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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ETIO-DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCLINICAL INTRAMAMMARY INFECTIONS OF COWS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOME MASTITIS MARKERS(AAU, Anand, 2012) Langer, Anil; Nauriyal, D. S.The dairy sector in India has shown remarkable progress in the recent years and consequently the country has now become the largest milk producer in the world. In spite of this the milk production per animal is substantially less compared to developed countries which is largely attributed to inflammation of mammary gland or mastitis. Mastitis a disease of cows and buffaloes which results in severe economic losses to livestock owners and dairy industry world wide. The present study was conducted during August 2011 to January, 2012 at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand with a view to work out the prevalence of subclinical mastitis among cows, to compare the efficacy of six mastitis markers in detecting subclinical mastitis by using bacteriological culture examination as reference test, and to study the antibiogram pattern of bacterial isolates recovered from cases of subclinical mastitis. On screening of 69 lactating cows (Kankrej-26, Gir-8, triple cross-35) belonging to the herd maintained at Livestock Research Station, Anand, the overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed to be 66.67 per cent in one or more quarters. Quarterwise prevalence was recorded at 33.45 per cent. Among infected quarters, fore and right-side quarters exhibited greater involvement. More frequent infection of two quarter was noticed than single and multiple quarters. Cows in their first lactation showed highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Similarly, cows in their late stage of lactation were found to be more frequently associated with insidious subclinical udder infection. Out of 89 infected quarters, 50 quarters yielded monomicrobic isolates whereas remaining 39 quarters harboured mixed infection. On bacteriological culture examination, a total of 190 bacterial isolates were recovered which comprised of 54 isolates of CPS (Staph, aureus-8 Staph, hyicus-40. Staph, intermedius-6), 115 isolates of CNS (Staph, chromogenes-94. Staph. epidermidis-21), 2 isolates of Micrococcous varians, 11 isolates of Str. agalactiae, 8 isolates of coliforms (Enterobacter sp.-3, E. coli and Klebsiella sp.-2 each, Serratia marcescens- one).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HEMATOLOGY, BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SENILE CHANGES IN GERIATRIC DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2012) JAIN, SANJEETA; PATEL, P. R.The "Studies on hematology, blood biochemistry, oxidative stress and senile changes in geriatric dogs" was undertaken from January, 2012 to July, 2012, in canine population which was brought for health check up, vaccination and treatment of various ailments in the hospital. The basic objectives of present study were to know the haematobiochemical, oxidative and senile changes and prevalence of common diseases and disorders in geriatric dogs. In present study, 100 dogs (for haematobiochemical study) and 156 dogs (for diseases and senile changes) were included from hospital cases. These were divided in different groups as per parameters and purpose of study. In haematobiochemical study, 100 dogs were divided in different group i.e. apparently healthy adult dogs (10) as control group, apparently healthy geriatric dogs (30) and diseased geriatric dogs (60). Oxidative stress parameters were studied in 40 dogs which were further divided in to apparently healthy adult dogs (10) and apparently healthy geriatric dogs (30). Haematological study revealed the mean of total leucocyte count in apparently healthy geriatric dog was found lower than apparently healthy adult dog, but difference was statistically non significant. The mean of total leucocyte count in all diseases and disorders of geriatric dogs were significantly (p<0.05) higher than mean of apparently healthy geriatric dogs. The absolute lymphocyte count of healthy geriatric dogs was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of healthy adult dogs. No significant differences were observed in absolute count of other cells in apparently healthy adult and healthy geriatric dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher total leucocyte count was observed in all diseased dogs compared to apparently healthy geriatric dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) lower absolute lymphocyte count was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Significantly higher absolute monocyte count and neutrophil count were observed in neoplasm condition. In differential leucocyte count, significantly lower lymphocyte (%) and significantly (p<0.05) higher monocyte (%) was observed in healthy geriatric dogs. In diseased geriatric dogs, eiosinophil (%) was significantly high in case of wound (6.66±1.86) as compared to healthy geriatric dogs (3.38±0.52). Decrease in haemoglobin