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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PERIPARTURIENT DISEASES IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1999) Mandali, Ghanshyam C.; Patel, P. R.This study was carried out from June, 1997 to May, 1998 on 612 buffaloes in the five villages of Anand district by visiting rural herds at monthly interval. The epidemiological data on periparturient disorders of these animals in relation to season, meteorological factors, physiological status, nutritional status, body condition score, housing pattern and hygienic condition were analysed. An attempt was also made to study some blood biochemical changes in various peripartiurient disorders of buffaloes and to work out ecomomics ofi these disorders. The incidence of various periparturient disorders observed in descending order was : retention of fetal membranes (8.66%), postpartum metritis (7.84%), subclinical mastitis (6.86%). clinical mastitis (5.56%), postpartum prolapse of genitalia (5.23%), milk fever (4.09%), clinical ketosis (2.29%). dystocia (2.12%) and prepartum prolapse of genitalia (1.14%). The monthly incidence of retention of fetal membranes, postpartum prolapse of genitalia, milk fever and dystocia was highest in August, whereas postpartum metritis, subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis and clinical ketosis was highest in September and prepartum prolapse of genitalia in July. The season had significant effect on the incidence of metritis, mastitis and clinical ketosis being highest in monsoon. Amongst the breeds, the highest incidence of retained fetal membranes, mastitis, genital prolapse and milk fever was recorded in Surti buffaloes, whereas Mehsani buffaloes had highest incidence of clinical ketosis. Postpartum metritis and dystocia was recorded to be the highest in Murrah crosses and Jafarabadi breed, respectively. The breed differences were significant for the incidence of all disorders studied, except retention of fetal membranes, prepartum genital prolapse and milk fever. The lactation order had significant (P<0.05) effect only on the incidence of milk fever. The highest (36.00%) incidence of milk fever was observed in third lactation and that of retention of fetal membranes, mastitis, ketosis and dystocia in fourth lactation. During the fifth and sixth lactation, the highest incidence of genital prolapse and postpartum metritis, respectively, was recorded. The incidence of all these disorders tended to increase with increase in parity. The correlation coefficients (r) of relative humidity with retention of fetal membranes (0.710), pre- and postpartum genital prolapse (0.729 and 0.616) and milk fever (0.608), as well as of average rain-fall with retention of fetal membranes (0.574) were significant,, (P<0.05) and positive, whereas the correlations of bright sunshine hours with retention of fetal membranes (-0.701), milk fever (-0.507) and Prepartum genital prolapse (-0.814) were significantly (P<0.05) negative. Nutritional status and body condition score , had significant effect on the occurrence of all the periparturient disorders studied, except mastitis. The incidence of retained fetal membranes, postpartum metritis, genital prolapse, milk fever, clinical ketosis and dystocia being highest in buffaloes of poor nutritional status and poor body condition score groups as compared to fair or good categories. Housing pattern of buffaloes also had significant (P<0.01) effect on the occurrence of retention of fetal membranes, subclinical mastitis and milk fever. The highest occurrence of metritis, mastitis, milk fever and dystocia was recorded in buffaloes of open yard system, whereas, the incidence of genital prolapse and clinical ketosis was highest in pakka housing system and that of retention of fetal membranes in kachha housing. Hygienic condition of animals showed significant (P<0.01) effect on the occurrence of all periparturient disorders, except for prepartum prolapse of genitalia. The incidence of metritis, mastitis, prepartum prolapse, clinical ketosis and dystocia being highest for buffaloes kept under poor hygienic condition. However retention of fetal membranes, postpartum prolapse and milk fever was highest for buffaloes with fair hygienic condition. The least occurrence of all periparturient disorders was observed for animals kept under good hygienic condition. Amongst the biochemical parameters studied, the level of serum calcium was significantly (P<0.01) lower in cases of retention of fetal membranes, milk fever, and pre- and post- partum prolapse of genitalia than the normal healthy buffaloes. Whereas, blood glucose level was significantly lower for buffaloes with retention of fetal membranes and clinical ketosis compared to healthy ones. Inorganic phosphorus was also significantly lower in milk fever and prer and post-partum prolapse of genitalia. The serum LDH activity was significantly higher in buffaloes with retention of fetal membranes and milk fever as compared to healthy buffaloes. Similarly significantly (P<0.01) higher levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and