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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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2001 - 200922
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Subject: Veterinary Medicine × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DOWNER COW SYNDROME
    (AAU, Anand, 2009) PATEL, BHAVIKA RAMESHBHAI; Patel, P. R.
    The downer cow syndrome is an emerging problem in high yielding cows. Management of such downer cows becomes a most challenging problem for any veterinarian. Downer cow syndrome is an extensively studied phenomenon all over the world but meager information has been reported in India. The present work on "Clinical Studies on Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis and Management of Downer Cow Syndrome" was undertaken during the period starting from 1st October 2008 to 15th May 2009 in and around Anand town (Gujarat) to study the epidemiology and clinical management of downer cow syndrome. A total of 2,242 cows were at risk for downer cow syndrome, out of which 48 cows (2.14%) were found to be showing definitive signs of downer syndrome. Out of 48 downer cows, the highest incidence was recorded in more than a week recumbent downer cows (21 cases; 43.8%) followed by five days (11 cases; 22.9%), three days (10 cases; 20.8%) and one day (6 cases; 12.5%)). Out of 48 cases of downer cows syndrome, the incidence was recorded to be highest in Jersey crossbred (25 cases; 52.0%), followed by Holstein Friesian crossbred (15 cases; 31,2%), pure Holstein Friesian (5 cases; 10.4%), non -descript (2 cases; 4.2%) and pure Jersey (1 case; 2.0%). Out of 48 cases of downer cow syndrome, the highest incidences was recorded in high milk producers (23 cases; 48%), followed by average milk producers (22 cases; 46%)) and low milk producers (3 cases; 6%). Out of 48 cases of downer cow syndrome, the incidence was recorded to be highest in third and fourth lactation (22 cases; 46.2%)), followed by second lactation (10 cases; 20.7%), first lactation (9 cases; 18.5%), sixth lactation (5 cases; 10.5%) and fifth lactation (two cases; 4.1%). Type of housing and hygienic condition was not found to be correlated with the incidence of downer cow syndrome. Majority of the cows suffered from downer syndrome around calving or within a month post parturition. However, cases also occurred in late lactation, advance pregnancy and other physiological states. Downer cows were found into two categories clinically alert downers (41 cases; 85.4%) and non alert downers (7 cases; 14.6%). The alert downers were bright and alert with normal or slightly reduced appetite. The body temperature, rumination, urination and defecation were normal. The heart and respiratory rates were normal except few cows which had accelerated heart and respiratory rates (12 cases; 29.2%). Such cows tried to get up from front but were unable to raise their hind quarters. Characteristic crawling was also observed in fourteen (31.1%)) downer cows. The non-alert downers preferred lateral recumbency and they were completely anorectic with accelerated heart and respiratory rates. Haematologically, the downer cows had significantly (p<0.05) decreased Hb (7.90 ± 0.45), PCV (24.65 ± 1.26) and TEC (4.77 ± 0.15). Whereas significant (p<0.05) increased MCV (62.43±1.25), decreased MCHC (27.61 ±1.30), relatively neutropliiiia (44.12±1.97) and lymphopenia (52.83±2.12). The concentration of blood glucose (104.14 ± 6.57), BUN (20.00 ± 1.89) and creatinine (3.62 ± 0.53mg/dl) were significantly higher in downer cows. The activities of serum enzymes like AST (196.95 ± 19.41), ALT (57.41±7.84), CPK (14.93±1.07) and LDH (503.91 ±6.42) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in downer cows. Downer cows had significantly (p<0.05) low calcium (7.58±0.26), phosphorus (3.84±0.13), magnesium (2.82±0.09) and potassium (3.15±0.18) concentration. Majority of downer cows suffered from net deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium while some had combined deficiency. The Cortisol level (151.00±0.48) significantly (p<0.05) elevated in downer cow syndrome. Histopathologically, necrosis of muscle, demyelinization as well as loss of axon of nerves and degenerative changes in heart, liver, and kidney were characteristic features. In order to understand and formulate suitable diagnosis and therapeutic measures; clinical symptoms, haematology, biochemical profile, enzymes, minerals and electrolyte were studied on 48 cows suffering form downer cow syndrome. With combined therapy consisting of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and nervine stimulant at parenteral route with manual change of sides, massage of limbs and lifting of animals manually or with the help of sling on two-three occasions a day, success could be gained in 52 per cent downer cows (25 out of 48). The downer thus treated showed clinical recovery within a period of 3-40 days.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON CLINICO-ETIOPATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF VARIOUS CANINE DERMATOSES
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) Nair, Sreegeetha Sreedharan; Nauriyal, D. S.