was found in renal and hepatic problems of geriatric dogs. No significant differences were observed in total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in apparently healthy adult and geriatric dogs. Lower mean values of total erythrocyte count were observed in neoplasm, renal problems, hepatic problems and gastrointestinal problems. Decrease in packed cell volume was observed in renal problems and liver problems. Higher mean values of mean corpuscular haemoglobin (pg) were observed in apparently healthy adult dogs (22.37±24.24), neoplasm (30.11±7.04) and gastrointestinal problems (23.85±1.14) as compared to healthy geriatric dogs (21.95±0.54). Significantly (p<0.05) higher platelet count (1x10 power 3/µl) was observed in apparently health)' geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Higher platelet count was observed in cases of neoplasm (586±128.32) and renal problems (334±71.46). Among biochemical parameters, significantly (p<0.05) higher cholesterol (mg/dl) was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (219.51± 14.27) than apparently healthy adult dogs (167±14.20). Significantly higher cholesterol was also observed in liver problems (308.68±27.51) than that of healthy geriatric dogs. Higher mean of triglyceride (mg/dl) was found in gastrointestinal (85.28±20.76) and hepatic problems (84±14.20). Mean value of calcium (mg/dl) was higher in healthy geriatric dogs (8.38±0.19) than healthy adult dogs (7.63±0.95). Significantly higher phosphorus was recorded in gastrointestinal problems (7.15±1.58) and hepatic problems (5.59±1.63) of geriatric dogs. In present study, magnesium concentration of healthy dogs was observed lower than normal range in literature. Low magnesium was observed in renal problem (0.55±0.09) of geriatric dogs. The mean values of protein concentration in different groups apparently healthy adult, apparently healthy geriatric, neoplasm, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, hepatic problems and renal problems were 8.02±0.20, 10.83±0.35, 9.4±1.06 , 10.66±0.44, 10.46±0.94, 6.43±0.50 and 10.34±0.30 (g/dl) respectively. Significantly lower values were observed in cases of hepatic problems and neoplasm. Decrease in albumin was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (2.62±0.16) than apparently healthy adult dogs (2.86±0.16). Significantly (p<0.05) higher globuHn was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (8.07±0.34) than healthy adult dogs (6.22±0.22). Decrease in globulin was observed in neoplasm (6.59±1.24) and hepatic problems (4,68±40) of geriatric dogs. In present study, albumin/globulin ratio was observed lower than normal value reported in literature. Significant higher A/G ratio was observed in apparently healthy aduk dogs (0.40±0.02) than healthy geriatric dogs (0.34±0.01). Significantly (p<0.05) higher serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Significant higher serum urea nitrogen was observed in healthy geriatric dogs than that of healthy adult dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher creatinine were observed in gastrointestinal problems (3.17±1.73), hepatic problems (2.68±1.86) and renal problems (8.85±1.70) of geriatric dogs. The mean of malondialdehyde in apparently healthy adult and apparently healthy geriatric dogs was 0.51±0.09 and 1.72±0.12 (nmol/ml) respectively. The mean of superoxide dismutase in apparently healthy adult and apparently healthy geriatric dogs was 11.01±0.93 and 6.47±0.39 (U/mg of haemoglobin) respectively. Significantly (p< 0.05) higher malondialdehyde and lower superoxide dismutase was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs. Among the various diseases and disorders recorded in geriatric dogs the highest prevalence was observed in gastrointestinal problems (16.66%) followed by eye problems and wound (14.10%), tumor (12.17%), dental problems (7.6%), behavior abnormalities and lameness (7.06%) and skin problem (6.4%). The prevalence of respiratory infection, behavior abnormalities, renal problems, and liver problems was noted 5.12%, 7.06%, 3.84% and 4.48%, respectively. In male dogs, highest prevalence rate of wound (17.07%) and gastrointestinal problems (17.07%) was observed. In female dogs the prevalence of neoplasm, gastrointestinal problems and eye problems were 18.91%, 16.66% and 14.86% respectively. In senile changes study, highest frequency of dental abnormalities (60) followed by vision impairment or ocular changes (50), organ function loss (30), loss of muscle tone and hearing loss (20) and increased grey hair and paraplegia (10) were recorded.ThesisItem Open Access ETIO-DIAGNOSIS & THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DEMODICOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS & CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN DEMODECTIC DOGS.