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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access ASSOCIATION OF DIFFERENT TESTICULAR MEASUREMENTS WITH SEMEN PRODUCTION IN SURTI BUFFALO BULLS(AAU, Anand, 1971) Mateen, Mohammed; MEMON, G. N.Abstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access LIPID COMPOSITION IN REPRODUCTIVE TRACT TISSUES AND BLOOD SERUM IN SURTI BUFFALO. DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF REPRODUCTION(AAU, Anand, 1988) Patel, Arvind V.; Janakiraman, K.Totally 52 Surti (also spelt as Surati) buffalo calves and adults of both sexes were used in five different experiments. Six biochemical characteristics, lipids, were analysed from tissues and blood serxom as they pertain to reproductive phases. In the 1st experiment, 24 Surti . buffalo heifers (3 to 4 years of age) were slaughtered at four different phases of oestrus cycle (D2, D9, D15 and S0 ) to collect reproductive tract - tissues; follicular, luteal and interstitial tissues along with follicular fluid from ovary, fallopian tube, uterine - endometrium and myometrium, cervix and vagina. Blood was also collected at the said stages. Lipid and its fractions viz. triglyceride, total phospholipid, total, free and ester cholesterol were estimated from these tissues and blood serum. Results of above study revealed that total lipid, triglyceride ahd total phospholipid were higher at D2 and D15 phases of the oestrus cycle in all tissues compared to other phases. However, cholesterol (total, free and ester) did not follow the similar trend, but their levels were found higher when the ovaries were active (revealing a follicle or CL). Follicular fluid collected at D2 and D15 phases of oestrus cycle, also showed higher concentration of lipid and its fractions at D15 phase except total phospholipid. However, phospholipid and ester cholesterol showed significant phase variation. Blood serum was analysed for the same characteristics and results were observed on the same line as tissues. However, significant variation was observed between oestrus cycle phases except triglyceride and total phospholipid. In the 2nd experiment, where 12 farm born prepubertal calves (six males and six females - 6 to 10 months old) were taken for study; showed nonsignificant variation between young male and female in all characteristics except ester cholesterol. However, levels of lipid were found higher in male than female except for cholesterol (total, free and ester). In the 3rd experiment, which was concerned with variation of lipid constituents in matured male during 24 hrs of the day. Blood was collected at four hours of interval. At lower temperature of the day all the six biochemical characteristics showed higher lipid components than that of hot hours. The variation between the different hours in all characteristics except free cholesterol, were found significant. In the 4th and 5th experiment, 10 pregnant buffaloes were taken to study early and late pregnancy, respectively. The blood sampling was done from fertile heat to 95 days of pregnancy in early pregnant buffalo and 30 days of ante-partum to 2 hrs after calving in advanced pregnant buffalo. Total 14 and 8 stages were considered in the early and late pregnancy study respectively, where last two collections of late pregnancy were 2 hrs before and 2 hrs after calving. All the characteristics studied showed higher level at early pregnancy stages which showed decreasing trend as the pregnancy advanced and were found lowest at term. The individual stage variation was worked out for early and late pregnancy stages separately. The stage variation was observed for triglyceride and phospholipid in early pregnancy and triglyceride, total and ester cholesterol for late pregnancy stages respectively. Total 22 stages of early and late pregnancy were grouped in total seven phases as per their physiological importance. There was a significant variation between different phases of pregnancy. Since the data has been obtained under conditions of nutrition and management more or less similar to those of the farmers of this area, the results particularly on blood lipid profile will be useful as a data base to farmers who are interested in assessing the potentiality of their animals with respect to early maturity and optimum reproductive performance. Further studies are, however, necessary to pinpoint one or two of the many lipid fractions that may serve as markers for this purpose. Such studies are necessary on animals maintained under village as well as large farm management conditions to be of broad base, use.