    On screening of 2618 dogs brought at the Zaveri Clinic affiliated to the College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand during the period January 2001 and December 2001, the overall incidence of dermatitis was observed to be 23.68 per cent (620 cases). Of the various types of dermatitis studied the incidence of tick infestation was found to be maximum (19.19%) whereas that of acanthosis nigricans was minimum (0.32 per cent), Greater number of cases of dermatitis were observed during the rainy season (45.48%) while breedwise GSD (27.90%), Spitz (26.12%) and Mongrel (21.29%) showed higher susceptibility to skin afflictions. More than 50 per cent of the affected dogs were found to be males and 48.06 per cent dogs presented with dermatological afflictions were between 1 to 6 years of age. Microscopic examination of the skin scrapings collected from suspected cases of scabies, demodicosis and fungal infection revealed Demodex spp. (10 cases), Sarcoptes scahiei var. cams (13 cases) and fungal hyphae or spores (15 cases). Further, cultural inoculation of scrapings from suspected cases of fungal infection resulted in isolation of 10 fungal isolcates identified as Trichophyton spp. (2), filamentous fungi (4), Aspergilhis spp. (2) and yeast (2 isolates). The bacteriologjcal culture examination of 43 pus swabs collected from pyogenic skin lesions resulted in the growth of 44 bacterial isolates which were obtained either as nionomicrobic or as mixed culture. Similarly bacterial cultural examination of otic exudates also yielded growth of bacterial isolates in pure culture or mixed culture, Among various bacteria cultured, Staphylococcus spp, accounted for the highest number of isolates from cases of pyoderma as well as otitis externa. One of the ear exudates collected from a Cocker Spaniel with seborrhoeic sicca resulted in the isolation of Malassezia pachydcnnatis: In vitro antibacterial susceptibility test performed on all the bacterial isolates obtained from cases of pyoderma and otitis externa exhibited highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin which also proved to be the most effective antibacterial when used in the treatment of clinical cases. Hematological study conducted on dermatitis revealed statistically significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration and total erythrocytic count, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neutrophilia and eosinophilia, Histopathological study of the biopsy specimens collected from cases of dermatological afflictions revealed characteristic changes. The histopathological alterations observed in the biopsy specimens of pyoderma comprised of acute superficial pyoderma, deep pyoderma and chronic suppurative deimatitis. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stained sections of skin infected with fungi showed fungal spores and hyphae along with other pronounced histological changes such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, presence of scales on the epidermis as well as follicular changes. In case of scabies, predominenl changes noticed included presence of degenerated pieces of mites mixed with exudate in the epidermis or epidermal burrows, in demodicosis, the predominent changes included dilatation of hair follicles with mites, folliculitis and destruction of hair follicles and dermal tissue. Skin biopsies from cases of flea-allergic dermatitis, tick, lice and fly infestations showed body parts of parasites and their excreta mixed with keratin and cellular debris on the superficial epidermis. The cases of allergic dermatitis revealed epidermal and dermal oedema, superficial exudate, necrotic changes and cellular infiltration. The seborrhoeic lesions revealed hyperkeratosis of epidermis, hyperkeratotic projection of papillae and keratin plugging of the hair follicles. In acral lick dermatitis, notable microscopic changes included sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratinization and destruction of collagen fibre. The biopsy from callus lesions revealed subepidermal cyst and keratin pearl and dermal fibrosis. Histological changes in acanthosis nigrican included detachment of keratin layer, epidermal papillae and atrophy of hair follicles. Histopathological investigation of tumourous masses revealed characteristic lesions of lipoma, fibromelanoma, hemangioma and adenocarcinoma. The cases of pyoderma and pyogenic lesions were treated successfully with systemic antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and cephalexin and topical antiseptic preparations. The dogs suffering from fungal infections were treated effectively with topical antifungal drugs alone or in combination with griseofulvin. In infestations caused by Sarcoptes and Demodex spp., topical use of amitraz and subcutaneous injection of ivermectin or simultaneous use of both drugs brought about clinical and parasitological cure. In case of scabies, use of other ectoparasiticidal drugs viz. deltamethrin and cypermethrin also proved to be effective. In flea-infested dogs and dogs with other arthropod parasites like ticks, lice and flies, treatment of both the animal and its environment with acaricidal drugs was found to be effective in controlling parasite population. The ectoparasiticidal compounds found effective against fleas were carbaryl and deltamethrin. The insecticides found effective against ticks, lice and flies included deltamethrin, cypermethrin, carbaryl and amitraz. Combination of topical use of these drugs along with subcutaneous injection of invermectin also proved to have appreciable parasiticidal effects on arthropods. The effective management of immune mediated dermatoses (contact dermatitis, atopy, food allergy and drug allergy) was done by identification of the underlying cause, its correction and control of pruritus with topical and systemic antipruritic agents. In cases of seborrhoea, the lesions showed resolution with the use of selenium sulphide containing antiseborrhoeic shampoo for bathing, topical use of keratolytic compound along with dietary supplementation with sunflower or peanut oil. The cases of acral lick dermatitis were treated effectively with combination of drugs comprising of oral administration of corticosteroids and intra-lesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. The callus condition was clinically managed by daily soaking of the affected area in luke-warm water and topical use oremollienl cream on the lesions. The lesions observed in acanthosis nigrican were treated with topical application of compound containing benzoic acid and use of corticosteroid drug. The pruritus associated with various disorders barring demodicosis was controlled with systemic use of prednisolone in tapering dosage. Non-sleroidal antiinflammatory drugs like clemastine and hydroxyzine also showed excellent therapeutic response in most of the cases of pruritus. The treatment protocol found effective in the treatment of ear infection comprised of cleaning of ear debris using a ceruminolytic/ear wax dissolvent and subsequently instillation of ear preparations containing antibacterial drugs (in cases of bacterial infection) or antifungal drugs (in case of mycotic infection). The cases of otitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis were treated successfully by systemic use of ketoconazole and instillation with otic preparation containing antifungal agent.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ETIO-PATHOLOGY OF BACTERIAL AND MYCOLOGICAL INFECTIONS OF SKIN AND EAR IN CANINES AND THEIR CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) MHATRE, MILIND DNYANESH; Nauriyal, D. S.