(AAU, Anand, 2012) PATEL, J. KAMLESHBHAI; Nauriyal, D. S.On screening of 396 dogs brought at the Teaching Veterinary CUnical Service Complex, Zaveri Clinic, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand between June 1, 2011 and May 31, 2012, the overall prevalence of canine demodicosis was observed to be 14.40 per cent. The cases of demodicosis were characterized as localized (19.05%) or generalized (80.95%), and juvenile onset (66.67%) or adult onset (33.33%). Season-wise highest prevalence was noticed during the summer (38.57%) which was closely followed by monsoon (36.84%)), and winter (24.59%)) season. The dogs belonging to 1 to 3 years of age group showed greater susceptibility to demodicosis (43.85%)) followed by dogs aged over 3 years (28.08%), those below 6 months (15.79%)), and the least in dogs aged between 6 to 12 months (12.28%o). Purebred dogs showed greater (77.20%o) susceptibility to demodicosis. Breed-wise prevalence indicated higher involvement of Labrador (21. 05%), followed by mongrel and Doben-nan (17.54% each). Pug (14.04%), GSD (12.28%), Great Dane (7.02%), Spitz (5.26%), and Rottweiler, Dalmatian and French Mastiff (1.74% each). Male dogs (64.91%)) showed greater involvement to demodicosis as compared to female dogs (35.09%). Demodicosis in dogs was diagnosed by deep skin scraping examination (DSS), trichography/ hair plucking (HP) microscopy and exudates (E) microscopy. On microscopic examination, Demodex mites were seen in the deep skin scrapings from 14.40 per cent of dogs with dermatitis. On HP microscopy, four (50 %) out of eight cases of localized demodicosis and 31 (91.17%) out of 34 cases of generalized demodicosis were found positive for Demodex mites. On E microscopy, all fifteen cases of pyodemodicosis showed Demodex mites. Deep skin scraping (DSS) examination was found to be the most reliable method of diagnosis. Exudate microscopy and trichography/ hair plucking (HP) microscopy showed 100 and 83.33 per cent sensitivity respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHEMOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS ON AZASERINE INDUCED PANCREATIC CANCER IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2014) PRAJAPATI, ANKIT S.; Raval, S. K.Cancer is a devastating disease with a severe impact on the physical and psychological well being of patients. Pancreatic cancer has been reported in various species of animals including dogs and cats. To date, only limited therapeutic options are available for the treatment of cancers. This leads to alternative therapies, including the holistic approach of alternative medicine, particularly preparations from herbal products, which have formed the basis for traditional medicine for thousands of years. Phyllanthus amarus is a well known plant in Ayurveda and Siddha. It has been found to have a lot of medicinal properties particularly for its anti-cancerous or chemoprotective activity. Eighty rats were selected for the experiment. They were randomly divided into eight groups. Group I served as a healthy control group consisted of healthy rats. Pancreatic cancer was induced in group II, III, IV, V and VI rats using azaserine as inducing agent. Group II rats were kept untreated as pancreatic cancer control. Group III rats were treated with aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (200 mg/kg body weight) and Group IV rats were treated with aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (400 mg/kg body weight). Group V rats were treated with alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus amarus (200 mg/kg body weight) and Group VI animals treated with alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus amarus (400 mg/kg body weight). Group VII and VIII rats were kept as plant extract control for studying the effect of extract on normal rats. Significant (P < 0.05) reduction in feed consumption was observed in cancer bearing rats group II (12.70 ± 0.07 g) compared to normal rats of group I (13.36 ± 0.07 g). In group IV rats treated with aqueous extract of plant, reduction in feed intake (12.98 ± 0.09 g) was observed. A non-significant reduction in body weight gain was observed in group II (46.50 ± 8.20 g) compared to normal rat group I (48.50 ± 9.04 g). Four rats of group II were found dull and depressed on 3rd week of experiment. One rat in group II showed alopecia.ThesisItem Open Access SURVEY STUDY, ETIOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF PET AND ZOO COMPANION BIRDS(AAU, Anand, 2014) LABANA, YAMINI CHANDRAKANTBHAI; Jani, R. G.Birds are commonly found in-situ as one of the component of ecosystem and are maintained in ex-situ conservation in zoos and households all over the world. The birds of major biological orders viz., Passeriformes and Psittaciformes form the companion birds. Now-a-days, people like to have birds as a companion pet. Apart from pet bird lovers, many species of birds are also maintained by aviculturaUsts, zoological institutions, organizations for captive breeding programs. Looking towards the increasing popularity of these birds and consultancies to the clinician there arises a need to understand their normal physiological baselme information and their Use style behavioural studies to put on record normal haemato-biochemical and clinical informations as well as to rule out various causes of diseases and disorders of healthy and diseasesd zoo and