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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access GROSS, BIOMETRICAL AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF FRIZZLED FEATHER AND NAKED NECK FOWLS (Gallus gallus domesticus)(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2016) Mal Trupti B.; Dr. K. M. PanchalThe present study entitled “Gross, Biometrical and Histomorphological Study on Various Organs of The Digestive System of Frizzled feather and Naked neck Fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus)” was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science & A. H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. For this study, Six healthy adult birds (aging at 14th weeks) Frizzled feather and Naked neck breeds were used for the gross, biometrical and histomorphological evaluations. The biometrical measurements of the different parameters of the digestive system include tongue, oesophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine viz., duodenum, jejunum, ileum and large intestine includes double caeca and colorectum, liver and pancreas were recorded with the help of the digital weighing balance, Vernier calipers and non-stretchable thread.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS, BIOMETRICAL AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF FRIZZLED FEATHER AND NAKED NECK FOWLS (Gallus gallus domesticus)(AAU, Anand, 2016) MAL, TRUPTIBEN BHARATBHAI; Panchal, K. M.The present study entitled "Gross, Biometrical and Histomorphological Study on Various Organs of The Digestive System of Frizzled feather and Naked neck Fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus)" was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science & A. H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. For this study, Six healthy adult birds (aging at 14th weeks) Frizzled feather and Naked neck breeds were used for the gross, biometrical and histomorphological evaluations. The biometrical measurements of the different parameters of the digestive system include tongue, oesophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine viz., duodenum, jejunum, ileum and large intestine includes double caeca and colorectum, liver and pancreas were recorded with the help of the digital weighing balance. Vernier calipers and nonstretchable thread. The 6th paraffin sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain for routine examination of histomorphology of the above mentioned organs of both the breeds. The tongue of the Frizzled feather and Naked neck fowl, was brownish in color, triangular in shape with a pointed apex, a wide base and short body. The body of tongue was attached ventrally with the floor of lower beak and its mucosa was comparatively thinner and smooth. Dorsal surface of was marked by a fade median groove and at the level of root, there was a single row of caudally directed papillae. The entoglossal process of hyoid bone supported the root of tongue of Frizzled feather and Naked neck fowls. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the length of the tongue of Frizzled feather (2.40±0.68 cm) and Naked neck (2.15± 0.09 cm). The mucosal epithelium of tongue was composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which was thick on the dorsum linguae in both the breeds under study. The esophagus in both the breeds was long, narrow and straight collapsible tube extended from the pharynx to proventriculus. It was composed of two parts; cervical part and thoracic part separated by its own diverticulum called crop. Cervical part was comparatively longer than thoracic part in both the breeds. The mean ± SE value of total length of esophagus of Frizzled feather and Naked neck was 17.28 ± 0.73 cm and 14.95 ± 0.56 cm. The external diameter was 2.10 ± 0.15 cm and 1.91±0.18 cm (cervical part), 1.91±0.13 cm and 1.75 ± O.llcm (thoracic part), respectively. The esophageal wall consists of usual layers of tubular digestive organs, i.e. mucosa, submucosa, musculosa and adventitia or serosa within outward. The mucosa was formed of stratified squamous epithelium with about 7-8 longitudinal folds of various shapes. The submucus glands or esophageal glands were observed in both, the cervical and the thoracic parts of esophagus. The crop was situated at right ventrolateral aspect to the thoracic inlet in both the breeds. The mucous glands were not found in crop. The proventriculus was small, elongated, spindle shaped and thick walled tube, which was connected anteriorly with esophagus and posteriorly with gizzard. There was a constricted area between the proventriculus and gizzard