    On screening of 2440 dogs brought at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex. Zaveri Clinic, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand during the period between January, 2004 to December, 2004, the overall incidence of dermatitis was observed to be 15.98 per cent (391 cases). The three conditions studied in the present investigation were pyoderma, fungal skin infections and otitis externa in dogs, and the incidence of these ailments was observed to be 18.97, 2.31 and 9.74 per cent, respectively. The collective incidence of other skin diseases was found to be 69.23 per cent which included the skin diseases other than those studied in the present investigation. Greater number of cases of pyoderma were observed during monsoon season (44.59 %), whereas higher number of cases of otitis externa were recorded in summer season (59.26 %). Cases of fungal infections of skin were observed to be more in summer season. Breed-wise incidence of pyoderma was found to be more in Spitz (23.54 %), followed by Doberman (20.58 %). Out of the four culturally confirmed cases of fungal dermatitis, three dogs belonged to mongrel breed while one was crossbred. Otitis externa was also found to affect Spitz and mongrel breeds of dogs (29.93 % each). Male dogs were found to be more susceptible (52.56 %) to dermatological afflictions than that of female dogs. The involvement of males with fungal dermatoses (75 %) was highest, followed by pyoderma (67.64 %), and otitis externa (62.96 per cent). Age-wise distribution of pyoderma indicated that it occurred more in young dogs belonging to less than 1-year age group. The occurrence of fungal infections and otitis externa was observed to be more in dogs belonging to 1 to 3 years age group. Microscopic examination of the skin scrapings collected from suspected cases of secondary folliculitis to demodicosis and fungal infection revealed Demodex spp. in 5 cases, however, fungal hyphae or spores could not be observed on direct microscopy. Furthermore, mycological culture of scrapings from suspected cases of fungal infection resulted in isolation of 4 fungal isolates identified as Microsporum canis. Trichophyton spp., Aspergillus spp. and a filamentous fungi. The bacteriological culture examination of 34 pus swabs collected from pyogenic skin lesions resulted in the growth of 35 bacterial isolates which were obtained either as monomicrobic isolates or as mixed culture. Similarly, bacterial culture examination of 27 swabs of otic exudates yielded growth of 22 bacterial isolates in pure culture, three isolates as mixed culture with bacteria or yeasts and two Malassezia pachydermatis pure isolates. Among various bacteria organisms recovered on culture, Staphylococcus intermedins accounted for the highest number of isolates from cases of pyoderma as well as otitis externa. In-vitro antibacterial susceptibility test performed on all the bacterial isolates obtained from cases of pyoderma and otitis externa exhibited highest sensitivity to enrofloxacin which also proved to be the most effective antibacterial when used in the treatment of clinical cases. Haematological study revealed the values of haemoglobin for otitis externa to be significantly lower. The values of TLC indicated statistically significant increase in case of pyoderma and fungal infections. The difference in neutrophil count for pyoderma and fungal skin infection was found to be statistically significant. The values of lymphocytic count in pyoderma, otitis externa and fungal infections of skin were found to be decreased significantly. The difference in monocyte count observed in dogs suffering from otitis externa was found to be highly significant. The average values of eosinophil count in cases of pyoderma, otitis externa as well as fungal infections of skin were observed to be significantly higher. The values of basophilic count for pyoderma, otitis externa as well as fungal skin infections were also found to be statistically significant in comparison with control group Histopathological study on the skin biopsy specimens collected from cases of dermatological afflictions revealed characteristic changes. The histopathological alterations observed in the biopsy specimens from pyoderma comprised of acute superficial pyoderma, deep pyoderma and chronic suppurative dermatitis. The biopsy from callus lesions revealed perifolliculitis, hyperkeratosis, rafts of acantholytic cells, subepidermal cyst and dermal fibrosis. Sections of skin infected with fungi showed fungal spores and hyphae along with other pronounced histological changes such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and presence of scales on the epidermis as well as follicular changes. The cases of pyoderma and pyogenic lesions were treated successfully with systemic antibiotics like enrofloxacin, erythromycin, cephadroxil and cephalexin and topical antiseptic preparations. The dogs suffering from fungal infections were treated effectively with topical antifungal drugs alone or in combination with either griseofulvin or ketoconazole. The pruritus associated with pyoderma, fungal skin infection and otitis externa was controlled with systemic use of prednisolone in tapering dosage. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs like clemastine and hydroxyzine also showed good therapeutic response in most of the cases of pruritus. The treatment protocol found effective in the cases of ear infection comprised of cleaning ear debris using a ceruminolytic/ear wax dissolvent and subsequently instillation of ear preparations containing antibacterial drugs (in cases of bacterial. infection) or antifungal drugs (in case of mycotic infection). In those cases not responding to topical medication, systemic antibacterial therapy was instituted by using the antibacterial drug found to be effective on in-vitro testing. Inflamed ears were treated using topical and/or systemic steroid preparations. The cases of otitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis were treated successfully by systemic use of ketoconazole and instillation with otic preparation containing antifungal agent.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICOPATHOLOGY, DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HELMINTHS IN GOATS
    (AAU, Anand, 2001) Mehta, Hemant Kumar; Patel, P. R.
