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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access GROSS AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON EYE BALL OF THE ADULT MARWARI GOAT (Capra hircus)(AAU, Anand, 2014) BARHAIYA, RAKESH KUMAR; Bhayani, D. M.The present study entitled "Gross and Histomorphological Study on Eye ball of the Adult Marwari Goat (Capra hircus)" was carried out on eye balls of the ten adult Marwari goat. Immediately after collection of eye balls, they were subjected for ocular ultrasonography, echobiometrical and biometrical observations. Then 8-10 mm long incision was given in the limbus and whole eye ball fixed in Davidson's fixative for 24-30 hours. The section of the sclera, cornea, lens, choroid, ciliary body, iris, iridocorneal angle and retina were stained with H. & E., Masson's trichome and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Ultrasonography of eye ball (sonoanatomy) revealed cornea as a thin hyperechoic layer which formed the anterior wall of the anterior chamber. The anterior chamber was distended with the anechoic aqueous humor. The ciliary body and iris were seen as echogenic linear structure which extended from the peripheral globe towards the lens. The corpora nigra or iridica granules were seen as an echogenic round structure on the anterior surface of the dorsal iris. The anterior lens capsule was appeared as a convex echogenic line which was separated from the concave echogenic line of the posterior lens capsule by the anechoic lens. The vitreal chamber was filled with anechoic fluid. Echobiometrical observations of the eye ball were measured. The mean value of the anterior chamber depth, antero-posterior depth of the lens, vitreous chamber depth and antero-posterior axis of the globe were 0.27 ± 0.02 cm, 0.80 ± 0.01 cm, 1.14 ± 0.01 cm and 2.13 ± 0.01 cm respectively. The overall mean value of the weight of the right and left eye balls of adult Marwari goat was 10.062 ± 0.06 gm. The overall mean values of the antero-posterior axis, horizontal axis and vertical axis of the eyeballs of both sides were 25.21 ± 0.05 mm, 27.62 ± 0.18 mm and 26.89 ± 0.03 mm respectively. The cornea was elliptical in shape with a horizontal diameter greater than the vertical diameter. The overall mean values of the horizontal and vertical diameter of the cornea were 19.26 ± 0.03 mm and 14.81 ± 0.04 mm respectively. The overall mean value of the thickness of the cornea was 0.852 ± 0.03 mm. It was 0.911 ± 0.04 nmi at the center and 0.794 ± 0.02 at the periphery. The transparent and avascular lens was biconvex with the degree of convexity more at posterior side than anterior side. The lens was completely enclosed within a very thin PAS positive capsule. Behind the anterior surface of the capsule there was a single layer of epithelial cell. The lens fibers constituted the main body of the lens. It was suspended by the zonular fibers which arise from the ciliary body and attached to the lens capsule at the lens equator. The mean values of the weight, A-P axis and diameter of the lens were 0.921 ± 0.02 gm, 10.056 ± 0.03 mm and 12.493 ± 0.16 mm respectively. The sclera begin at the periphery of the cornea and extended posteriorly up to the optic nerve. The sclera had three part from outside to inside: the episclera, sclera and lamina fusca. The thickness of sclera was found to be varied from region to region, it was thickest at optic disc and thinnest at equator. The cornea was composed of five layers a) Anterior Epithelium, b) Subepithelial basement membrane, c) Corneal stroma/Substantia propria, d) Descemet's Membrane and e) Endotheliimi. Anterior epithelium (stratified squamous non-keratinized) was the outermost layer of the comea and was composed of 5 to 9 rows of epithelial cells. The mean value of the total thickness of the comea was 716.39 ± 13.84 µm. At the periphery and center it was 702.54 ± 42.11 µm and 730.24 ± 43.54 pm respectively. The mean values of the thickness of the epithelial layers, thickness of stroma, thickness of the Descemet's membrane and thickness of endothelium of the comea were 77.20 ± 1.45 jim, 626.74 ± 12.02 m, 10.70 ± 0.33 ^im and 2.08 ± 0.10 µm respectively. The richly vascularized choroid extended from the ciliary body to the optic nerve and present between sclera and retina. The choroid consisted of the four layer: 1) Suprachoroidea, 2) Blood vessels layer, 3) Tapetum fibrosum and 4) Choriocapillaris. The total thickness of the choroid varied from region to region and tend to thicken along the posterior pole, becoming thinner towards the equator. The mean value of the thickness of the choroid