called isthmus. The mean ± SE value of length of proventriculus of Frizzled feather and Naked neck fowl was 4.15±0.14 cm and 3.83±0.10 cm, respectively. The mucosa of proventriculus showed tall gastric ridges lined by simple columnar epitheUum. Lamina propria was having the superficial mucosal glands. Submucosa was full of large submucosal glands/ proventricular glands. The gizzard was much larger and more muscular than the proventriculus and connected with the proventriculus. It was biconvex and laterally flat in shape, dark reddish to brown in colour. The mean ± SE value of length of gizzard in Frizzled feather and Naked neck were 6.00± 0.46 cm and 5.85± 0.27 cm, respectively. The mean width of gizzard of Frizzled feather and Naked neck were 4.25±0.22 cm and 3.11±0.45 cm, respectively. The mean ± SE value of periphery measured at the greater curvature of gizzard in Frizzled feather and Naked neck were 7.43±0.19 cm and 6.25±0.38 cm, respectively. The gizzard was characterized by a keratinized layer of mucosa called cutical. Below this layer, the mucosal glands were present. Muscularies mucosae was not present. The smooth muscle bundles were separated by connective tissue septae giving mosaic appearance to the muscular layer. The small intestine was distinguished into three main parts duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The duodenum begins at the end of gizzard and forms an elongated loop had proximal descending and distal ascending parts. There was no clear demarcation between the jejunum and ileum. The jejunum was pale brownish to reddish in color and was longest part of small intestine. It was a coiled structure and the coils were suspended by the fold of mesentery. Meckel's diverticulum appeared as a small projection on the free border of the terminal point of jejunum. The ileum was comparatively smaller and straight than other part of intestine in both the breeds. The mean ± SE value of length of duodenum, jejunum and ileum in Frizzled feather was 24.0±0.99 cm, 98.2±4.06 cm, 18.7±0.77 cm, respectively. The mean ± SE value of length of duodenum, jejunum and ileum in Naked neck was 21.5±0.59 cm, 87.33±5.10 cm and 20.0±0.96 cm, respectively. The mucosal villi in the duodenum were more in height as compared to that of jejunum and ileum. The intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkuhn were present throughout the mucosa of intestine. The goblet cells were numerous in ileum than in duodenum. The duodenal glands could not be found in both the breeds. The right and left caeca, blind tubes originated at the ileocolic junction, were greyish black in color. The mean ± SE value of length of caecum of Frizzled feather and Naked neck fowl was 17.0±1.15 cm and 16.6±0.69 cm, respectively. The colo-rectum was the terminal part of the large intestine, extended between the ileo-cecal junction and terminated into the cloacal chamber, coprodeum. The mean ± SE value of length and external diameter of colo-rectum in Frizzled feather and Naked neck fowl was 9.7±0.73 cm (L), 8.0±0.52 cm (L) and 2.3±0.22 cm (D), 2.2±0.12 cm (D), respectively. The liver of both the breeds was very soft, dark red to brown in colour consist of right and left lobes. The right lobe was found to be larger and slightly heavier than the left lobe. The gall bladder was situated on the visceral surface of the right lobe. The mean ± SE value of weight of right lobe of liver in Frizzled feather and Naked neck was 18.1±0.29 gm and 19.7±0.52 gm, respectively. The mean ± SE value of weight of left lobe of liver in Frizzled feather and Naked neck was 14.06±0.29 gm and 14.4±0.52 gm, indicated that in both the breeds the right lobe was comparatively heavier than the left lobe. The pancreas was an elongated, pale yellow or brown coloured lobular structure that was found between the descending and ascending duodenal loops. The mean ± SE value of weight of Pancreas of Frizzled feather and Naked neck was 4.4±0.45 gm and 3.6±0.24 gm, respectively. The two bile ducts one from each lobe and two pancreatic ducts opened at the termination of duodenum near the caudal part of gizzard and liver.