ketone bodies were observed in milk fever and ketosis, respectively. The levels of magnesium and alkaline phosphatase however did not differ significantly between affected and healthy buffaloes. The per day treatment cost worked out for various periparturient disorders in buffaloes varied from Rs. 96 to 317. The highest per day treatment cost being for postpartum prolapse of genitalia (Rs. 317) and the lowest for postpartum metritis (Rs. 96). The average milk lost per buffalo per day was 1.2, 0.8, 2.86, 5.35, 2.57, 3.57, 2.4 and 1.24 liter for retention of fetal membranes, postpartum metritis, subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, postpartum prolapse, milk fever, clinical ketosis and dystocia, respectively. It amounted to total loss of Rs. 66,776 for various periparturient disorders. There is ample scope to apply the changing pattern towards medicine - production - ecology - extension approach at rural level to increase profitability of farmers to sustain dairy industry.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SHEEP HEALTH SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM INCLUDING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECONOMY RECORDS FOR PRODUCTION(AAU, Anand, 1999) Patel, A. J. Kachhia; Patel, P. R.Sheep plays an important role in our national economy thriving in arid and semi-arid region and providing meat, wool, skin, manure and milk which contributing financial support to the rural people. The present study was carried out from 1st September, 1997 to 31st August, 1998 in one six villages of the Kutch district, which embodies results of endeavours directed towards development of rural sheep health surveillance system for generation of data on production/reproduction performance, disease profile, mortalities and culling patterns among rural sheep and for economic analysis of losses due to diseases. A total of 1,744 sheep screened through surveillance indicated an overall prevalence of disease to the extent of 67.49 per cent. The highest prevalence was recorded due to parasitic diseases (22.13%), majority in Patanwadi breed (69.07%), in the age group of adult sheep (69.72%). The overall high prevalence of disease was recorded in male animals (68.88%), with poor health status (92.06%), in large flock size (71.68%), which were husbanded in poor hygienical condition (79.62%), along with fair plan of nutrition (68.34%). The prevalence indicated significant high peak level during July-August months (25.92%), especially in monsoon season (34.46%), positively correlated with high humidity and rainfall. Amongst the different disease groups, the parasitic diseases (22.13%) ranked high followed by diseases of miscellaneous group (13.99%), digestive disorders (13.02%), bacterial diseases (12.27%), reproductive disorders (3.27%), fungal diseases (1.49%) and viral diseases (1.32%). Amongst these, the predominant disease conditions prevailed in the rural area were gastrointestinal nematode (8.72%), ectoparasite (6.25%), pneumonia (6.02%), enteritis (4.47%) and wound (3.10%). The overall mortality and case fatality rate were recorded as 9-29 and 13.76 per cent respectively. The higher mortality was in miscellaneous disease group (4.93%) followed by bacterial diseases (2.35%), digestive disorders (1.78%), parasitic diseases (0.17%) and viral diseases (0.06%). Of the major causes of mortality, pneumonia (1.20%), debility (1.20%), enteritis (0.80%), toxaemia (0.80%) and predation (0.75%) were found predominantly. Mortality was found higher in Patanwadi breed (9.83%), specifically in lamb group (16.04%), in male animal (13.78%), having poor health status (18.69%) and poor plan of nutrition (11.65%). Also the higher mortality was observed in small size flock (11.89%) and having fair hygienic condition (10.19%), similarly during July-August months (4.01%) and during rainy season (4.76%) compared to lower mortality during November- December months (0.46%) in winter season (1.43%). The projected economical losses due to treatment cost, reduction in wool production and growth rate, reduction in reproductive efficiency, losses due to mortality and culling were also calculated in the present study. The average treatment cost, reduction in wool production, poor growth rate, decline in reproduction efficiency, losses due to mortality and culling were quantified to be Rs.17=65, 1=90, 37=61, 190=44, 57=31 and 32=34 per sheep per year respectively in the present study. The use of computer programme for data recording, its storage, analysis and retrieval in present epidemiological surveillance proved much useful since sizable number of data was handled and analysed in shortest time with high accuracy. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable control measures and prophylaxis against major sheep diseases by regular health care, deworming, better husbandry and nutrition with good hygienical approach to minimize the losses. Review of literature, modalities of techniques used at a rural level, the achievements, constraints and suggestions for future through the development of rural sheep health surveillance system using epidemiology and economy of records are detailed.