was 45.53 ± 2.05 µm at the anterior/ora ciliaris retinae whereas, at the equator, it was 37.30 ± 3.48 µm and at the posterior pole/optic disc it was 50.64 ±2.99 µm. The thickness of tapetum fibrosum was varied from 13.20 to 33.77 µm with the average of 26.40 µm. The ciliary body was the anterior continuation of the choroid and it joined anterioriy with the iris. It was made up of the two ring shaped components: the pars plicata and pars plana. The pars plicata was the anterior most part of the ciliary body, comprised of ciliary process and the flat pars plana started from posterior termination of the ciliary process, and merged with anterior termination of the retina (ora ciliaris retinae). Both portion of the ciliary body consisted of the epithelium, stroma and smooth muscles. Iris was extended from the ciliary body and cover the anterior surface of the lens, except for central opening i.e. pupil. It was mainly consisted of the stroma and the posterior epithelial lining. The stroma was comprised of the loose connective tissue with smooth muscles, blood vessels, melanocytes and fibroblasts. The irido-comeal angle was the area, located at the periphery of the anterior chamber and formed by the junction of the corneoscleral tunic (Limbic zone), base of the iris and anterior ciliary body. The irido-comeal angle of the eye of the goat was large and triangular and it was comprised of the pectinate ligament, the ciliary cleft, the trabecular meshwork (uveal and corneoscleral) and the angular aqueous plexus. The retina was the innermost layer of the tunic of the eye ball. Retina had two portion, one was sensory (pars optic retinae) and another one was nonsensory. Non sensory part of the retina was started from the ora ciliaris retinae and covers the ciliary body (pars ciliaris retinae) and iris (pars iridis retinae). The sensory part of the retina was composed often layer: (1) the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), (2) layer of rods and cones (3) extemal limiting membrane (4) outer nuclear layer (5) outer plexiform layer (6) inner nuclear layer (7) inner plexiform layer (8) ganglion cell layer (9) nerve fibers layer (10) internal limiting membrane. The RPE was the outermost single layer of flat cells of the retina. The cells of the RPE were pigmented except the area where the tapetum fibrosum was present. The next layer was layer of rod and cone cells which comprised of only outer part of the rods and cones i.e. outer and inner segment. Outer limiting membrane separated the layer of rods and cones from the outer nuclear layer. The outer nuclear layer was composed mainly of nuclei of rods and cones. The outer plexiform layer was a thin layer that separated the outer nuclear layer from the inner nuclear layer. The inner nuclear layer was comprised of the nuclei of the horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells and Muller's cells. The inner plexiform layer was comprised of the bipolar and amacrine cell axon and dendrites of the ganglion cells. The ganglion cell layer was the innermost cell layer of the retina. The nerve fiber layer formed by the axon of ganglion cell. The internal limiting membrane was the innermost layer of the retina. Thickness of the retina was found to be varied from region to region, it was thickest at optic disc and tapering towards the ora ciliaris retinae. The mean values of the total retinal thickness at Anterior/Ora ciliaris retinae, at equator and at posterior/Optic disc were 113.24 ± 5.68 µm, 139.82 ± 7.49 µm and 213.03 ± 14.45 µm respectively. Retinal detachment and folding of retina were the artifacts which found in present study. Retina detached from the retinal pigment epithelium or from choroid. It may be due to processing of tissue during preparation of block and sectioning. In more than 70 % of the sample, we found that retina took convex appearance vitreally which were almost round and oval in shape.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON EYE BALL OF THE ADULT SURTI BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)(AAU, Anand, 2014) MALSAWMKIMA; VYAS, Y. L.The present study entitled "Gross and Histomorphological Study on Eye Bail of the adult Surti Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)" was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology in collaboration with Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology and Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. For this study, 20 eye specimens (10 right and 10 left) of buffaloes were used for the sonoanatomy, gross and histomorphological evaluations. The echobiometrical, biometrical and micrometrical