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF POST-PARTUM SURTI BUFFALO ALONG WITH BLOOD PROFILE (HORMONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL) IN RELATION TO SUCKLING AND NON SUCKLING PRACTICES(AAU, Anand, 1989) Tiwari, Shailendra R.; Pathak, M. M.After calving, 12 primiparous Surti buffaloes were equally divided into two groups; SJCkled and non suckled to study the effect of suckling on post-partum reproductive performance along with blood profile, Post-partum performance included placental expulsion time, weight of placenta, regression of pregnancy corpus luteum, initiation of follicular activity, uterine involution, first heat post-partum postpartum breeding, number of services per conception and senrice period. For blood profile, blood saraplinir was done by tapping . the jugular vein every alternate day from calving to first heat post-partum in addition to first three collections; immediately after calving, immediately after first milking/ suckling and immediately after placental expulsion. Totally 293 samples were analused for blood serum characteristics. The characteristics studied for blood serum were progesterone, estradiol-l7 B, testosterone, triiodothyronine and thyroxine as hortnoncs and total protein, cholesterol (total, free and ester) , alkaline phosphatase, calciuns, phosphorus and copper as biochemical parameters.ThesisItem Open Access GONADAL DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY IN (SURATI.) MALE BUFFALO CALVES FROM BIRTH TO SEXUAL MATURITY(AAU, Anand, 1983) Deshpande, Lalita V.; Janakiraman, K.Gondal development and activity in Surati buffalo calves was studied from birth to maturity (in 17 stages), to correlate the gonadal histology with testicular and serum biochemical characteristics. The characteristics studied, histologically in H. and E. stained sections; included seminiference tubule diameter, tubular count, interstitial space per cent and various cellular elementsin seminiferous tubule and the Laydig cells; the biochemical estimates were Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP), protein, cholesterol (free and total) calcium and phosphorus, both in testis and serum; the nucleic acids were estimated in gonadal tissues only. Similar studies were also made in calves, hemi orchidectomised at birth from Day 1-300.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON ANTERIOR PITUITARY OF SURTI BUFFALO DURING THE THREE PHASES OF THE ESTROUS CYCLE AND THE TWO SEASONS OF THE YEAR-WINTER AND SUMMER(AAU, Anand, 1991) PAI, JAYASHREE P.; PATHAK, M. M.With the objective to study anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) during different phases of the cycle and the influence of season, the study was planned with eighty tour pituitary glands collection from eighty four animals (nearly of same age,healthy and normal Surti buffaloes ) during three phases (Follicular: P1, Luteal: P2, Smooth:P3) of two prominent seasons (summer and winter), The investigation was to know the functional status of anterior pituitary gland specifically for reproductive aspects during the three phases of the two seasons. Collections of the glands were made accordingly (details in materials and Methods) The results of the study to justify the functional status of anterior pituitary gland were co-related with the help of morphological and biometrical, histological and cytologicdi and biochemical and hormonal aspects of the anterior pituitary. The results of morphological and biometrical observations revealed that anterior pituitary gland was larger (by weight and dimensions) and more brownish in colour(due to higher olood supply) during active phases (follicular phase : P1 and luteal phase : P-2) of the cycle. Seasonwise comparison has given clearcut demarcation of winter as peak breeding season.ThesisItem Open Access ASPECTS OF MALE GONADS AND ACCESSORY GLANDS IN THE SURTl BUFFALO CALVES AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES(AAU, Anand, 1991) Champawat, Sher Singh; Janakiraman, K.The important contribution of buffaloes in Indian dairy business and the day to day livelyhood of farm families are well-recognised by now, still there are many aspects of this species remaining to be unfolded by the scientific community for the better performance of these animals towards milk and meat production and its draftability. However, buffaloes carved out a clear cut niche in the Indian agricultural economy and secured a non-replaceable place in the social life. The fact that even marginal and landless farmers keep buffaloes to augment their daily needs reveal the pivotal role played by this domestic animal. This study was conducted to understand the growth, development of gonad and accessory glands in the male buffaloes from early age to maturity. Further, the study was expected to yield data on the functions that culminate in the physiological stage termed as puberty and/or maturity. Totally 24 male buffaloes were studied in four groups (each group had 6 animals). These groups were formed on the basis of age: Group-I - 15 to 30 days, Group-II - 8 to 10 months, Group-lII - 14 to 16 months and Group-IV - 20 to 24 months, to estimate and record the progressive changes. Testes of these animals, epididymis (caput, corpus and cauda) and seminal vesicle were studied