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICO PATHOLOGY. DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FASCIOLIASIS IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1997) RAVAL, SUNANT KANTILAL; Patel, P. R.The epidemiological surveillance is a urgent need of today. The study was carried out from 1st January to 31st December, 1996 in the five villages of Anand district by visiting rural herd on a regular basis. In the present study the efforts were made to generate and analyse epidemiological data for fascioliasis from rural buffaloes. The epidemiological data on disease incidence in relation to season, meteorological factors. Physiological status, nutritional status, body condition score, housing and hygienic condition were analysed. The visit of the slaughter house was also made. The incidence of fascioliasis was 11.71 per cent in survey group and 22.26 per cent in slaughter group. The higher incidence was observed in August and September in both the group of buffaloes. A significant correlation was observed between the monthly incidence of fascioliasis in slaughtered and survey group. The lymnea species of snails was present in the nearby area of canals and ponds. Higher incidence was recorded in aged buffaloes (15.52 per cent) than young-esters below one year (3.10 per cent )whereas non-lactating buffaloes have more incidence of fascioliasis than lactating buffaloes. A positive significnat correlation of disease incidence with morning and evening relative humidity, minimum temperature has been noticed. A negative correlation of disease incidence with maximum temperature, pan evaporation and bright sunshine has been recorded. Clinically buffaloes suffering from fascioliasis were found to be weak, anorexic debilated, emaciated and having submandibular edema. On clinical observation respiration rate was increased and ruminal movements decreased in infected animals in compared to healthy animals. The respiration rate was higher in infected animals (26.90/minute) as compared to healthy one ( 16.30/minute) . Ruminal movements were also significantly decreased in infected animals (1.20/5 minutes) as compared to healthy one (3.08/5 minutes). The overall accuracy observed by faecal sample examination was 78.07 per cent. The egg count per gram of faeces was found to be in between 275 to 410. The haematobiochemical changes in blood and serum of infected buffaloes were investigated in comparison to healthy control, in both the groups. Infected buffaloes had low haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. The blood haemoglobin content in control group was 11.42±0.14 g/dl while in infected group it was 9.43±0.07 g/dl in survey group of animals.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BLOOD CONSTITUENTS AND MILK UREA LEVELS IN NORMAL CYCLING AND INFERTILE DAIRY ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 1991) Prajapati, Babulbhai R.; Dave, M. R.Post-partum anestrus and repeat breeding condition continue to be the most common and puzzling infertility problems in daily animals. Certain blood constituents during different reproductive periods have been found to be associated with the fertility status of animals and their reproductive behaviour. Variations in certain blood constituents in blood during different reproductive periods affect or upset proper functioning of the reproductive organs. Haemat©logical and biochemical constituents of blood have great diagnostic value in the clinical practice. Keeping these in view, an attempt was made to evaluate the difference, if any, in the haematological, biochemical and milk urea levels in normal cycling, repeat breeding and anestrus dairy animals. Haematological (Hb, PCV, TSC and TLC) and biochemical (serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, total protein, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen) estimations were carried out in 82 post-partum Surati buffaloes and 35 crossbred (K x J) cows during the period from June to September 1989. These animals were divided into normal farm animals, normal cycling field animals, repeat breeding field animals and anestras field animals. Ten Surati buffaloes from Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Griijarat Agricaltaral University, Anand and ten'crossbred (K x J ) cows from Livestock Research Station, GAU, Anand were taken as normal cycling farm animals. Ten Sarati buffaloes and ten crossbred (Z x J ) cows from the animals presented at the A.I, Centre, Veterinary College, GAU, Anand for artificial insemination (A.I) and sexual health check-up were selected as normal cycling field animals. Animals presented for the sexual health check-up were screened and on the basis of individual case history of calving, reproductive cycle, number of insemination or service, repeat cycle and gynaecological examinations, 20 buffaloes as repeat breeders, 42 buffaloes as anestrus condition and 15 crossbred cows as repeat breeders were selected for the study. Haematological study revealed that haematological parameters did not show significant changes between farm and field normal cycling buffaloes and cows. Haemoglobin values of repeat breeder and anestrus buffaloes were significantly (P/.0.01) low as compared to farm normal cycling buffaloes. Packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and total leucocytic count (TLC) values did not reveal significant changes in repeat breeder and anestrus buffaloes as compared to farm normal cycling buffaloes. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) values of repeat breeder cows were significantly (P /0.01) low as compared to field normal cycling cows. Total erythrocytic count and total leacocytic count (TLC) values did not reveal significant changes in repeat breeder cows as compared to field normal cycling cows. Biochemical parameters except serum inorganic phosphorus, total protein and blood glucose in buffaloes, did not show significant changes between farm and field normal cycling buffaloes and cows. Serum inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, total protein, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen values were significantly (P /0.01) low in repeat breeder and anestrus buffaloes as compared to farm normal cycling buffaloes. Serum calcium and milk urea nitrogen values did not revealed significant changes in repeat breeder and anestrus buffaloes as compared to farm normal buffaloes. Serum inorganic phosphorus and magnesium values were significantly (P /0.01 and P/0.05) low in repeat breeder cows as compared to farm normal cycling cows. Milk urea nitrogen values was significantly (P /0.05) high in repeat breeder cows as compared to farm normal cycling cows. Serum calcium, total protein, blood glucose and blood urea nitrogen values did not revealed significant changes in.repeat breeder cows as compared to farm normal cycling cows.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE CLINICO-PATHOLOGY OF DERMATITIS IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 1991) SONI, V/NOD K.; PATEL, P. R.Dermatitis is one of the major concern among the canine diseases. To study the clinico-pathology of dermatitis in dogs, clinical cases of dogs registered at Veterinary College Hospital (GAU), Anand; Veterinary Polyclinic, Valsad (Gujarat State) and Veterinary Hospital, Madalpur were screened during July 1990 to June 1991, The investigation was carried out to study the incidence of etiological factors causing dermatitis, epidemiology, symptomatology and haematological and biochemical changes in dermatitis. For the above study 1,873 cases of dogs were screened. Out of them 185 (9.88%) were found to be clinical cases of dermatitis. From these, 92 cases were selected randomly for detailed study of etiology(bacterial, fungal, parasitic, allergic, nutritional and hormonal), epidemiology (age, sex, breed, season etc.), symptomatology (lesion types, pattern and location) haematology (Hb, TEC, TLC and DLC), and biochemistry (Blood glucose and BUN) along with the control group of 20 healthy dogs ( for haematological and biochemical study). Etiological study revealed higher incidence of bacterial dermatitis (60.87%), followed by fungal(14.13%), parasitic (13.04%), allergic (9.78%), hormonal (1.09%)and nutritional (1.09%) dermatitis. Among bacterial dermatitis, S. aureus (89.3%) remained predominent. S, epidermis was found in 8.90 per cent and Pseudomonas species in 1.8 per cent cases. Major fungal isolates were M. canis(61.5%)and T, mentagrophytes (15.4%). Among external parasitic infestation, S. scablei (50.0%), D, canis (33.3%) and ticks (16.7%) were detected. Detailed causal factors of allergic, nutritional and hormonal dermatose were not detected in this study. The disease was found more common in young dogs (below 18 months). Incidence of infectious dermatitis (bacterial, fungal and parasitic) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in younger dogs, Male dogs (68.5%) were more prone to dermatitis. Again, bacterial dermatitis was more common in male dogs (71.4%), However, such higher incidence in fungal (61.5%), parasitic (58,3%) and allergic(77.7%; dermatitis was nonsignificant. No specific breed predilection for dermatitis was observed, but more cases of dermatitis were seen in a group of long haired breed (Pomeranian, Alsatian and some long haired crossbreeds). Seasonal influence was noticed in bacterial ( more in summer) and fungal (more in winter season) dermatitis. It was also marked that relative hximidity has highly significant (P<0.01) positive correlation with the incidence of dermatitis, Symptomatological study revealed that bacterial dermatitis was usually pruritic, causing mainly pustules on the ventral abdomen, trunk and back region. Fungal dermatitis was characterized by excoriation, alopecia and crust formations commonly on ears and extremities. Parasitic dermatitis was severely pruritic with excoriation and papule formations. Allergic dermatitis exhibited pruritus, redness, and papules and wheal formation without any specific distribution pattern. Endocrine dermatose had typical bilateral non-pruritic alopecia, whilst nutritional dermatose showed crust formations, rough coat and non-pruritic alopecia. Haematological study showed significant leucocytosis, lymphopenia and neutrophilia in bacterial dermatitis, Eosinophilia was evident in parasitic and allergic dermatitis. Biochemical analysis of blood indicated significant increase in BUN and decrease in blood glucose in bacterial dermatitis.