measurements of the different parameters of the eye ball including cornea, sclera, choroid, retina and lens were recorded with the help of the scientific weighing balance. Vernier callipers, graduated eye piece and ultrasound machine. The histological sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain for routine staining and Masson's trichrome stain and Periodic Acid Schiff s stain for special staining. The ultrasonography of eye balls showed that the eye balls were appeared as ovoid structures with anechoic contents such as aqueous humour, vitreous body and lens. The cornea, anterior and posterior lens capsule, iris, ciliary body and corpora nigra were appeared as echogenic structures. The overall echobiometrical mean values of the anterior chamber depth, the antero-posterior depth of the lens, the vitreous chamber depth and the antero-posterior depth of both sides of the eye balls were 0.325±0.005 cm, 1.045±0.005 cm, 1.635±0.005 cm and 3.135±0.005 cm respectively. The overall biometrical mean values of the weight, the antero-posterior axis, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis of both sides of the eye balls were 31.16±0.01 gm, 3.67±0.00 cm, 4.04±0.00 cm and 4.01±0.01 cm respectively. The sclera was a white tough membrane of the eye ball perforated by the optic nerve at the posterior part. Histologically, it can be subdivided into three layers such as (i) the episclera (ii) the sclera proper and (iii) lamina fusca. The overall micrometrical mean values of the thickness of the sclera at the periphery was 445.96±23.05 µm and at the center was 856.95±33.84 µm. Histologically, the choroid was found to be composed of four layers such as (i) Suprachoroid (ii) Large vessel layer (iii) Tapetum and (iv) Choriocapillary layer. The mean thickness of choroid at the center of the tunic was 76.55±3.72 µm whereas, it was 48.86±1.78µm at the peripheral section of the tunic. The ciliary body was composed of ciliary muscles, collagen fibers, blood vessels, melanocytes, fibroblasts and processes. The cornea was an elliptical transparent membrane and the anterior surface was convex while the posterior surface was concave. The overall biometrical mean values of the vertical diameter, the horizontal diameter and thickness of both sides of the cornea were 2.37±0.00 cm, 2.905±0.015 cm and 1.20±0.09 mm respectively. The histological structure of cornea was composed of four corneal layers. These were (i) Anterior epithelial layer (ii) Corneal stroma (iii) Descemet's membrane (iv) Endothelial layer. The overall micrometrical mean values of the thickness of the epithelial layer, number of the epithelial layers, thickness of stroma, thickness of Descemet's membrane, thickness of endothelium and total thickness of both the center and periphery of the cornea were 99.29±0.625 µm, 9.35±0.06, 662.45±4.86 µm, 18.705±0.08 µm, 5.015±1.83 µm and 794.05±4.92 µm respectively. The histological structure of retina was composed of ten layers such as (i) Pigmented epithelium (ii) Layer of rods and cones (iii) External limiting membrane (iv) Outer nuclear layer (v) Outer plexiform layer (vi) Inner nuclear layer (vii) hiner plexiform layer (viii) Ganglion cell layer (ix) Nerve fibers layer (x) Internal limiting membrane. The thickness of the nerve fibers was greatly increased towards the optic disc. The nerve fibers were converged at the optic disc and passed through a sieve like structure of sclera, known as lamina cribrosa and then formed the optic nerve. The overall micrometrical mean values of the thickness of retina in the center of the tunic was 177.56±10.72 )µm and that of retina in the peripheral section of the tunic was 120.24±15.40nm. The lens was a transparent, soft and biconvex substance with the convexity more in the posterior surface than that of the anterior surface. The overall biometrical mean values of the weight, thickness and diameter of both sides of the lens were 2.525±0.005 gm, 1.32±0.00 cm and 1.845±0.005 cm respectively. Histologically, it was composed of three components namely (i) capsule, the outermost covering of the lens (ii) simple cuboidal epithelium and (iii) fibers, which formed the major portion of the lens. Almost all the biometrical observations of the eyeball including cornea and lens were non significantly lower in the right eye balls than that of the left eye balls and all the micrometrical observations of cornea were non significantly lower in the center than that of the periphery of cornea. However, the micrometrical observations of sclera, choroid and retina were non significantly lower in the periphery than that of the center of the tunics.