. No gross and microscopic lesions were noted in liver and spleen of rats from different groups indicated no action of any chemicals and drugs used in this experiment on those organs during experiment. Histopathological examinations of kidney revealed many pathological alterations. 0.75% (v/v) EG treated groups showed pathological alterations like presence of crystals in the cystic spaces, necrotic degeneration, inter tubular hemorrhage, cystic dilatation of tubular epithelium, tubular epithelial hyperplasia and presence of cast in the lumen of tubules on H & E Stain while group IX, XI, XIII and XV showed comparatively less pathological alteration on histopathological examination on 0.75% (v/v) EG treated rat kidney. Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera consists of many principles having urolithiatic properties including flavonoids. These principles in Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera having protective effect against urolith are responsible for reduction of lesions in kidney.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative studies on therapeutic effects of gymnema sylvestre and cow urine distillate on streptozotocin induced type I diabetes in rats(AAU, Anand, 2016) Mahida N.R.; Dr. G.C.MandaliThesisItem Open Access Study on Clinicopathological changes and Therapeutic management of Canine Babesiosis(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2016) Avinash K. Bilwal; Dr. G.C. MandaliThe development of dog is obscure as evolution of man himself and its presence a pet has been increasing gradually as a companion the world over. The importance of dogs in the society is well established. The dog’s role as a definitive host for a number of zoonotic parasites has been widely studied and recognized as being a significant public health problem worldwide.ThesisItem Open Access Anticancerous Efficacy of Solanum nigrum on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats(AAU, Anand, 2016) AKSHATHA G M; Dr. S. K. RavalCancer is a devastating disease with a severe impact on the physical and psychological well being of patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in various species of animals including dogs, cats, sheep and pigs. To date, only limited therapeutic options are available for the treatment of cancers. This leads patients to shift attention to alternative therapies, including the holistic approach of alternative medicine, particularly preparations from herbal products, which have formed the basis for traditional medicine for thousands of years. Solanum nigrum is a well known medicinal plant in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine. It has been found to have a lot of medicinal properties particularly for its anti-cancerous activity. After subjecting this ayurvedic drug to safety assessment and gross behavior study, eighty two male wistar rats of 15 weeks of age weighing 200-250g were selected for the experiment. They were randomly divided in to ten groups. Group I served as normal control consisted of healthy rats. Hepatocellular carcinoma was induced in group II, IV, V, VI, VII and X rats using N-nitrosodiethylamine as inducing agent followed by Phenobarbitone as promoter for 16 weeks. Group II rats were kept untreated as hepatocellular carcinoma control. After diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats by ELISA for estimation of A2M in serum, group IV, V rats were treated with aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum @ 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively and group-VI, VII were treated with alcoholic extract of Solanum nigrum @ 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for 28 days. Group X rats were treated with Sorafenib as reference drug at dose of 11.4mg/kg daily orally for 28 days. Group VIII and Group IX rats were kept as aqueous and alcoholic extract control for studying the effect of the same on normal rats. A non significant reduction in feed consumption per animal per day was observed in hepatocellular carcinoma bearing rats of group II (35.71±0.61g) compared to normal rats of group I (33.89± 0.39 g). In group IV, V, VI and VII rats treated with extract of Solanum nigrum and Sorafenib, a negligible increase in the feed intake (35.32±0.40, 34.34±0.52, 33.44±0.17, 35.34±0.36 and 34.33±0.36 g respectively) was observed. After 16 weeks of hepatocellular carcinoma promotion period, body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in NDEA/PB treated rats (117.85±22.85 g) compared to normal rats (150.00±25.95 g) indicating the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. A significant reduction