    In present study, systems were structured for surveillance in rural household for epidemiology and techno economic aspect of helminth infection in goats. The present study comprised of examination of each and every individual surveyed using field tests for helmithiasis coupled with detailed inquires of the farmers door step for retrospective and prospective studies on rural goats. Further the data generated was analyzed on surveillance and epidemiology on disease, incidence in relation to physiological status, meteorological factors, housing, nutritional status, body condition score, hygienic condition were analyzed. The pathophysiology of the helminth infection, haematological and biochemical changes, immunodiagnosis, histopathological findings and economic losses were also studied. The epidemiological study was undertaken in and around Anand for the period of one year i.e. from July 2000 to June 2001and a total number of 1783 goats were included in the study . These were divided in three major groups. Group I - survey group (1135 goats), group II - organized farm group (288 goats) and group III included slaughter goats (360 goats). Door to door visit for surveillance programme were made at farmer's doorsteps in each village on a regular basis at monthly interval. Total twelve visits per animal in a year were made. The percent of infection was lowest 50.0% in Farm and highest 96.90 % in Survey group. The highest incidence of helminth infection was observed throughout the year in Survey and Slaughter groups (94.62 and 94.16 % respectively) while in farm group the incidence was comparatively low (53.82 %). No faecal sample was found positive for the fascioliasis under the study period. The incidence of various parasites observed as Moniezia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Coccidia spp., Trichuris spp. and mixed infection were as 23 (2.02%), 324 (28.54%), 369 (32.51%), 166 (14.62 %) and 192 (16.91%) respectively. The mixed infection of Trichuris + Ampistome, Trichuris spp. + Coccidial oocyst , Trichostrongylus spp. + Coccidia oocyst, Trichostrongylus spp. + Trichuris spp. + Coccidial oocysts and Trichostrongylus spp. + Moniezia spp. , were recorded as ( 0.08%), 46 (4.05%), 59 (5.19%), 52 (4.58%) and 7 ( 0.61%) respectively. While in Farm group the incidence of infection was ranged from 50.0 % to 62.50 %. A total number of 155 goats were found positive for ova of different helminths indicating 53.82 % overall incidence. The incidence of helmith infection with the age of goats has been established under the study. The highest incidence 308 (91.66%) was observed in kids followed by 397(87.44%) and 863 (83.15%) in hogget / doeling and adult respectively, indicating that the kids are more prone to helminth infection. The seasonal incidence of helminth infection was recorded during the period of study. The over all incidence of helminth infection in survey group was 1074 (94.26 %). In monsoon season a total number of 391 faecal samples were examined with highest incidence of 375 (95.90%), followed by 343 (94.23 %) in summer and, the lowest incidence 356 (93.68%) in winter. The correlation between incidence of heminth infection and various meteorological parameters were established group wise. A positive correlation (P<0.05) revealed between the disease incidence and minimum temperature, while a positive but nonsignificant correlation was observed between incidence of helminth infection and maximum and mean temperature morning and evening humidity, rainfall and pan evaporation rate. A negative but nonsignificant correlation was observed between the incidence on helminth infection and bright sunshine. The suffering goats were found to be weak and debilitated. Heavily infected goats showed diarrhoea with marked reduction in body weight and dehydration. Some of goats were emaciated and mostly found in cachetic condition. The visible mucous membranes were pale and the skin of affected goats was rough, dry and doughy. The faecal sample examination is used as a routine examination for the presence of ova of helminth parasites in all species of animals. Under the research study sedimentation technique was used to detect the presence of helminthic eggs and McMaster and StoU's method for the quantitative examination. For Immunodiagnosis tests a total number of 97 infected and 30 non-infected control serum samples were used. For conducting the Agar Gel Diffusion Test (AGPT) the antigen of specific helmiths, viz Trichostronglyus spp and Trichuris spp. were used against the serum of affected goats. The Immunoelectrophoresis test was conducted against the serum of two helminth parasites viz. Trichostronglyus spp and Trichuris spp. In infected goats the average total protein and mean albumin levels were reordered significantly low with values of 5.13±0.03 to3.36±0.03 and 2.89±0.03 to 1.30±0.01 g/dl respectively in noninfected control and infected goats. The mean A:G ratio was also reduced from 1.29±0.05 to 0.63±0.24 in control and infected animals. The mean values of LDH, SGPT and SGOT were observed significantly high with 319.33±0.05 to 468.07±0.16, 73.36±0.07 to 94.35±0.08 and 258.09±0.15 to 322.22±0.09 lU/L respectively in non-infected control and infected goats. Average serum glucose level was found significantly low from 78.85±0.22 to 39.55±0.23 mg/dl in control and infected animals. The mean total bilirubin level was observed nonsignificantly increased from 0.46±0.01 to 0.57±0.02 mg/dl in healthy and infected goats respectively a similar trend of observations were recorded in all the infected goats of three groups. The gross pathological changes observed were congestion, catarrhal enteritis, oedema and few nodules were present in Trichostrongylus spp. and Trichuris spp. The microscopic changes observed in Trichostrongylus spp. , Trichuris spp. Moniezia spp. and Coccidia were thickness of intestinal wall and oedematus folds, infiltration of eosinophils, moderate, chronic inflammatory cellular reactions with mucoid degeneration , necrosis of tips of villi and desquamation of epithelial lining and cells. The dark brown to black color parasitic excreta was found in the superficial villus mucosa. The quantification of monetary losses was calculated on 434 goats infected with helminth infection. A total loss of Rs. 90321/- was calculated under the study period. These losses were calculated on the basis of losses due to (a) milk loss (Rs. 2538/-), cost of treatment (Rs.31248/-) and culling of goats (Rs. 56535/-). Few villages of the Anand taluka were selected for the present study but the population of goats is distributed all over the Gujarat and hence, similar helminthic problems and its impact may be presented everywhere. The results of the study will be act as guidelines for the veterinarians to control of helminth infection in goats to uplift the socioeconomic status of poor farmers and nomadic tribes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURVEY STUDY OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL DISORDERS IN HOSPITAL POPULATION OF DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICO-PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS ASPECTS OF ASCITES
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) MISHRA, BHASKAR; Jani, R. G.