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON EYE BALL OF THE ADULT SURTI BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)(AAU, Anand, 2014) MALSAWMKIMA; DR. Y.L. VYASThe present study entitled “Gross and Histomorphological Study on Eye Ball of the adult Surti Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)” was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology in collaboration with Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology and Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. For this study, 20 eye specimens (10 right and 10 left) of buffaloes were used for the sonoanatomy, gross and histomorphological evaluations. The echobiometrical, biometrical and micrometrical measurements of the different parameters of the eye ball including cornea, sclera, choroid, retina and lens were recorded with the help of the scientific weighing balance, Vernier callipers, graduated eye piece and ultrasound machine. The histological sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain for routine staining and Masson’s trichrome stain and Periodic Acid Schiff’s stain for special staining. The ultrasonography of eye balls showed that the eye balls were appeared as ovoid structures with anechoic contents such as aqueous humour, vitreous body and lens. The cornea, anterior and posterior lens capsule, iris, ciliary body and corpora nigra were appeared as echogenic structures. The overall echobiometrical mean values of the anterior chamber depth, the antero-posterior depth of the lens, the vitreous chamber depth and the antero-posterior depth of both sides of the eye balls were 0.325±0.005 cm, 1.045±0.005 cm, 1.635±0.005 cm and 3.135±0.005 cm respectively. The overall biometrical mean values of the weight, the antero-posterior axis, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis of both sides of the eye balls were 31.16±0.01 gm, 3.67±0.00 cm, 4.04±0.00 cm and 4.01±0.01 cm respectively. The sclera was a white tough membrane of the eye ball perforated by the optic nerve at the posterior part. Histologically, it can be subdivided into three layers such as (i) the episclera (ii) the sclera proper and (iii) lamina fusca. The overall micrometrical mean values of the thickness of the sclera at the periphery was 445.96±23.05 μm and at the center was 856.95±33.84 μm. Histologically, the choroid was found to be composed of four layers such as (i) Suprachoroid (ii) Large vessel layer (iii) Tapetum and (iv) Choriocapillary layer. The mean thickness of choroid at the center of the tunic was 76.55±3.72 μm whereas, it was 48.86±1.78 μm at the peripheral section of the tunic. The ciliary body was composed of ciliary muscles, collagen fibers, blood vessels, melanocytes, fibroblasts and processes. The cornea was an elliptical transparent membrane and the anterior surface was convex while the posterior surface was concave. The overall biometrical mean values of the vertical diameter, the horizontal diameter and thickness of both sides of the cornea were 2.37±0.00 cm, 2.905±0.015 cm and 1.20±0.09 mm respectively. The histological structure of cornea was composed of four corneal layers. These were (i) Anterior epithelial layer (ii) Corneal stroma (iii) Descemet’s membrane (iv) Endothelial layer. The overall micrometrical mean values of the thickness of the epithelial layer, number of the epithelial layers, thickness of stroma, thickness of Descemet’s membrane, thickness of endothelium and total thickness of both the center and periphery of the cornea were 99.29±0.625 μm, 9.35±0.06, 662.45±4.86 μm, 18.705±0.08 μm, 5.015±1.83 μm and 794.05±4.92 μm respectively. The histological structure of retina was composed of ten layers such as (i) Pigmented epithelium (ii) Layer of rods and cones (iii) External limiting membrane (iv) Outer nuclear layer (v) Outer plexiform layer (vi) Inner nuclear layer (vii) Inner plexiform layer (viii) Ganglion cell layer (ix) Nerve fibers layer (x) Internal limiting membrane. The thickness of the nerve fibers was greatly increased towards the optic disc. The nerve fibers were converged at the optic disc and passed through a sieve like structure of sclera, known as lamina cribrosa and then formed the optic nerve. The overall micrometrical mean values of the thickness of retina in the center of the tunic was 177.56±10.72 μm and that of retina in the peripheral section of the tunic was 120.24±15.40 μm. The lens was a transparent, soft and biconvex substance with the convexity more in the posterior surface than that of the anterior surface. The overall biometrical mean values of the weight, thickness and diameter of both sides of the lens were 2.525±0.005 gm, 1.32±0.00 cm and 1.845±0.005 cm respectively. Histologically, it was composed of three components namely (i) capsule, the outermost covering of the lens (ii) simple cuboidal epithelium and (iii) fibers, which formed the major portion of the lens. Almost all the biometrical observations of the eyeball including cornea and lens were non significantly lower in the right eye balls than that of the left eye balls and all the micrometrical observations of cornea were non significantly lower in the center than that of the periphery of cornea. However, the micrometrical observations of sclera, choroid and retina were non significantly lower in the periphery than that of the center of the tunics.