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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE VISCERAL ORGANS OF THE LION (Panthera leo) AND THE LEOPARD (Panthera pardus)(AAU, Anand, 2009) KUMARI, RINKI; Bhayani, D. M.The present study was carried out on the gross and histomorphological structure of visceral organs of digestive and respiratory system as well as thyroid, kidney and spleen in lion and leopard. The study was carried out on the organs of six lion and six leopards irrespective of age and sex. The organs were preserved in 10 % neutral buffer formalin. The measurements of the various dimensions were recorded using electronic vernier calipers, thread and measure tape. Tissues were processed by routine paraffin block making method. The sections were stained with different staining techniques like Haematoxylin & Eosin, Van-Gienson's and Hart's staining method. The mean total length of tongue was 19.25 ± 2.25 cm in lion and 12.85 ± 1.50 cm in leopard. Numbers of circumvallate papillae were 7 in number in leopard whereas it was 8 in number in lion. Two unequal sized prominences on the filliform papillae were observed histologically in leopard, while it was only one prominence in lion. Lingual glands were present in lower half of the tongue. The filiform papillae were very large in lion as compared to leopard. The mean length of oesophagus of lion was 59.50 ± 5.25 cm while in leopard it was 39.75 + 3.50 cm. Mucosa was folded longitudinally. The epithelium was partially keratinized and tunica muscularis was entirely made up of striated muscles except at terminal part where it was made of smooth muscles in both the lion and leopard. Submucosal glands were absent in the lion and leopard. The thickness and circumferences of oesophagus at different places were variable. The mean greater curvature of stomach of the lion (59.25 ± 4.7 cm) was larger than that of the leopard (30.01 ± 1.4 cm). While the lesser curvature of the stomach of lion was 28.32 ±1.11 cm and of leopard-was 17.22 ± 1 cm. Grossly stomach of lion was larger than that of leopard. Thickness of pyloric part was greater than that of the fundic part in both species. Muscularis mucosae was very thick and showed three layers of smooth muscle fibers, inner and outer circular and middle longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibers. The mean total length of small intestine and large intestine of lion (731.43 ± 25.5 cm and 98.58 ± 6.5 cm) was higher than that of the leopard (326.13 ± 11.6 cm and 64.64 ± 4.5 cm). Submucosal glands were present in upper half of the submucosa in anterior part of duodenum in leopard but absent in lion. The aggregation of lymphatic nodules in the ileum was very less but in caecum more in number. The number of aggregation of lymphatic nodule was found more in caecum but very less in ileum. Mean weight of liver of lion was 2032.33 ± 57.07 gm and that of the leopard was 709 ± 29.88 gm. The right central lobe of liver was largest and caudate lobe was smallest. Histologically, the hepatic lobules were blend with adjacent lobules, without clear line of demarcation in both the species. The pancreas in lion and leopard was "V" shaped. Histologically more numbers of pancreatic islets were noticed in the pancreas of both the species. The apical part of cells of pancreatic acini showed lots of pink coloured zymogen granules. Centroacinar cell were present in the pancreatic acini. The pharyngeal tonsils were separated from the surrounding tissue by a distinct connective tissue capsule. The surface of pharyngeal tonsil was pitted. Tonsils were aggregation of lymphatic nodules and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. In lion and leopard the laryngeal cartilages were epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoids. Only the arytenoids cartilage was paired. The thyroid cartilage was the largest cartilage of the larynx. Histologically, most of the laryngeal cartilages were of hyaline type. The epiglottis of lion and leopard consisted of elastic cartilage. Externally the trachea was appeared to be divided into three primary bronchi. But internally right primary bronchus was larger and abruptly dividing into secondary bronchi. The total number of tracheal cartilaginous ring was 42 in lion and 36 in leopard. In lion mean length of trachea was 31.42 ± 0.43 cm and in the leopard mean length of trachea was 17.87± 0.47 cm. Histologically, the trachea of lion and leopard was lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with mucous secretory tracheal glands and contained supporting C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings. Total mean weight of lung of lion was 1572.6 ± 29.52 gm and that of leopard was 563.83 ± 12.88 gm. Weight of right apical lobe (462.33 ± 36.84 gm) of lung of lion was the greatest among all the lobes of lung of lion while in leopard weight of left diaphragmatic lobe (143.25 ± 8.32 gm) was the highest among all the lobes of lung of leopard. Right intermediate lobe (188.08 ±13.16 gm) was the smallest lobe in lion whereas left cardiac lobe (37.67 ±3.12 gm) was smallest in leopard. The cardiac and apical lobes of right lung were fused in lions but not in leopard. Lung tissue showed respiratory alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium. The thyroid gland of lion consisted of two separate lobes. Left thyroid of lion was oval shaped while right thyroid gland was comma shaped. Both lobes of thyroid gland of leopard were oval in shape. The glandular tissue was more in the isthmus of leopard than that of the lion. Total weight of thyroid gland was 24.32 ± 0.60 gm, and 7.26 ± 0.27 gm in lion and leopard respectively. Histologically, the thyroid gland consisted of numerous thyroid follicles, filled with colloidal material and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. Follicles were of variable in size in both the species. The mean weight of the spleen of lion (177 ± 17.47 gm) was higher than that of leopard (98.9 ± 4.65 gm). Histologically, most of the splenic pulp was made