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Histomorphological, Micrometrical and Haematological Studies on The Blood Cells of Different Breeds of Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)(AAU, Anand, 2016) CHAUHAN, DHAVALKUMAR M.; Bhayani, D. M.The present study was conducted in four different breeds of healthy female fowl, viz, Kadaknath, Naked neck, Rhode Island Red and Frizzle feather {Gallus gallus domesticus). The blood from six birds of each breed was collected. The birds were maintained under optimum conditions of feed and management at Central Poultry Research Station, Anand, Gujarat. The whole blood sample of about 3 - 5 ml quantity was collected aseptically from the wing vein in a Vacutainer (EzeeVAC) containing K3E.D.T.A as an anticoagulant. The blood smears directly from fresh blood were prepared immediately on a clean glass slide for histomorphological and micrometrical studies of various blood corpuscles after Wright- Giemsa staining. The present study was carried out on the haematological parameters, histomorphology and micrometry. Total Erythrocytes Count (millions/µl) was the highest in Naked neck (2.88 ±0.10) and was the least in Rhode Island Red (2.47 ± 0.19). Total Leucocytes Count (thousands/µl) was maximum in Naked neck (19.11 ± 2.31) and was minimum in Frizzled feather (14.41 ± 0.95). Total thrombocytes count (thousand /µL) was the highest in Kadaknath (27.60 ± .0.87) and the least in Rhode Island Red (24.60 ±0.14). The differential leucocytes count showed that the lymphocytes were maximum in number followed by heterophils in the blood smear of all the four breed of fowl studied. Heterophils (%) was maximum in Rhode Island Red (27.68 ± 1.20) and minimum in Kadaknath (25.67 ± 0.55) however Lymphocytes (%) was the highest in Naked neck (66.83 ± 0.81) and was the least in Rhode Island Red (64.37 ± 1.38). Eosinophils (%) was the highest in Kadaknath (2.67 ± 0.66) and was the least in Rhode Island Red (2.33 ± 0.42). Basophils (%) were maximum in Kadaknath (1.83 ± 0.60) and minimum in Naked neck (0.83 ± 0.52). Monocytes (%) were the highest in Naked neck, 2.83 ± 0.60 and the least in Frizzled feather (0.83 ± 0.30). Hemoglobin (g %) was the highest in Frizzled feather (11.00 ± 0.84) and was the least in Rhode Island Red (10.00 ± 0.69). The Packed Cell Volume (%) was maximum in Kadaknath (31.52 ± 1.17) and was minimum in Rhode Island Red (28.33 ± 1.35). The Mean Corpuscular Volume (fL) was the highest in Kadaknath (116.87 ± 6.99) and was the least in Naked neck, (109.24 ± 6.02). The Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (pg) was maximum in Kadaknath (40.43 ± 1.79) and was minimum in Naked neck (35.77 ± 2.67). Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (g/dl) was the highest in Frizzled feather (35.02 ± 1.73) and was the least in Naked neck (32.17 ± 1.86). The erythrocytes length (µm) was the highest in Rhode Island Red (12.84 ± 0.27) and the least in Naked neck (12.23 ± 0.32). The erythrocytes width (µm) was maximum in Frizzle Feather (10.06 ± 0.12) and was minimum in Naked neck (9.95 ± 0.15). The length of nucleus of erythrocytes was the highest in Frizzle Feather (6.44 ± 0.12) and the least was in Rhode Island Red (6.28 ± 0.11). The width of nucleus of erythrocytes was the highest in Rhode Island Red (5.2 ± 0.18) and was the least in Kadaknath (4.48 ± 0.89). The cell length/ cell width ratio was the highest in Rhode Island Red (1.27 ±0.14) and was least in Frizzle feather (1.21 ±0.12). The diameter of the heterophils was the highest in Frizzle Feather (11.97 ± 1.36) and was the least in Rhode Island Red (11.44 ± 1.29). The diameter of eosinophils was maximum in Naked neck (11.08 ± 0.33) and was minimum in Kadaknath (10.22 ± 0.25). The diameter of the basophils was the highest in Frizzle feather (10.61 ± 0.27) and was the least in Rhode Island Red (8.97 ± 0.23). The diameter of the medium sized lymphocytes was the highest in Rhode Island Red (7.47 ± 0.40) and was the least in Frizzle feather (6.76 ±0.18) whereas diameter of the large sized lymphocytes was maximum in Frizzle feather (11.11 ± 0.33) and was minimum in Rhode Island Red (10.01 ± 0.20). The diameter of the monocytes was the highest in Kadaknath (13.62 ± 0.49) and was the least in Frizzle feather (12.45 ± 0.33). The length of thrombocytes was maximum in the Kadaknath (8.85 ±0.19) and was minimum in Frizzle Feather (8.46 ± 0.24) however, the width of the thrombocytes was the highest Kadaknath (4.3 ± 0.27) and was the least in Frizzle Feather (4.13 ±0.20).ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Histomorphological, Micrometrical and Haematological Studies on The Blood Cells of Different Breeds of Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2016) DHAVALKUMAR M. CHAUHAN; Dr. D. M. BhayaniThe present study was conducted in four different breeds of healthy female fowl, viz, Kadaknath, Naked neck, Rhode Island Red and Frizzle feather (Gallus gallus domesticus). The blood from six birds of each breed was collected. The birds were maintained under optimum conditions of feed and management at Central Poultry Research Station, Anand, Gujarat