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON EYE BALL OF THE ADULT MARWARI GOAT (Capra hircus)(AAU, Anand, 2014) RAKESH KUMAR BARHAIYA; Dr. D. M. BhayaniThe present study entitled “Gross And Histomorphological Study On Eye Ball Of The Adult Marwari Goat (Capra hircus)” was carried out on eye balls of the ten adult Marwari goats. Immediately after collection of eye balls, they were subjected for ocular ultrasonography, echobiometrical and biometrical observations. Then 8-10 mm long incision was given in the limbus and whole eye ball fixed in Davidson’s fixative for 24-30 hours. The section of the sclera, cornea, lens, choroid, ciliary body, iris, irido-corneal angle and retina were stained with H. & E., Masson’s trichome and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Ultrasonography of eye ball (sonoanatomy) revealed cornea as a thin hyperechoic layer which formed the anterior wall of the anterior chamber. The anterior chamber was distended with the anechoic aqueous humor. The ciliary body and iris were seen as echogenic linear structure which extended from the peripheral globe towards the lens. The corpora nigra or iridica granules were seen as an echogenic round DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY structure on the anterior surface of the dorsal iris. The anterior lens capsule was appeared as a convex echogenic line which was separated from the concave echogenic line of the posterior lens capsule by the anechoic lens. The vitreal chamber was filled with anechoic fluid. Echobiometrical observations of the eye ball were measured. The mean value of the anterior chamber depth, antero-posterior depth of the lens, vitreous chamber depth and antero-posterior axis of the globe were 0.27 ± 0.02 cm, 0.80 ± 0.01 cm, 1.14 ± 0.01 cm and 2.13 ± 0.01 cm, respectively. The overall mean value of the weight of the right and left eye balls of adult Marwari goat was 10.062 ± 0.06 gm. The overall mean values of the antero-posterior axis, horizontal axis and vertical axis of the eyeballs of both sides were 25.21 ± 0.05 mm, 27.62 ± 0.18 mm and 26.89 ± 0.03 mm, respectively. The cornea was elliptical in shape with a horizontal diameter greater than the vertical diameter. The overall mean values of the horizontal and vertical diameter of the cornea were 19.26 ± 0.03 mm and 14.81 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. The overall mean value of the thickness of the cornea was 0.852 ± 0.03 mm. It was 0.911 ± 0.04 mm at the center and 0.794 ± 0.02 at the periphery. The transparent and avascular lens was biconvex with the degree of convexity more at posterior side than anterior side. The lens was completely enclosed within a very thin PAS positive capsule. Behind the anterior surface of the capsule there was a single layer of epithelial cell. The lens fibers constituted the main body of the lens. It was suspended by the zonular fibers which arise from the ciliary body and attached to the lens capsule at the lens equator. The mean values of the weight, A-P axis and diameter of the lens were 0.921 ± 0.02 gm, 10.056 ± 0.03 mm and 12.493 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. The sclera begin at the periphery of the cornea and extended posteriorly up to the optic nerve. The sclera had three part from outside to inside: the episclera, sclera and lamina fusca. The thickness of sclera was found to be varied from region to region, it was thickest at optic disc and thinnest at equator. The cornea was composed of five layers a) Anterior Epithelium, b) Subepithelial basement membrane, c) Corneal stroma/Substantia propria, d) Descemet’s Membrane and e) Endothelium. Anterior epithelium (stratified squamous non-keratinized) was the outermost layer of the cornea and was composed of 5 to 9 rows of epithelial cells. The mean value of the total thickness of the cornea was 716.39 ± 13.84 μm. At the periphery and center it was 702.54 ± 42.11 μm and 730.24 ± 43.54 μm, respectively. The