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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POST-HARVEST DISEASES OF GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) AND CONTROL OF BULB-ROT CAUSED BY Aspergillus niger van Tiegh(AAU, Anand, 1990) Patel, Dasharath J.; Patei, B. K.Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important spice crop grovm in India and widely used as condiment. It has also the fungicidal and bactericidal properties, HoweArer, i t is attacked by number of pathogens under field conditions as yiell as storage. Among them, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp., Altemaria tenxiis, Chaetomium sp, and Bacillus sp, were found pathogenic during the course of investigation, Visnagar maiket showed least incidence of bulb-rot/ spoilage immediately after harvesting and on 10th month of the harvest. While, highest incidence of bulb-rot/spoilage was observed in Baroda market and Anand market immediately and on 10th month of the storage respectively. In comparison with spore coating method, in injury method, Aspergillus sp, and Aspergillus niger reduced germination of garlic cloves very effectively and iretarded shoot length. Rhizopus sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. did not show much effect en germination and shoot length as shown by Chaetonlum sp, and Bacillus sp. Fungus A. nlger grew best and sporulated better on Czapek's medium, followed by Richards's medium at 28° C temperature. Least growth and sporulation were observed in Elliott's medium.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF URDBEAN LEAF CRINKLE VIRUS OF URDBEAN (Vigna mungo L .)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Patel, Arvindbhai B.; Mishra, AshokUrdbean leaf crinkle disease with typical crinkling symptoms on urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) was observed in field and the incidence ranged between 1.0 to 8.33 percent in cv.T-9 and TPU-4 of urdbean from different location. In diseased leaf the area and number of stomata was increased, size of stomata and number of leaf hairs did not differ much. The yield loss was observed 22.5 percent. The virus infected urdbean (Vigna mungo L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ) and cucumber (Cucumis melo L.). The virus was readily transmitted through mechanical Inoculation, by Aphids (Aphis gossypi i Coch.), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) and seed (10 to 30%). The presence of virus was observed in cotyledons and embryo. The virus was inactivated at 63° to 65°C temperature and had a DEP of 10 —4 to 10 -5. It remained infective in crude sap upto 108 hre. at room temperature and 156 hrs at 5°C temperature. In the SDSPAGE the molecular weight of virus coat protein was approx. 28 kDa and Inclusion protein was 50 kDa. In serological test ULCV reacted positively with the antisera of SqMV and CGMMV in ELISA whereas in Western blot, positive reaction was observed with the antisera of SqMV only. There was no reaction with antisera of other viruses in ELISA and Western blot. In sap inoculation, germplasm lines GU-90-47, GU-90-60, GU-90-69, GU-90-71, GU-90-72 were moderately resistant, GU- 90-54, GU-90-66, GU-90-61 were resistant and GU-90-44 was immune (highly resistant).ThesisItem Open Access CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT OF CHICORY ( Cichorium inlybus L.) CAUSED BY Cercospora cichorii DAVIS AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 1992) Solanky, Kalyansinh Udesinh; Patel, B. K.Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), a unique cash crop of the monosequential cropping system, is being grown in Gujarat. In epiphytotic conditions, about 90 per cent leaf area was found to be covered by distinctive small, necrotic, circular, coalesced black spots (4.07 x 3.40 mm) with brown centre and the zonate, brown spot (6.36 x 4.90 mm) with dark brown margin and dirty white centre, were appeared simultaneously without stromata and found to be caused by Cercospora cichorii Davis (of C. apii group, IMI herbarium No. 353409) and Cercospora cichorii Davis (of typical genus, IMI herbarium No. 353410). Black spot produced bigger hyaline conidia (100.50 x 3.86 >im) with 2-11 septa than the pure isolate (45.90 x 3.78 pm) with 2-8 septa. Similarly, brown leaf spot also produced the bigger conidia (138.10 x 4.19 yim) with 3-14 septa than the pure isolate (58.40 x 3.81 um) with 2-11 septa. Both, black and brown leaf spot aerobic isolates lost the sporulation within 4 transfer on carrot leaf decoction agar medium. C. cichorii survived in the leaf debris, as saprophyte, without stromata and infected the same crop in subsequent season. Brown leaf spot (CL-2) isolate typically changed the substratum colour of Asthana and Hawker's medium into brown and differed from black, spot isolate (CL-1). Cercospora leaf spot disease increased the phenol and decreased the total chlorophyll, chlorophyll 'a' and 'b', amino acids and nitrogen content by 32.48, 54.15, 67.34, 61.16, 29.54 and 23.26 per cent respectively. None of the crop/plant was found to be infected by these host specific ' pathogens under natural conditions. Significantly the highest radial growth (65.66 mm) and dry mycelial weight (362.33 mg) was recorded on carrot leaf decoction agar and Richards solution on 15 and 20 day of incubation at 30°C temperature respectively. This fungus significantly grew best (58.33 mm) in diffused day light with one hour exposure to sunlight (morning 08.00 to 09.00 hrs). Brown leaf spot isolate grew best at 30°C