for biometrical and biochemical characteristics. Apart from these blood serum of all these animals were analysed for serum testosterone and LH. Serum testosterone and LH were also estimated from Jersey and Holstein Friesian bull calves of same age groups to know the differences that prevail at corresponding stages. The results on biometrical characteristics have revealed that width, length and weight of testes, as well as sex accessory glands increase proportionately as the age advances. This reflects an alround progressive growth and development of these organs. The development of these organs was very progressive and significant upto Group-II, which is the growth phase, there after bulk tissue growth is less but functional growth increased. This indicates that in Surti buffalo male calves, the development is very fast reaching to a satisfactory level by 14 to 16 months of age (Group-Ill). This is the age of puberty (Devaraj 1982). The results obtained in this study clearly reveal an alround growth and development paving way for the puberty to set-in, in Group-Ill animals. Biochemical characteristics studied were nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), total protein, phosphatase (AKP and ACP), cholesterol (Total and Free) and inorganic phosphorus. All these characteristics also showed progressive increase upto Group-II and showed appreciable decrease in animals of Group-Ill, in all the three glands. This reflects their role in growth phase by 8 to 10 months of age and their utilization by 14 to 16 months, through involvement in the biochemical and physiological functions, most of these characteristics studied reflect their importance in the seminal plasma. Hence, their decrease in the Group-Ill indicates utilisation for production of semen. Few animals in this group showed presence of sperm in the luminal fluid (14 to 16 months). The levels of serum testosterone which is normally synthesised in interstitial cells of testis and LH which is synthesised at pituitary level, had shown physiological levels at 14 to 16 months of age which confirms the functional status of gonads alongwith sex accessory glands confirming the pubertal age physiologically. The comparative study on circulating level of LH and testosterone clearly reveals that this breed of buffalo attain sexual maturity at the same age as evident for Jersey and Hoistein Friesian even though the threshold level appears to be less. All the estimates on biometry, biochemistry and endocrine aspect reveal that sensitising for puberty begins around 7 to 9 months and puberty is attainable by 14th month. This is actually confirmed by the presence of sperms in the tract. All the accessory glands are tuned to this effect. It is concluded that there is nothing genetically inherent in this breed to delay the age at maturity. Management can help to bring such vital event at an optimum age.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BIOMETRY, BIOCHEMICAL, ENDOCRINE AND HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CORPUS LUTEUM OF SURTI BUFFALOES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE(AAU, Anand, 1990) Shah, Rohit G.; Mehta, V. M.The corpus lutem being an important endocrine gland related with the maintenance of estrous cycle and pregnancy, it’s detail studies in Surti buffaloes are essential. These studies will pave the way for detail understanding about the physiological role of this important structure in the reproductive efficiency of dairy buffaloes.Towards detail studies on physiology of CL in Surti buffaloes, the requisite number (n=49) of corpora lutea in different phases of luteal development were collected from buffaloes slaughtered on definate days after estrus.ThesisItem Open Access SEASONAL INFLUENCE ON ENDOCRINE AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPING OVARIAN FOLLICLES OF SURTI BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1990) Parmar, Ajaykumar P.; Mehta, V. M.Totally 210 normal Surti buffalo ovaries in follicular phase and blood serum samples of same animals were collected from local slaughter house during winter, summer and monsoon to study the nature of follicular development during different seasons. The diameter of individual follicles and total number of follicles on the ovaries were recoiled. These follicles were grouped according to their diameter in different developmental phase viz., 1 to 4, 5 to 8, 9 to 12 and above 12 mm. For biochemical and endocrine studies, the follicular fluid was aspirated from these follicles and pooled according to the phase of developing follicles. During all the three seasons it was observed that right ovary was having more number of developing follicles as compare to the left ovary, indicating that right ovary is more functional than left ovary in Surti buffaloes. More or less similar number of developing follicles were observed on ovaries collected daring winter, summer and monsoon. The seasons had no significant effect on number of developing follicles.