mean values of the thickness of the epithelial layers, thickness of stroma, thickness of the Descemet’s membrane and thickness of endothelium of the cornea were 77.20 ± 1.45 μm, 626.74 ± 12.02 μm, 10.70 ± 0.33 μm and 2.08 ± 0.10 μm, respectively. The richly vascularized choroid extended from the ciliary body to the optic nerve and present between sclera and retina. The choroid consisted of the four layer: 1) Suprachoroidea, 2) Blood vessels layer, 3) Tapetum fibrosum and 4) Choriocapillaris. The total thickness of the choroid varied from region to region and tend to thicken along the posterior pole, becoming thinner towards the equator. The mean value of the thickness of the choroid was 45.53 ± 2.05 μm at the anterior/ora ciliaris retinae whereas, at the equator, it was 37.30 ± 3.48 μm and at the posterior pole/optic disc it was 50.64 ± 2.99 μm. The thickness of tapetum fibrosum was varied from 13.20 to 33.77 μm with the average of 26.40 μm. The ciliary body was the anterior continuation of the choroid and it joined anteriorly with the iris. It was made up of the two ring shaped components: the pars plicata and pars plana. The pars plicata was the anterior most part of the ciliary body, comprised of ciliary process and the flat pars plana started from posterior termination of the ciliary process, and merged with anterior termination of the retina (ora ciliaris retinae). Both portion of the ciliary body consisted of the epithelium, stroma and smooth muscles. Iris was extended from the ciliary body and cover the anterior surface of the lens, except for central opening i.e. pupil. It was mainly consisted of the stroma and the posterior epithelial lining. The stroma was comprised of the loose connective tissue with smooth muscles, blood vessels, melanocytes and fibroblasts. The irido-corneal angle was the area, located at the periphery of the anterior chamber and formed by the junction of the corneoscleral tunic (Limbic zone), base of the iris and anterior ciliary body. The irido-corneal angle of the eye of the goat was large and triangular and it was comprised of the pectinate ligament, the ciliary cleft, the trabecular meshwork (uveal and corneoscleral) and the angular aqueous plexus. The retina was the innermost layer of the tunic of the eye ball. Retina had two portion, one was sensory (pars optic retinae) and another one was nonsensory. Non sensory part of the retina was started from the ora ciliaris retinae and covers the ciliary body (pars ciliaris retinae) and iris (pars iridis retinae). The sensory part of the retina was composed of ten layer: (1) the retinal pigmented epithelium (2) layer of rods and cones (3) external limiting membrane (4) outer nuclear layer (5) outer plexiform layer (6) inner nuclear layer (7) inner plexiform layer (8) ganglion cell layer (9) nerve fibers layer (10) internal limiting membrane. The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) was the outermost single layer of flat cells of the retina. The cells of the RPE were pigmented except the area where the tapetum fibrosum was present. The next layer was layer of rods and cone cells which comprised of only outer part of the rods and cones i.e. outer and inner segment. Outer limiting membrane separated the layer of rods and cones from the outer nuclear layer. The outer nuclear layer was composed mainly of nuclei of rods and cones. The outer plexiform layer was a thin layer that separated the outer nuclear layer from the inner nuclear layer. The inner nuclear layer was comprised of the nuclei of the horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells and Muller’s cells. The inner plexiform layer was comprised of the bipolar and amacrine cell axon and dendrites of the ganglion cells. The ganglion cell layer was the innermost cell layer of the retina. The nerve fiber layer formed by the axon of ganglion cell. The internal limiting membrane was the innermost layer of the retina. Thickness of the retina was found to be varied from region to region, it was thickest at optic disc and tapering towards the ora ciliaris retinae. The mean values of the total retinal thickness at Anterior/Ora ciliaris retinae, at equator and at posterior/Optic disc were 113.24 ± 5.68 μm, 139.82 ± 7.49 μm and 213.03 ± 14.45 μm, respectively. Retinal detachment and folding of retina were the artifacts which found in present study. Retina detached from the retinal pigment epithelium or from choroid. It may be due to processing of tissue during preparation of block and sectioning. In more than 70 % of the sample, we found that retina took convex appearance vitreally which were almost round and oval in shape.