temperature when pH adjusted to 6.00, without sporulation. On replacement of sucrose and potassium nitrate from the basal Richards" solution, starch, urea and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate individually gave significantly the highest dry mycelial weight by 459.00, 423.33 and 457.33 mg respectively, without sporulation. Naphthalene acetic acid (750 ppm) inhibited the fungal growth, but gibberellic acid, kinetin and 2,4-D increased the fungal growth with increase in concentrations Gibberellic acid (250 ppm) and 2,4-D (50 ppm) gave the maximum sporulation of this fungus - CL-2. Trace element Mg (2500 ppm) and a vitamin biotin (1 ppm) found to be essential for the better dry mycelial harvest, without sporulation. Sterols were found ineffective in sporulation and fungal growth. In iri vitro studies, Trichoderma spp. and Aspergillus spp. completely over grew the colony of Cercospora cichorii Davis. Pseudomonas sp. - A (GSFC), Bacillus sp. and a milk bacterium - Bifidobacterium adolescentis (HB1) showed significant reduction of fungal growth by 33.67, 23.15 and 29.67 per cent respectively. Under field conditions, Pseudomonas sp. - A (GSFC) gave the maximum reduction (29.55) in per cent disease intensity as compared to control, followed by a milk bacterium - Bifidobacterium adolescentis (HB1) (27.927%) and remained at par. Phytoextract of Pothos scandens L. @ 57% proved superior as the fungal inhibitor (65.357% inhibition) over rest of the phytoextract and botanical insecticides studied. Extract of Caesalpinia crista L., Nerium indicum Mill, and Vitex negundo L. increased the fungal growth, whereas phytoextract of Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don., Lawsonia infermis L., Nerium indicum Mill., Lantana camara L., Vitex negundo L. and a botanical insecticide repelin favoured the sporulation.ThesisItem Open Access FUSARIAL WILT (FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SR CICERI) OF CHICKPEA/GRAM (CICER ARIETINUM L. ) AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN MIDDLE GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Subhashchandra Jethalal; PATEL, B. K.Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the oldest and a particular pulse crop having special significance in the dietary of the predominantly vegetarian population of India. India is the leading chickpea growing country of the world and sharing 65 per cent acreage and 75 per cent total grain yield of the world. Among all the fungal diseases, wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri is the main constraint in Gujarat State. Wilt incidence in the field is wide spread in its occurrence and causes great losses to the crop. About 10 per cent loss in grain yield is due to wilt disease and considered to be a common feature in chickpea growing states of India (Grawal et al. , 1974). This disease generally appears by the end of December. Drooping of the leaves followed by severe wilting and necrosis of the tissues at collar region and at main roots are the chief symptoms. Fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri causing gram wilt produced infective propagules microconidia (2.5-3.5 x 5-11 um), macroconidia (3.5-4.5 x 25-65 um) and chlamydospore. This fungus grew only under aerobic conditions with the profuse growth and sporulations. Significantly, the highest dry mycelial weight (417.25--mg) was recorded on Richards' solution with adjusted pH 6.0 on 15th day of incubation at 26 ± 2°C temperature. On replacement of various C and N sources from the basal medium, mannitol and potassium nitrate again proved as the best C and N source, respectively - in the Richards' solution. DL-Alanine individually gave significantly the highest dry mycelial weight (465.50 mg) . Biotin (1 ppm) as vitamin, supported the maximum (453.25 mg) dry mycelial weight and sporulation followed by riboflavin and folic acid. Several plant debris-particularly the steam sterilized leaves and flowers were used to ascertain the preference for growth, sporulation and chlamydospore production. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri grew well on the leaves of cotton followed by tur(arhar), mungbean and bougainvillea. Similarly, maximum mycelial growth of the fungus was noticed on the flowers of chrysanthemum followed by C. carinatum , gallardia, canna (yellow, orange and pink colour) and mustard flowers.ThesisItem Open Access ANGULAR LEAF SPOT OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) CAUSED BY Cercoseptoria sesami (HANSF.) DEIGHTON AND ITS MANAGEMENT(AAU, Anand, 1992) Parakhia, A. M.; Patel, B. K.Sesame (Sesamum indicum L,) is an important oil seed crop, also suffers from angular leaf spot , caused by Cercoseptoria sesami (Hansf.) Deighton which produced brown coloured spots (5-25 mm), enlarged , coaiesced and the blighted leaves were finally defoliated Capsules and stem remained free from infection, Isolated culture (on PDA) with proven pathogenicity lost the sporlation on 5th transfer, irrespective of virulence, Sclerotia, acervuli / stomata and the spores were produced on host. Hyaline 2-3 septate conidiophores (21.5 x 3.3µm) were produced with 3-8 septate hyaline conidia (118 x 3.8µm) on the host and the germinating sclerotia , Conidia remained viable upto 40 days and carry over of pathogen through the sclerotia which confined only in plant debris. Ten and 20 days old leaves had very few spots (1-5/leaf) on the lower leaves as compared to 70 days old leaves (70.2 % disease intensity ). Perfect stage- Mycosphaere1la sesamicola Sivanesan