of body weight gain was observed in group II (-25.71±16.95g) compared to normal rats (46.42±15.68g) after the experimental period of 154 days. This reduction in body weight gain was restored by aqueous extract 400mg/kg (40.00±17.04g) compared to other groups. Hemoglobin concentration and total erythrocyte count were significantly (P < 0.05) lesser in HCC control rats (12.61±0.06g/dl and 6.87±0.01 106/μl) compared to normal rats (15.55±0.07g/dl and 7.56±0.01 106/μl). A significant (P < 0.05) reduction of lymphocytes was noted in group II rats (77.17±0.40 %) compared to group I rats (79.02±0.39 %). Changes in parameters such as MCV and MCHC were found to be nonsignificant among different groups. Liver function enzymes were increased in hepatocellular carcinoma control and were decreased in treatment group with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Solanum nigrum and was always having positive correlation with the action of Sorafenib. Alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity was significantly (P < 0.05) high in Group II rats (126.48±9.70 IU/L) compared to rats in group I (87.82±21.58 IU/L). After treatment, alcoholic extract and Sorafenib group showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction (86.12±13.21 and 83.60±5.96 IU/L) occurred in this enzyme activity. A significant (P < 0.05) elevation of activity of AST was noted in group II (250.59±29.34 IU/L) compared to group I (157.66±10.75 IU/L). Group VII rats showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) of this enzyme activity (158.05±4.67 IU/L) which was comparable to group X (155.63±11.63 IU/L). Serum ALP activity was found significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in group II rats (232.08±44.12 IU/L) compared to group I rats (108.67±25.47 IU/L). In group IV rats, a nonsignificant reduction of ALP activity was noted (186.21±1.28 IU/L) indicating the action of herbal drug. But group VII rats showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction of this enzyme activity (158.04±0.73 IU/L). Serum GGT activity was found significantly increased (P < 0.05) in group II rats (72.77±0.72 IU/L) compared to normal rats (43.11±0.31 IU/L) in group I. Both alcoholic extract 400mg/kg and Sorafenib reduced its activity nonsignificantly (56.43±0.54 and 53.78±1.85 IU/L). Serum LDH activity was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in group II (333.93±76.21 IU/L) compared to group I (148.81±7.16 IU/L) and it was nonsignificantly reduced in group IV and VI (256.53±0.46 IU/L and 253.75±2.90 IU/L) after 154 days. Isolated elevations of bilirubin were noted in group II. After 16 weeks of promotion period, Alpha2 macroglobulin concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in serum (11.83±2.01ng/ml) of hepatocellular carcinoma induced rats compared to normal rats (1.07 ± 0.25 ng/ml). In group VII, concentration of Alpha2 macroglobulin was elevated (16.8±1.04ng/ml) before treatment with extract. But concentration of it came down (5.03±2.11ng/ml) after treatment with higher dose of alcoholic extract. After completion of promotion period of 126 days, concentration of Alpha2 macroglobulin in group X was significantly (P < 0.05) (12.02±0.82 ng/ml) compared to normal rats (1.27 ± 0.25ng/ml). 0n 154th day concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 3.98±1.45ng/ml. Ultrasonographic examination of liver of group II showed increase in the size of the lobes, hypoechoic small focal HCC, hyperechoic larger lesion with indistinct (irregular) hepatic border. The ameliorating effect of extract of S. nigrum seen in the present study was in dose dependent manner and effectivity was higher with group treated with alcoholic extract (group VII). The liver sections of rats from hepatocellular carcinoma control (group II) showed loss of lobular architecture, necrosis, fatty change, enlarged and darkened nuclei with variable size, dilatation of hepatic sinusoids with kupffer cell hyperplasia, dilatation and proliferation of bile duct, intranuclear vacuoles and also showed presence of more than one nucleolus. Administration of alcoholic extract and Sorafenib to NDEA/PB - treated rats reduced the severity of lesions in liver. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver sections of hepatic cancer induced group (group II) showed immunoreactivity to rarely few hepatocytes indicating the proliferation of hepatocytes and inhibition of apoptosis due to uncontrollable proliferation of cells in tumour condition. The immunoreactivity of the hepatocytes of higher dose of alcoholic extract (400mg/kg) (group VII) is comparable to the group (group X) of rats treated with standard drug.