pet companion birds. In the present study,retrospective and prospective study of common psittaciane birds of 200 and pet group were collected and analysed.During the period of 2 years (April 2011-March 2012 and April 2012-March 2013), information was collected and retrieved from total 1951 stock of companion birds, which comprised of 1924 birds from zoos and 27 from different pet owners of the birds who registered clinical cases to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Anand. The inference were drawn based on over all status, zoo wise, species wise, season wise and it was also studied on abnormal condition wise. Overall mortality data was observed as 6.6 per cent from the available records. The zoo wise mortality record suggested higher mortality in Ahmedabad zoo (8.27%) followed by Surat zoo (7.22%), Junagadh zoo (5.84%) and lower in Baroda zoo (1.94%). Species wise highest mortality was found in lorilceet swimson (100%) and in red rumped parakeet (100%) whereas lowest in zebra finch (0.8%). Amongst various diseases and disorders of study group, it was found over all high prevalence rate of mortality by coccidiosis (42.51%) followed by haemorrhagic enteritis (22.04%)) whereas it was found low for various disorders like ovarian tumor (0.78%)). Season wise highest mortality was recorded during winter season (48.8%)) followed by summer (41.7%)) and lowest recorded in monsoon (9,5%o) from zoos and TVCC. In both zoos and TVCC, the mortality (71.65%) and morbidity (51.85%) respectively recorded during April 2011-March 2012 was found to be higher than mortality (28.35%) and morbidity (48.15%) recorded during April 2012-March 2013. Out of total of 1954 birds, 48 were recorded with different physical abnormalities out of which 30 were with zoo and 18 were with pet birds. The different physical abnormalities were recorded in prepared proforma and data were analyzed. Zoo bird wise and pet birds wise the status of few important physical abnormalities were, pectoral muscle abnormality with (26.7%) and (12.0%), feather plucking with (50%) and (100%), stereotype movements with (66.7%) and (50%), skin abnormality (6.7%) and (5.6%) respectively. Birds showing diarrhoea were found to have low temperature (102.6 °F) while, those showing anorexia and respiratory distress were found with high temperature (108.0 °F) and (108.2 °F) respectively. Overall incidence of E.coli was recorded 63.2% from zoo and pet birds. Salmonella spp. was found 10.5 %, Klebsiella spp. (5.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (15.8%) and Streptococcus spp. (5.3%). From fungal isolates Candida spp. (27.3%)) was found highest from affected birds showing signs of diarrhoea. Prevalence rate of Aspergillus spp. was found 22.7 per cent. Overall prevalence rate of parasitic infection was found 48.6 per cent in which Eimeria oocysts were found highest (30%) followed by Ascaridia spp. (27.5%), Capillaria spp. (10.0%), trematode (7.5%), cestode (7.5%) and mixed infection (12.5%). Haematological study revealed non-significant variations amongst healthy and affected birds except for PCV (%) of affected (54.50±1.39%) were found significantly higher than healthy (49.40±l.39%) ones which were on account of dehydration and haemoconcentration. Biochemical analysis of Glucose (mg/dl) and uric acid (mg/dl) were found with no significant difference and only CPK (U/L) of affected (382±56.79 U/L) was found significantly higher than healthy ones (249.65±19.32 U/L) which was on account of muscle damage due to injury and confinement. ® One out of total of six cases screened for Chlamydiosis by using Immunocomb Avian Chlamydophila psittaci Antibodies Test Kit was found with scale 1-2 (inconclusive) while, remaining all were with scale 0 (negative) results. The major E. coli serotypes from positive samples revealed 01 (2), 04 (1) and 026 (2). In zoo birds overcrowding was observed among small species of birds like budgerigers (33.4%) and in pet birds it was only 27.8 per cent. In zoos, birds were provided with nutritionally adequate diet whereas, in pet birds seeds plus fruits (38.9%) diet was found to be offered highest. Pet birds were mainly provided with perches (44.4%) and swings (33.3%) for enrichment while, zoo birds with perches, holes and tunnels. In zoos for nesting facilities earthen pots, holes in the walls and wooden boxes were provided. Among pet birds prevalence rate of provision of earthen pots (33.3%) was found highest followed by paper shreds as nesting material (16.7%), hay straw (27.8%) and wooden boxes (11.1%). In zoos, provisions of medications were in routine and scheduled. But, in pet birds it was found multivitamins (33.3%) to be provided highest. Lack of awareness regarding deworming and antibiotics makes pet owners not providing them to their birds. The necessary suggestions were made to pet owners and zoo managers reciprocated with improvement in the health conditions. Study realized a need to standardize the protocol for health check up and regular monitoring of health of zoo and pet psittacine birds intensively.ThesisItem Open Access ETIO-DIAGNOSIS & THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DEMODICOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS & CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN DEMODECTIC DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2012) PATEL, JIGAR KAMLESHBHAI; Nauriyal, D. S.On screening of 396 dogs brought at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex, Zaveri Clinic, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand between June 1, 2011 and May 31, 2012, the overall prevalence of canine demodicosis was observed to be 14.40 per cent. The cases of demodicosis were characterized as localized (19.05%) or generalized (80.95%), and juvenile onset (66.67%) or adult onset (33.33%). Season-wise highest prevalence was noticed during the summer (38.57%) which was closely followed by monsoon (36.84%), and winter (24.59%) season. The dogs belonging to 1 to 3 years of age group showed greater susceptibility to demodicosis (43.85%) followed by dogs aged over 3 years (28.08%), those below 6 months (15.79%), and the least in dogs aged between 6 to 12 months (12.28%). Purebred dogs showed greater (77.20%) susceptibility to demodicosis. Breed-wise prevalence indicated higher involvement of Labrador (21. 05%), followed by mongrel and Doberman (17.54% each), Pug (14.04%), GSD (12.28%), Great Dane (7.02%), Spitz (5.26%), and Rottweiler, Dalmatian and French Mastiff (1.74% each). Male dogs (64.91%) showed greater involvement to demodicosis as compared to female dogs (35.09%). Demodicosis in dogs was diagnosed by deep skin scraping examination (DSS), trichography/ hair plucking (HP) microscopy and exudates (E) microscopy. On microscopic examination, Demodex mites were seen in the deep skin scrapings from 14.40 per cent of dogs with dermatitis. On HP microscopy, four (50 %) out of eight cases of locaUzed demodicosis and 31 (91.17%) out of 34 cases of generalized demodicosis were found positive for Demodex mites. On E microscopy, all fifteen cases of pyodemodicosis showed Demodex mites. Deep skin scraping (DSS) examination was found to be the most reliable method of diagnosis. Exudate microscopy and trichography/ hair plucking (HP) microscopy showed 100 and 83.33 per cent sensitivity respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Survey Study, Etiopathology, Clinical Care and Management of Pet and Zoo Companion Birds(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2014) Y.C.Labana; DR. R. G. JANIBirds are commonly found in-situ as one of the component of ecosystem and are maintained in ex-situ conservation in zoos and households all over the world. The birds of major biological orders viz., Passeriformes and Psittaciformes form the companion birds. Now-a-days, people like to have birds as a companion pet. Apart from pet bird lovers, many species of birds are also maintained by aviculturalists, zoological institutions, organizations for captive breeding programs. Looking towards the increasing popularity of these birds and consultancies to the clinician there arises a need to understand their normal physiological baseline informationThesisItem Open Access Survey Study, Etiopathology, Clinical Care and Management of Pet and Zoo Companion Birds By(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2014) Y.C.Labana; DR. R. G. JANIBirds are commonly found in-situ as one of the component of ecosystem and are maintained in ex-situ conservation in zoos and households all over the world. The birds of major biological orders viz., Passeriformes and Psittaciformes form the companion birds. Now-a-days, people like to have birds as a companion pet. Apart from pet bird lovers, many species of birds are also maintained by aviculturalists, zoological institutions, organizations for captive breeding programs. Looking towards the increasing popularity of these birds and consultancies to the clinician there arises a need to understand their normal physiological baseline information and their life style behavioural studies to put on record normal haemato-biochemical and clinical informations as well as to rule out various causes of diseases and disorders of healthy and diseasesd zoo and pet companion birdsThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and Clinicopathology of Common Diseases of Domestic cat (Felis catus)(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) Shah Aaturkumar S.; Dr. S. K. RavalThe cat (Felis catus) is also known as domestic cat or house cat; it is a small furry domesticated carnivorous mammal that is valued by humans for its companionship household pets. Cats were originally domesticated because they hunted mice that would eat stored grains. It is a beneficial situation for both species; cats got a reliable source of prey, and humans got effortless mice control. Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years ago. Owing to their close association with humans, cats are now found almost everywhere in the world. Due to many superstitions associated with cats, many people avoid keeping cat as pet in India. Muslims are traditionally encouraged to regard cats as lovable and cherished