    The present study of epidemiology of gastro-intestinal disorders in dogs with special reference to ascites was carried out from I'" September 2003 to 31st August 2004, in the canine population which were brought for the treatment of various ailments in the hospitals of Gujarat region. The basic objectives of above studies was to know the epidemiology parameters, clinico-pathological changes and therapeutic regimens with the view to correlate prevalence rate, early diagnosis and treatment so that proper and effective control measures can be taken up to prevent the digestive disorders and to control the primary cause which leads to development of ascites in dogs. A total of 267 dogs were screened including ten healthy dogs, which were kept as control groups through surveillance. Out of 267 cases of dogs, the highest prevalence rate among different gastro-intestinal disorders was observed for gastroenteritis (32.2 per cent) followed by enteritis (25.5 per cent). The prevalence rate of ascites was found to be 8.2 per cent. Pomeranian breed was found to be most affected with gastrointestinal disorders with prevalence rate of 29.2 per cent followed by local nondescript breed (22.1 per cent). The prevalence rate of ascites was found to be highest in local non-descript breed (1.9 per cent) followed by Pomeranian breed (1.5 per cent). Most of the dogs affected with gastro-intestinal disorders were in the above 12' months class (39.4 per cent) which declined in 0-3 month's class (20.3 per cent). In above 12 months class, the highest prevalence was observed for enteritis (30.5 per cent) followed by gastritis (23.7 per cent). In case of ascites, highest prevalence rate was observed in above 12 months class age group (12.2 per cent). Male showed the overall disease prevalence of 60.0 per cent. The prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders was found to be 54.7 per cent in male and 37.1 per cent in female dogs, while for ascites male showed 5.2 per cent while females showed 2.6 per cent prevalence. Bi-Monthly prevalence of GI disorders was recorded highest during March-April (25.1 per cent) and in summer season (38.6 per cent). For ascites, the higher prevalence rate (3.4 per cent) was observed in May-June and in summer season (5.2 per cent). Most of the dogs affected with gastro-intestinal disorders were presented with the signs of Vomition (64.1), Melena (4.3 per cent), and Diarrhoea (70.2 per cent). For ascites, dogs were showing the clinical signs of Polypnoea (66.7 per cent). Tachycardia (12.1 per cent), and icteric mucosa (57.6 per cent) while abdominal distension was recorded in 66.7 per cent of total dog population. The overall mortality was found to be 72.7 per cent, highest in mongrel/crossbred and Labrador breeds (100 per cent) which was recorded highest in 0-3 month's class followed by 10-12 months class (50.0 per cent). 65.0 per cent mortality was recorded in male ascitic dogs as compared to 25.0 per cent in females. Highest mortality was recorded in September- October (100 per cent) and in summer season (66.7 per cent). Haematological study revealed significant (P<0.05) change in Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count and liver specific enzymes, suggesting infectious aetiology. Significant (P<0.05) alterations was found in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Total Plasma Protein (TPP) and Glucose (GLU). The mean Packed Cell Volume (PCV) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 43.00 + 2.5298 per cent and 31.1905 ± 1.4320 per cent respectively. The mean Total Leucocytes Count (TLC) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 10400.00 ± 748.3315 per cent and 28142.85 ± 4478.1404 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Total Leucocytes Count (TLC). The mean Neutrophils Count (N) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 67.9000 ± 1.1397 per cent and 59.7143 ± 1.4592 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in Neutrophils Count (N). The mean Lymphocyte Count (L) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 21.9000 ± 0.3826 per cent and 27.33 ± 0,796 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Lymphocyte Count (L). The mean Eosinophils Count (E) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 1.7000 ± 0.2134 per cent and 4.1905 ± 0.3282 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Eosinophils Count (E). No statistically significant differences was observed for Monocytes Count (M) when compared with ascites dogs and healthy dogs (P>0.05). The mean Monocytes Count (M) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 4.9000 ± 0.4819 per cent and 5.2857 ± 0.3460 per cent respectively. The mean Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 47.6000 ± 1.9562 per cent and 22.2076 ± 1.536 per cent respectively There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST). Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) values and Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values were also found to show statistically significant difference with control group dogs. The mean Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 15.7000 ± 0.9074 per cent and 64.0733 ± 2.0315 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) value. The mean and Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 6.3000 ± 0.6155 per cent and 4.1162 ± 0.3433 per cent respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values. The values for Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Glucose were found to be statistically non-significant (P>0.05). The mean Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) values in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 64.9000 ± 1.6155 per cent and 67.8067 ± 2.5786 per cent respectively. The mean Glucose values in normal and ascites dogs were found to be 87.5000 ± 3.9616 per cent and 98.3238 ± 2.8068 per cent respectively. 80.0 per cent of the ascitic cases were found to be showing response with combined drug therapy with antibiotics, liver extracts, diuretics, corticosteroids, anthelmintics and with certain homeopathic preparations. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable control measures and prophylaxis against gastro-intestinal disorders and effective measures to check primary causes leading to ascites. Advice was given for regular deworming, vaccination and implementation of good nutrition and hygienic approach. Review of literature, various methods, techniques put to use, the constraints and suggestions for future are detailed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURVEILLANCE, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF SUBCLINICAL, HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIA AND HYPOCALCAEMIA IN DAIRYCOWS OF PADDY CULTIVATED AREA OF KHEDA DISTRICT.