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HAEMATOBIOCHEMISTRY OF COMMON DISEASES OF DONKEY (EQUUS ASINUS(AAU, Anand, 2016) KAMLESHKUMAR KACHARABHAI PRAJAPATI; Dr. S. K. RavalDonkey constitute an important group of livestock. The donkey have a unique place in the Hindu mythology. World donkey population is estimated to be around 43 million. Almost half of the world donkey population is found in Asia, over one quarter in Africa and rest mainly in Latin America. China has highest donkey population followed by Ethiopia. The Total donkey population in the India is 3,19,000. Amongst India, the donkeys populations in different states which including Rajasthan (81,468), Uttar Pradesh (56,643), Gujarat (38,834), Maharashtra (29,315) and Bihar (21,377). Gujarat ranked at 3rd position and contributed 12.18% in India. Donkeys are considered to be excellent pack animals for transporting heavy loads in the hills, desert and plain areas in countries such as India, Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, Persia and China. In tropical countries such as India, they are the cheapest and easiest means of transport, suiting needs of washer man, potters, house builders, brick manufactures and vanjara engaged in earth work till today. “STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HAEMATOBIOCHEMISTRY OF COMMON DISEASES OF DONKEY (EQUUS ASINUS)” In this study, total 354 donkeys faecal samples were examined for endoparasitic infestation, 22 donkeys were examined for dermatitis, 80 donkeys were screened for haemoprotozoan parasites, 49 donkeys treated for colic, 35 donkeys were showing sign of lameness, and 330 cases were screened for glanders Amongst the endoparasitic infestation, the prevalence of ova of Strongylus spp. was higher 30.50% (108/354) than ova of Parascaris equorum 14.97% (53/354). The prevalence of oocyst of Balantidium coli was 10.73% (38/354) while prevalence of oocyst of Eimeria leukarti was 6.5% (23/354).The prevalence of larvae of Strongyloides westeri higher 13.55% (48/354) than the larvae of Cyathostomum spp. 4.23% (15/354). Among the dermatitis, 27.27% (6/22) prevalence was due to Demodex equi. On blood smear examination, 32.5% (26/80) donkeys were positive for Trypanosoma evansi. The prevalence of colic was 10.91% (49/449).The prevalence of lameness was 7.8% (35/449) and wound/abscess was 4.0% (18/449). Amongst various age group, high prevalence of endoparasites 85.71% (132/154), colic 42.85% (21/49), lameness 62.85% (22/35) and abscess 38.89% (7/18) was observed in adult group while the higher prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi 56.25% (9/16) was observed in yearling group of donkeys and highest prevalence of dermatitis was 33.33% (2/6) was observed in aged group of donkeys. According to sex, the prevalence of endoparasites 82.38% (145/176), colic 48.97% (24/49) and abscess 44.44% (8/18) was recorded higher in female whereas the high prevalence of dermatitis 28.57% (4/14) and Trypanosomea evansi 36.84% (14/38) was observed in male and the higher prevalence of lameness 11.42% (4/35) was observed in gelding donkeys. Acoording to health condition wise prevalence of endoparasites, dermatitis, lameness and abscess were 88.67% (94/106), 37.5% (3/22), 42.85% (15/35) and 50% (9/18),respectively and it was observed in donkey kept in poor health condition According to hygienic condition wise, the presence of endoparasites, dermatitis, colic, lameness and abscess were 88.65% (172/194), 36.36 (4/11), 42.85% (21/49) 40.00% (14/35) and 44.44% (8/18),respectively and it was observed in donkey kept in poor hygienic condition. According to housing pattern wise, the prevalence of endoparasites and wound/abscess were 91.05% (112/123) and 2.54%(9/18), respectively and it was higher in donkey kept in kaccha housing whereas the prevalence of dermatitis 36.36% (4/11), Trypanosoma evansi 38.88% (14/36), colic 5.36% (19/49) and lameness 3.9% (14/35) was higher in donkey kept in open yard. In endoparasitic infestation, no apparent sign of endoparasitic infestation was observed but some donkeys for endoparasites showed the sign of inappetance and poor growth. In dermatitis, the lesion started more or less with the formation of raised skin area mostly over both side of chest, fore quarters, hump, and both sides of neck, under the neck, at the jaw, face and under the belly. The typical signs observed in mild to severe colicky donkeys were repeatedly lying down, starching out of the body with legs, all four legs kept on sky direction, looking back at flank region, rolling from side by side. In clinical