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EPISODIC RELEASE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND TESTOSTERONE AND DIURNAL VARIATION IN BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF SURTI AND MARWARl BUCKS(AAU, Anand, 1990) Patel, Dipakbhai M.; MEHTA, V. M.The studies on the episodic release of LH and testosterone as well as the diurnal variation in "biochemical profiles were undertaken in total fourteen Surti and Marwari bucks classified according to the age. The standard Radio Immune Assay and biochemical analytical procedures were -employed respectively for the estimation of levels of hormones and biochemical estimates. The blood samples were drawn for 24 hours period at an interval of 20 min, each. The studies were undertaken during the months of July and August 1989. The basal, mean and peak levels recorded for LH for Surti and Marwari bucks were in the range of 1,0 to 2,4; 5.79 to 7.67 and 13.31 to 17.31 ng/ml during 24 hours period. This trend of LH levels exhibited definite episodic and pulsatile release during light and dark hoiars of the day. The number of LH peaks recorded during dark hours in both the breeds and age groups were significantly lesser as compared to light hours. The mean duration of LH peaks in Surti and Marwari bucks above one year of age during light and dark hours was 20.0 ± 2.82 and 29.5 ± 3.57 min. respectively, Whereas, this duration in Surti and Marwari bucks below one year of age was 17.3 ± 1.15 and 31.8 ± 3.81 during light and dark hours respectively. Though there was no significant difference in duration of LH peak due to age and breed of the bucks however, a significant difference in these characteristics was observed due to light and dark hours. The mean time interval between two LH peaks appeared to be in the range of 130.0 ± 30.08 to 211.0 ± 5.0 min. in both Surti and Marwari bucks of all age groups. A significant difference due to age and light hours was observed in duration of LH peaks in Marwari bucks. However, this tendency was .not observed for Surti bucks. The studies on the time interval between LH peaks followed by testosterone peak exhibited no significant difference in mean time interval between LH and T peaks during 24 hours either due to the age or breeds in present studies. However, younger age group of animals had exhibited shorter time interval between LH and T peaks. The photoperiod was found to have significant effect on time interval between LH and testosterone peaks. During light hours this time interval was shorter when compared with dark hours. The basal, mean and the peak levels of testosterone recorded in both the age groups of Surti and Marwari bucks range between 2.64 to 4.0; 3.61 to 5.36 and 8.33 to 13.60 ng/ml respectively. The present studies on different age groups of Surti and Marwari bucks have revealed the appearance of seven to eight testosterone peaks in 24 hours period. As such there was no significant breed difference in number of testosterone peaks appearing during 24 hours, however, the light and dark hours had exhibited significant difference in the number of testosterone peaks. Total mean time for duration of testosterone peak for both the breeds and age groups of bucks was recorded to be in the range of 23.5 to 28,6 min in present studies. It was further noticed that overall duration of T peaks during light hours was greater than dark hours. The mean time interval between two T peaks range between 148,75 to 177.14 min for both breeds and age.groups of bucks. The time interval between two T peaks was observed to be shorter during light hours as compared to dark hours. The present studies have exhibited the temporal relationship between LH and T secretions in Surti and Marwari bucks of both the age.groups. Similar relationships have been observed in other species of male animals. The studies on diurnal variation in plasma cholesterol level did not reveal significant difference either due to day or night rhythm, age groups or breeds of bucks in present studies, however, the levels reported during light hours were apparantly higher as compared to dark hours. A definite diurnal variation due to light and dark hours was established in levels of plasma alkaline phosphatase in all the animals studied. The AKP activity remained significantly higher during light hours as compared to dark hours. Similar trend was followed during the diurnal variation studies on plasma protein. The present studies have shown evidence that the secretion of LH and testosterone in the bucks is occuring in pulsatile and episodic manner. The patterns of secretion of both the hormones are related to light and dark hours of the day as well as to the age groups- of the animal studied. The biochemical profiles of cholesterol (total, free and ester), AKP and total protein in blood exhibited light and dark hours related fluctuations during 24 hours.