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) PAREKH., RAKESHKUMAR H.; Jani, R. G.
    Amongst the domestic fiwm animals, the metabolic diseases achieve their greatest importance in dairy cows.The variation in input of feed , abnormaility of internal environment and change in intake and secretion reflects as the outcome of subdued subclinical or clinical manifestations of metabolic diseases. In many instances, the existences of such problems reflect the abnormalities in the organic composition of crops and of the soils upon which these crops are cultivated. Animals fed on such deficient fodder and feeds are likely to show deficiency syndromes . Kheda is one of the district of Charotar region where paddy growing is the main and major crops of some talukas .The study was undertaken in 300 non-supplemented indigenous( 60)and mineral mixture supplemented cross bred dairy cows (240) of four talukas. i.e. Matar (81), Petalad (75), Tarapur (70) and Khambhat(74). The cows were classified as heifer( 24), non pregnant- non composition of crops and of the soils upon which these crops are cultivated Animals fed on such deficient fodder and feeds are likely to show deficiency syndromes. Kheda is one of the district of Charotar region where paddy growing is the main and major crops of some talukas .The study was undertaken in 300 nonsupplemented indigenous( 60)and mineral mixture supplemented cross bred dairy cows (240) of four talukas. i.e. Matar (81), Petalad (75), Tarapur (70) and Khambhat(74). The cows were classified as heifer( 24), non pregnant- non milking (66), non pregnant- milking (142), pregnant- non milking(36) and pregnant-milking (32). The mean calcium levels in indigenous cows was observed as 7.405 ± 0.204 mg/dl, whereas, in crossbreed cows the level was 7.233 ± 0.100 mg/dl. The difference between the two groups was found statistically non-significant. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels in indigenous cows was found 7.588 ± 0.303 mg/dl which was significantly(P<0.05) lower than the levels in crossbreed cows, which was 8.584 ± 0.149 mg/dl.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURVEY OF THE HEALTH STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM FOR CAPTIVE LARGE FELIDS
    (AAU, Anand, 2002) SABAPARA, RAMESH H.; Jani, R. G.
    Zoos serve as an important institution devoted to the conservation of endangered fauna. Major objectives of zoo include conservation, education and scientific research. Asiatic lions, Bengal tigers and Indian leopards are categorised as endangered species of large felids that require proper attention for its future survival. With an objective to study the health status of captive large felids of zoos and to develop a scientific health monitoring system, the present study was undertaken. The animals from Ahmedabad, Baroda, Junagadh and Rajkot zoos were included in the study. The large cats of the zoos were examined clinically for their health statx s and detailed examinations of biological material were carried out. The lions, tigers and leopards revealed clinically healthy with out any manifestation of diseases. The clinical parameters viz., rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate were recorded that found within the range Haematological and biochemical parameters were studies from 44 lions, 12 tigers and nine leopards. 12 haematological, 11 biochemical and 16 minerals were studied from each blood sample. No significant variation was observed in most of these parameters while compared between the species of large felids. No significant morphological differences were observed in the blood ceU of large felids. Mean diameter of RBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes in µm were 5.84 ± 0.13, 10.12 ± 0.06, 8.087 ± 0.09, 12.32 ± 0.13 and 13.18±0.15 respectively. The samples for bacteriological study were collected from 12 lions, six tigers and ten leopards. Rectal, oral and nasal swabs were collected and analysed. Major genus of bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (30.77 %), Aeromonas spp. (12.50 %), Shigella spp. (10.58 %), Proteus and Staphylococcus spp. (11.54 %), Citrobacter spp. (9.62 %) and Salmonella spp. (5.77 %). Other less frequent bacterial organisms were Streptococcus spp. (3.85 %), Monococcus spp. (1.92 %), Pseudomonas app. (0.96 %) and Klebseilla spp. (0.96 %). The cultural isolation from meat and water was carried from 10 samples and total 18 bacterial isolates were recorded. E. coli was found in 6 samples. Streptococcus spp. in 4 samples, Staphylococcus spp. in 4 samples, Aeromonas spp. in 2 samples, Monococcus spp. in 2 samples. From ten water samples E. coli was isolated in 60 %, Citrobacter spp. in 20 % and Salmonella spp. in 20 %. Parasitic screening of stool samples from 54 lions, 22 tigers and 32 leopards revealed Ascaria spp. as the most common parasitic ova with overall occurrence as 16.67 %. Other parasitic ova recorded were Ancylostoma spp. (9.26 %), Spirometra spp. (3.7 %) and Isospora spp. (3.7 %). Antibody detection was carried from the sera samples of 27 lions, 3 tigers and 9 leopards, using commercially available ELIZA kits. Antibodies against canine distemper, feline leukaemia and feUne infectious peritonitis virus were detected in 35.90 %, 56.41 % and 58.97 % respectively from the sera of large cats. Antibodies against immunodeficiency, leishmania protozoa and antigen of feline leukaemia were not detected in any of the samples tested. The screening of stool samples (n=108) from seven species of captive carnivores using polymerase chain reaction technique did not reveal parvo viral DNA. Since the existing health monitoring system is not adequate, several recommendations and suggestions have been incorporated to develop uniform health monitoring system for captive large felids.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MANGE IN BUFFALOES AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT WITH CYPERMETHRIN AND SOME HERBAL COMPOUNDS
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) THAKAR, FALGUNI S.; Patel, P. R.