up of red pulp. The splenic nodules were less in number. The capsule of spleen was made up of two layers i.e. outer connective tissue layer and inner layer of smooth muscle fiber. The trabeculae were fibro-muscular. The weight of right kidney of lion was 274.67 ± 30.58 gm while in leopard it was 87.08 ± 4.52 gm in leopard. Weight of left kidney of lion was 243.5 ± 24.04 gm and of leopard 79.08 ± 4.59 gm. Superficial veins were most prominent after removal of connective tissue capsule of kidney. Glomeruli were distributed in the cortex as prominent structure. Very thick and prominent medullary rays were present in the cortex.ThesisItem Open Access HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF FALLOPIAN TUBE, UTERUS, CERVIX AND VAGINA OF THE SURTI BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis ) DURING VARIOUS PHASES OF ESTROUS CYCLE(AAU, Anand, 1990) Pandya, Sweta P.; Vyas, K. N.The present investigation on histomorphological and histochemical changes in fallopian tube, uterus, cervix and vagina during various phases of estrous cycle, was carried out on 24 (6 in each phase) non-gravid genitalia of Surti buffaloes. The samples for the study, were collected from infundibular, ampullary and isthmic regions of the fallopian tube, the middle part of uterine horn, the external os of the cervix and from the mid-vaginal region and were preserved i n 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin. Then they were processed to obtain paraffin sections and were stained with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin. The histochemical study was carried out on the frozen sections, taken immediately after collection of samples, for detection of mucopolysaccharides. Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. The epithelium of fallopian tube was pseudostratified low to tall columnar with varying member of cilia and goblet cells in different region and phases. The uterine epithelium was medium to low columnar with patches of pseudostratified columnar epithelium during estrus phase, while other phases showed pseudostratified tall columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The epithelium of uterine gland was %all columnar in type, but it was low columnar with patches of pseudostratified columnar epithelium in superficial uterine glands during estrus and metestrus phases. The simple columnar cervical epithelium was tall during proestrus and estrus phases and low during metestrus and diestrus phases. The vaginal epithelium was stratified squamous, non-keratinized but the epithelial type of superficial layer and total number of layer varied during different phases. The thickness of epithelium in different organs varied during various phases. The thickness was maximum during estrus phase in fallopian tube, superficial as well as basal uterine glands, cervix and vagina. However, the thickness of endometrium and its epithelium, was maximum during diestrtis phase. The number of primary folds, was maximum during diestrus phase while, that of secondary folds was maximum in estrus phase in all the three regions of fallopian tube. Amongst the three regions of fallopian tube, the primary and secondary folds were decreasing in number from infundibulum to isthmus. The lumen diameter was maximum in infundibulum and minimum in isthmus and it also showed phase-wise differences.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE UDDER OF LACTATING AND NON-LACTATING, NON-PREGNANT ADULT BUFFALO (Bubalus bubails)(AAU, Anand, 2002) Parekh, Bhavini H.; Panchal, K. M.Present, work on the udder was comprised of gross, histologicai and histochemical studies in the lactating and non-!actating, non-pregnant adult buffaloes. The study was carried out to see the micro-anatomical changes during the lactating and non-lactating stages of the buffalo mammary gland. The fresh udders as a whole were examined for the gross study and biometry. The biometry of udder included weight of udder, distance between fore teats, distance between hind teats, distance between fore teat and hind teat of right and left side, length and circumference of teats at the oase. Also, the weight, length, width and thickness of the supra-mammary lymph nodes were measured. The histomorphological study of the udder was carried out on 6-8 urn thick paraffin sections. The tissues for the processing were collected from various parts of the udder viz., streak canal, rosette of Furstenberg, teat cistern, gland cistern and gland proper. The micrometry of the mammary gland was carried out in the H & E stained sections. The diameters (smaller and larger) of alveoli, volume of alveoli, length and width of lobule and number of alveoli per sq.mm cross sectional area of the gland were measured in the lactating buffaloes, The diameter of lumen of streak canal was also measured in both, Iactating and non-lactating, non-pregnant adult buffaloes. The gross structure of the mammary gland of the adult buffalo in general remained similar to that found in the cow. It was suspended by a welldefined suspensory ligament. The consistency of udder was softer in Iactating buffaloes, whereas, it was found either leathery or fibrous in the non-lactating buffaloes. The weight of udder, distance between fore teat and hind teat on right and left side and the distance between hind teats were significantly higher in the Iactating buffaloes than the non-lactating buffaloes (P<0.05). The circumference at base of the teat, length of teat and the distance between fore teats did not differ significantly between Iactating and non-lactating buffaloes (P<0.05). The ratio of average distance between fore teats to average distance between hind teats were 1.9 : 1 and 1.6 : 1 in lactating and nonlactating buffaloes, respectively. The average length of supra-mammary lymphnodes ranged from 7 to 9.30 cm, average width from 2.46 to 4.10 cm and the thickness varied from 0.79 to 1.45 cm in both the groups of buffaloes. The average weight of lymph node ranged from 12.0 to 19.5 gm. The skin of the teat was found without hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous gland. The streak canal was lined by a stratified squamous epithelium having 20 to 30 longitudinal epidermal pegs. The average diameter of lumen of streak canal was significantly higher (1054.52 + 61.15 µm) in lactating buffaloes than that in a non-lactating buffaloes (697.34 + 53.59 µm) (P<0.05). The epithelium of teat cistern and gland cistern was double layered cuboidal in type. In teat wall the smooth muscles were arranged as predominantly inner circular, thin middle oblique and outer few longitudinal bundles. In gland cistern-wall, the muscle bundles were sparsely found arranged in various directions. The distribution of elastic fibers was decreased in the wall of gland cistern as compared to teat cistern. The tunica propria of teat cistern and gland cistern contained the accessory glands, however, the number and groups of alveoli of accessory glands were found more in the gland cistern. The mammary gland was comprised of stroma and parenchyma. The alveoli and intralobular ducts were lined by simple cuboidal whereas, the larger ducts were lined by double layered epithelium. The alveoli showed the presence of myoepithelium by Gomori's method of alkaline phosphatase. The secretory alveoli were closely related to each other, surrounded by delicate collagen fibers and scattered smooth muscles with an absence of elastic fibers. The periductular smooth muscles and elastic tissue network was also observed. The lobules of the lactating mammary gland were found in various secretory stages. However, the secretory units present within a same lobule were approximately in the same secretory phase.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS, BIOMETRICAL AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF FRIZZLED FEATHER AND NAKED NECK FOWLS (Gallus gallus domesticus(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2016) Trupti B. Mal; Dr. K. M. PanchalThe present study entitled “Gross, Biometrical and Histomorphological Study on Various Organs of The Digestive System of Frizzled feather and Naked neck Fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus)” was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science & A. H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. For this study, Six healthy adult birds (aging at 14th weeks) Frizzled feather and Naked neck breeds were used for the gross, biometrical and histomorphological evaluations. The biometrical measurements of the different parameters of the digestive system include tongue, oesophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine viz., duodenum, jejunum, ileum and large intestine includes double caeca and colorectum, liver and pancreas were recorded with the help of the digital weighing balance, Vernier calipers and non-stretchable thread. The 6th paraffin sectionsThesisItem Open Access “HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SKIN FROM VARIOUS REGIONS OF SURTI GOATS(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) Lalita Sharma; Dr. D.M. BhayaniThe present study was carried out to investigate different characteristics of hair follicles and sweat glands; thickness of various layers of skin and epidermis as well as to know the distribution of elastic fiber in adult Surti goat. The skin samples from the same animal were collected from different regions, namely dorsal neck, ventral neck, dorsal thorax ,lateral thorax ,dorsal lumbar, ventral abdomen ,lateral abdomen, lateral forelimb, lateral hind limb and forehead regions. The vertical and horizontal section were taken on cryostat microtome and stained with H & E stain for micrometry and Hart’s stain for elastic fiber. The mean total thickness of skin from various regions ofThesisItem Open Access Study on Gross, Histological, Histochemical and Biomechanical Characteristics of Articular Cartilage of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) HARSH V. GOSWAMI; Dr. Subhash. C .DubalThe present work was undertaken to study the gross, histological, histochemical and biomechanical characteristics of the articular cartilage of the femoral and tibial condyles of the stifle joint from the cadaver (the adult buffalo, the buffalo calf (6-8 month of age) and the adult cattle) (6 animals in each group). The samples were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The cryostat sections (10 μm) were stained with H&E, safranin–O and vankossa for histological and histochemical as well as biomechanical observations. The articular cartilage of the medial condyles was used for the study of histological, histochemical and biometrical observations. The articular cartilage of the lateral condyle was used for the study of the biomechanical characteristics. Measurements of the thickness of the articularThesisItem Open Access Micro-anatomical and micrometrical studies on a few parameters of hematology of the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)”(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) Chemmalar. S; Dr. K.M.PanchalThe present study was conducted in 8 normal and healthy Emu birds (Dromaius novaehollandiae). The birds were maintained under optimum conditions of feed and management at a private Poultry Farm, Anand, Gujarat. The whole blood sample of about 3 – 5 ml quantity was collected aseptically from the right sided external jugular vein, in the vacutainer (EzeeVAC) containing K3E.D.T.A as an anticoagulant. The blood smears directly from fresh blood were prepared immediately on a clean glass slide for cytomorphological and micrometrical studies of various blood corpuscles after proper staining. For the Ultrastructural (Scanning Electron Microscopy) studies, 3 ml of blood was directly collected in to the sterile vial containing 2.5 to 3.0 % Gluteraldehyde in 0.1 M Phosphate Buffer solution and then preserved at 40 C until it was dispatched for the Electron Microscopic studies at the Ruska Labs, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The Hematological parameters, light microscopic studies, Ultra-structural