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICOPATHOLOGY, THERAPEUTIC AND TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CONTROL MEASURES OF Toxocara vitulorum IN BUFFALO CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1998) Jani, Rajeshkumar G.; Patel, P. R.Ascariasis in young buffalo calves is one of the main factors causing variable morbidity and mortality in subtropical countries like India. The present study was carried out from 1st June, 1996 to 31 May, 1997 in the four villages of Anand district, which embodies results of endeavours directed towards development of rural calf health surveillance system for generation of data through epidemiological surveillance in buffalo calves upto six months of age, to investigate clinicopathological changes and therapeutic regimes with a view to correlate prevalence rate, prognosis and early diagnosis so that proper control measures can be taken up viewing economic of losses due to ascariasis. A total of 744 buffaloes calves were screened through surveillance, of which 712 were studied as experimental group and remaining 32 buffalo calves as control groups. Out of 712 buffalo calves ascariasis was found in 325 (45.64 per cent) buffalo calves. The prevalence rate of ascariasis was found to be 45.64 per cent in buffalo calves. The extent and magnitude of prevalence indicated, 7.86 per cent mortality and 17.23 per cent case fatality. The significant (P<0.05) high prevalence rate was found in Surti breed (55.37 per cent), in the age group of 21 - 40 days (72.07 per cent) of male buffalo calves (53.68 per cent) with poor body condition (66.97 per cent) which were husbanded with poor hygiene (55.78 per cent) in open yard system (56.81 per cent) by landless labourers (65.66 per cent). The prevalence indicated significant (P<0.05) higher in third parity (63.95 per cent) of dams and in those 'calves which were not fed first colostrum after their birth (50.15 per cent) and in calves which were provided not enough amount (52.3 per cent) especially during monsoon season (70.08 per cent). Most of the affected calves were found voiding greyish white with foul odour faeces (58.5 per cent) with or without gross parasites. On clinical examination, the affected buffalo calves revealed partial to complete anorexia (57.23 per cent) with major digestive disorders (73.27 per cent). Clinical observations indicated subnormal rectal temperature (99.36 + 0.170°F) and slight rise in respirations rate (23.99 + 0.364 per minute). No significant difference in pulse rate was recorded in affected calves when compared with the field and farm control groups. The microscopic examination bf 325 faecal samples revealed 259 (79.69 per cent) samples with T. vitulorum ova, whereas, 66 (20.31 per cent) were with mixed infection of Strongyloides spp., Eimeria spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. Haematological study revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count and packed cell volume indicated mild to moderate anaemia in affected group of calves compared to field and farm control groups. Leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia with eosinophilia in affected calves suggested localised infection with migratory tissue parasitic features. Significant (P<0.05) reduction in blood glucose, total plasma proteins and increase in level of blood urea nitrogen in affected calves were observed to that of field and farm control groups. Detection of larvae in the milk sample may suggest the possibility of transmission of parasites through milk. Significant (P<0:.05) high morbidity and mortality due to ascariasis was observed in hypo-or agammaglobulinaeraic calves. Mean egg per greun was found in the range of 5.4 to 15942. The therapeutic trials of anthelmintics indicated high efficacy of fenbendazole {96 per cent) followed by krumikuthar rasa (88 per cent) while ethnoveterinary medicine of whey and salt revealed 44.86 per cent efficacy on 9 week post therapy. The projected economic losses due to mortality, poor growth rate, reduction in milk yield and treatment cost was found Rs. 302.58 per calf in a population of 100 calves while it was Rs. 658.52 per calf in a population of ascariasis affected calves. The Benefit : Cost ratio;, (B/C) of fenbendazole derived as 13.44 and 29.26 for a population of 100 calves and 100 infected calves, respectively. Advice and recommendations were made to initiate suitable control measures and prophylaxis against ascariasis by regular deworming at second week after the birth of a calf and implementation of good hygienic approach to control the ascariasis. Review of literature, modalities of techniques and technologies put to use, the achievements, constraints and suggestions for future are detailed.