    Mange infestation in buffaloes is one of the main factors causing variable morbidity and mortality in subtropical countries like India. The present study was carried out for the period from 1st July 2003 to 31st October 2003 involving buffalo population in three villages of Anand district of Gujarat state. The work embodies results of endeavors directed towards generation of data through epidemiological surveillance in buffaloes, to investigate clinicopathological changes and therapeutic regimen with a view to correlate prevalence rate, prognosis and early diagnosis so that proper control measures can be taken up. The study was intended to obtain and analyze epidemiological data for mange in rural buffaloes with special reference to age and sex of animal, nutritional status, hygienic condition, management practices and housing pattern. The confirmed cases of mange were treated using various therapeutic agent/s using cypermethrin (CIS) and other herbal acaricidal compounds to evaluate their efficacy by clinical improvement and hematological parameters. A total of 710 buffaloes were screened through surveillance, of which 70 were found positive for mange. Overall incidence of mange was found to be 9.86% among the surveyed buffaloes. The specieswise distribution of mange comprised of sarcoptic 36 (51.43 per cent), psoroptic in 22 (31.43 per cent) and mixed mange infestations in 12 (17.14 per cent) buffaloes. The overall prevalence was higher in the animals below one year of age (68.57%) as compared to animals above one year of age (31.43%). The incidence of sarcoptic, psoroptic and mixed mange infestation was almost double (66.67%, 68.18%) and 75.00%, respectively) in the animals below one year of age as compared to the animals above one year of age (33.33%), 31.82%) and 25.00%, respectively). The incidence of sarcoptic mange was higher in female animals (55.56%)) as compared to male animals (44.44%)). The incidence of psoroptic mange and mixed infestation was higher in male animals (59.09%o and 66.66%, respectively) as compared to female animals (40.91%) and 33.34%, respectively). The incidence of mange of either type was higher in the buffaloes, which were raised on mixed feeding pattern (64.29%). The incidence of all the types of mange was almost double in 48 buffaloes (68.57%)) kept on poor state of nutrition as compared to 22 buffaloes with fair nutrition (31.43%)). Poor hygienic condition (62.86%) and confinement in stall (77.15%)) were also found to be contributing factors in the higher incidence of mange in buffaloes. Most of the buffaloes affected with sarcoptic mange were found dull and restless. Constant rubbing of the affected part with walls and poles resulted in pruritus (97.14%), alopecia (84.28%) and oozing of blood (74.28%) as common feature. The skin lesions were noticed highest over back (35) followed by neck (31), sacrum (28) and legs (25) in buffaloes affected with sarcoptic mange, whereas highest over shoulder (21) and wither (19), followed by back and tail (17), brisket (15) and perineum (15) in buffaloes affected with psoroptic mange. Chronic cases were represented with dry scabby encrustation with wrinkling of skin in both the groups. Skin scrapings were examined for presence of causative mange and blood for haematological alteration from the affected buffaloes before and 21 day after the treatment. Microscopic examination of the skin scrapings revealed all the stages of sarcoptic and psoroptic mange ranging from embryonated egg to adult gravid females. A large number of mites were found in the skin scraping samples collected from the granular crust type of lesions as well as deep skin scrapings. Haematological study revealed significant (P<0.05) increase in haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count and packed cell volume indicating mild to moderate anaemia in the affected group of buffaloes compared to the healthy group. There was decrease in the values of MCHC, MCH, and MCV of the affected buffaloes. There was not much alteration in the TLC, however, significant increase in the level of eosinophils and decrease in the level of lymphocytes of the affected buffaloes suggested infestations with migratory tissue parasitic features. Buffaloes naturally infested with mange were divided into five groups viz., A, B, C, D & E of 8, 10, 11, 11, and 6 animals, respectively. The animals of the groups A, B, C and D were subjected to topical treatment with 1% cypermethrin (CIS) in arachis oil, 50% custard seed oil in arachis oil, neem oil and karanj oil, respectively. Total number of days required for clinicoparasitological cure for sarcoptic mange were 14, 11, 10 and 14 under neem oil, karanj oil, custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) and cypermethrin (CIS) treatment groups, respectively. Topical application of arachis oil did not result in any clinical improvement of the affected buffaloes. Efficacy of custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) and cypermethrin (CIS) was cent percent over sarcoptes mange, whereas neem oil and karanj oil were efficacious over 83.33% cases under the treatment. Clinicoparasitological cure for psoroptic mange required 16, 7, 12 and 12 days under neem oil, karanj oil, custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) and cypermethrin (CIS) treatment groups, respectively. Topical application of arachis oil did not result in any clinical improvement of the affected buffaloes in this group also. Efficacy of neem oil and custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) was found to be moderate (80%), followed by cypermethrin (CIS) (75%) and least with karanj oil (60%). Overall, irrespective of the type of the mange, efficacy of the custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) was excellent and brought the clinicoparasitological cure within 10 to 12 days. Post treatment changes in haematological parameters were indicative of gradual replenishment with increase in Hb, PCV, TEC, lymphocyte, MCV, MCH, MCHC and decrease in the values of TLC, neutrophils, eosinophils in the treated animals on 21 days after the treatment. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable prophylactic measures and treatment against the sarcoptic and psoroptic mange in buffaloes. Avoiding mixed feeding pattern and close confinements of the buffaloes were advised. It was indicated to keep the buffaloes in good hygienic condition and fair plane of nutrition. Review of literature, modalities of techniques employed, the constraints and suggestion are detailed. Regular use of effective acaricidal compound viz., cypermethrin (CIS) and custard seed oil (50% in arachis oil) in management practice was suggested to minimize the incidence of mange in buffaloes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL GOAT HEALTH SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM INCLUDING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECONOMY RECORDS FOR PRODUCTION
    (AAU, Anand, 2001) Rajeshirke, Ajay; Raval, S. K.