cases of lameness donkeys showed the clinical sign or symptoms like unable to get up, difficulty in walking, slower performance, holding a foot up, limping and dragging a toe in abscess/wound The symptoms of abscess/wound was observed in donkeys which are soft tissue swelling in the pastern region and it was also observed above fetlock joint. The affected area are swollen and it was filled with some edematous fluid. Total 330 donkey were screened for glander by mallein test and all donkeys were negative on mallein testing. In endoparasitic infestation, the WBC was significantly (P<0.05) increased while RBC, Hb and PCV value significantly decreased in infected donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. Lymphocyte count highly significantly increased while neutrophil count highly significantly decreased in infected group of donkey as compared to healthy group of donkey. The MCV value non significantly increased in infected group of donkey as compared to healthy group of donkeys. In dermatitis, the WBC and MCV significantly(P<0.05) increased while RBC, Hb, PCV and MCHC value significantly decreased in infected donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. In trypanosomosis, the WBC, lymphocytes and MCV highly significantly (P<0.01) increased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys.The haemoglobin concentration value highly significantly decreased (P<0.01) in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkey. In colic, the WBC, lymphocytes and MCV significantly(P<0.05) increased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys.The MCH and MCHC significantly decreased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. In lameness, the WBC and MCV significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to healthy group of donkeys. The MCV highly significantly (P<0.01) increased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys.In wound/abscess, the WBC and MCV significantly (P<0.05) increased while RBC,PCV, and MCHC significantly decreased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. The haemoglobin level highly significantly (P<0.01) decreased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. In the present study, serum biochemical analyses of diseased donkeys were also carried out. In endoparasitic infestation calcium and total protein significantly decreased (P<0.05) in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. The non significant difference was observed in phosphorus, albumin, globulin, SGOT and BUN in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. The SGPT level highly significantly (P<0.01) increased in endoparasitic infected group of donkey as compared to healthy group of donkeys. In dermatitis, the SGPT level significantly (P<0.05) increased while calcium, phosphorus and total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin:globulin level significantly decreased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. In trypanosomosis, the SGPT and BUN level significantly (P<0.05) increased while calcium, phosphorus and total protein level significantly decreased in infected donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. In colic, the SGPT level significantly (P<0.05) increased in infected group than healthy group. The calcium, phosphorus and total protein, albumin globulin, albumin:globulin, SGOT, creatinine and BUN non significantly decreased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. In lameness, the SGPT, SGOT and creatinine level significantly (P<0.05)increased while calcium and total protein level significantly decreased in infected group of donkeys as compared to healthy group of donkeys. Health economics being a relatively new specially in the epidemiology field has received a due recognition. For developing countries, in the fact of present economic crisis, its importance can be under stood. In present study, the average treatment cost for endoparasites, dermatitis and colic were quantified to be Rs. 8,643/-, 5,412/- and 11,907/, respectively. The overall treatment cost for all disease condition was Rs. 25,962/. According to age, market value was calculated and losses due to mortalities was Rs.73, 500/-. Priority should be given for the development, evaluation and validation of a highly sensitive, cheap, simple and specific parasitological, serological and nucleic acid based diagnostic tool to distinguish infected and non-infected donkeys. More ever positive relationship between the daily income and the health status and working ability of a donkey related the importance of keeping a donkey in good health order to generate high return.