    The epidemiological surveillance is urgent need of today. In India increased pressure on land-favoured maintenance of small ruminants like sheep and goat. The goat with their multipurpose utility (meat, skin, fleece, manure and milk), play an important role in our national economy. The study was carried out from 1 st March 2000 to 28th, March, 2001 in five villages of Anand taluka. The epidemiological data on diseases through rural goat health surveillance system were studied in relation to production/ reproduction performance, prevalence of diseases, mortalities and culling patterns among rural goat. In addition to that economic losses due to diseases were also analyzed. Kachia Patel (1999) made efforts in his study to generate and analyze epidemiological data for disease health surveillance and economy records for production from rural sheep. The epidemiological data on disease incidence and mortality in relation to age, sex, breed, health hygiene, nutritional status, housing pattern, months, season, meteorological parameters and economics of the diseases in relation to its losses were also studied. During research period, 1,128 goats were studied, out of that 690 goat were found to be affected with disease with the overall prevalence rate of 61.17 percent. The highest prevalence of disease were observed due to parasitic diseases (26.32%), majority in Marwadi breed (81.90%) and in the age group of adult goat (81.72%). The overall high prevalence of disease was recorded in female animals (61.22%), with poor and fair health status (64.96 and 61.14%), in small size flock (70.43%)), flock which were reared in poor hygienic condition (64.59%) and with poor nutrition status (85.89%). The higher prevalence in the month of July- Aug (15.42%) and particularly in monsoon season (28.90%) indicates the positive relationship with high rainfall along with high humidity. Out of all different disease groups, major predominant groups in descending order of occurrence were recorded as parasitic diseases (26.32%), miscellaneous group (11.79%), digestive disorder (9.84%), bacterial disease (7.35%), viral diseases (2.83), reproductive disorder (2,12%.) and fungal diseases (0.88%). Amongst these, different diseases the gastrointestinal nematode (17.64%) ranked high followed by pneumonia (4.25%), enteritis 4.16%), anorexia (3.90%)and ectoparasites (3.81%) In the present study, the overall mortality rate was observed to be 5.93 percent along with 9.71 percent case fatality rate. The mortality rate was recorded highest (2.65%) in miscellaneous group with 22.55 percent case fatality rate, followed by bacterial diseases (1.50 and 20.48 %), digestive disorder (1.32 and 13.51%) and parasitic diseases (0.44 and 1.68%) respectively. Amongst above group, major cause of mortality in which disease were occurred are pneumonia (1.24%), enteritis (1.06%), septicemia (0.79%), toxemia (0.70%) and accidental death (0.62%). The mortality was found higher in Marwadi breed (6.66%), particularly in adult group (8.60%), in female animal (6.35%), having poor health condition (6.56%) and animals on poor plan of nutrition 9.05 percent respectively. Also the higher mortality was recorded in small size flock (6.78%) and in poor hygienic condition (8.75%). Higher mortality rate has also observed in the months of July-Aug. i.e. in the rainy season. In the present study, economical losses due to diseases involves treatment cost, losses due to poor growth rate, loss^ due to reproduction disorder, losses due mortality and losses due to culling were quantified. The losses due to treatment cost, losses due to poor growth rate, loss due to reproduction disorder, losses due mortality and losses due to culling were Rs. 20.50,42.92,142.12, 66.50, and 19.25 per goat, per year respectively. The use of computer programme for data recording and it analysis work indicated its usefulness in terms of time consumption for analysis along with maximum efficiency. Throughout the study period advice and recommendation were made to shepherds for improvement in management practices such as importance of hygiene, vaccination, treatment of affected animals, housing, kid management, better nutrition and care against adverse climatic condition to reduce losses and their by increase the profit. Review of literature, modalities of technique used at rural level, the achievements, constraints and suggestions for future through the development of rural goat health surveillance system using epidemiology and economy of records are described.