of this pathogenic fungus Cercoseptorla sesami (Hansf.) Deighton and the seed borne (internal or external) infection was not observed in Gujarat, In infected sesame leaves, total phenols increased by 22.20 per cent and decreased total amino acids, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll 'a' chlorophyll 'b' and nitrogen by 26.00, 35.63, 30.26, 30.64 and 20,18 per cent, respectively. In host range and growth t e s t studies, this fungus girew only on the sesame leaves and i t was found highly host specific. Maximum fungal growth was observed on PDA and Richard's solution at pH 6.5 (30 C temperature). Starch and glucose (carbon sources), L-aspartic acid (organic nitrogen source) and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (as inorganic nitrogen source)yielded significantly more dry mycelial mat. Trichoderma spp, overgrew the Cercoseptorla sesami (Hansf,) Deighton and i t was also inhibited by Pseudomonas sp. (A) by 66.6 per cent. Milk bacteria found promising against C. sesami (showed 33.3% inhibition ) . Leaf extract of Datura stramonium L. and the botanical products viz., repelin, neemark and neem o i l inhibited this pathogen upto 100 %, during laboratory studies. Hormone-indole butyric acid(lBA) at 750 ppm, insecticides viz. triazophos (hostathion) and phosalone(zolone) each at 500 and 350 ppm; herbicides viz. alachlor (lasso) isoproturon (Kanak); diuron (Karmex) and benthiocarb(saturn) at V2 to the normal recommended dose also completely inhibited this fungus ini vitro. Pre and post emergence application of alachlor (herbicide) d) 1 kg a.i./ha found promising in suppressing angular leaf spot upto 75 days after sowing, Both carbendazim (0.05 %) and chlorothalonil (0.2 %) were found most promising during laboratory as well as field screening. These two fungicides gave significantly highest grain and dry stem yield and found significantly best in the control of the leaf spots. During comparative studies with proven findings., carbendazim and chlorothalonil reduced the disease upto 61.19 and 54.47 per cent, respectively and proved superior to the antagonists (best fungal and bacterial) used. Yield loss was estimated upto 56.78 per cent during kharif 1990 and 1991. None of the sesame varieties released and under pre-released stage were found immune/ resistant during (artificial inoculation) field screening.ThesisItem Open Access ALTERNARIA BLIGHT AND POWDERY MILDEW OF CUMIN (CUMINUM CYMINUM L.) AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(AAU, ANAND, 1993) PATEL, RAJESH J.; PATEL, B. K.Ciimin (Cuminum cyminum L.) commonly known as "Zeera" is possibly a native of Egypt. This spice occupies a substantial area amongst the non-food crops grown in the country. Cumin blight and powdery mildew are invariably coming every year and cause tremendous losses in grain yield and quality. Under the field conditions, hrovm to daric brown patches against normal green were visible from a distance in case of blight . In case of powdery mildew small white or greyish specks were found first on lower leaves . Later on entire stirface of the plant was covered up with mycelium and spores of the fungus. Altemaria sp. causing blight was found pathogenic at various crop stages viz., leaves, steiE, branches, flowers and umbels. Among various solid and liquid media studied, potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Richards' medium supported the maximum fungal growth on solid and liquid media respectively , Harvest dry mycelial weight of Altemaria sp. was recorded at pH 6.5 followed by 7.0 on Richards' medium when incubated for 15 days. Lactose served the superior carbon source for the dry mycelial weight followed by sucrose and galactose. Among various nitrogen sources studied, potassium nitrate found as the best nitrogen source in yielding the highest dry mycelial weight of Altemaria sp-;. Pseudomonas spp. as the antagonist showed the maximum inhibition of Altemaria sp. among various antagonists studied. Nuvan (at 150, 300 and 600 ppm) showed the maximum growth inhibition of Altemaria sp. followed by rogor (600 ppm) and ekalux (1000 ppm). Metasystox, hostathion, astaf, nicotin sulphate, padan, neemark and nuvacron increased infective propagules (fungal mass) by accelerating the fungal growth. Like insecticides, known herbicide-metribuzine (sencor) at recommended dose (2000 ppm) as well as one and half of the recommended dose showed the highest growth inhibitory effect on Altemaria sp. Among the various fungicides screened, dithane M-45 completely inhibited the growth (100 percent ) of Altemaria sp. at 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm concentrations followed by foltaf. Dithane M-45 alone and in combination with Pseudomonas sp. and tridzophos also completely inhibited fungal growth of Altemaria sp. Maximum blight and pov/dery mildew intensity were recorded in 5th date (23rd Nov.'92) of sowing. Maximum grain yield with very low blight and powdery mildew intensity were recorded when the crop was sown on 31st Oct., '92. In 1991-92, minimum per cent disease intensity of altemaria blight, maximum grain and fodder yield were recorded In plots were sprayed thrice with dlthane M-45 @ 0.25 % followed by Azotobacter sp.. In the second year (1992-93), minimum blight Intensity and highest grain and fodder yield were observed in plots sprayed four times with dithane M-45 @ 0.25 % followed by captafol (0.25 per cent). In case of powdery mildew, minimum disease intensity was recorded during rabi 1991-92, in the plots treated with wettable sulphur @ 0.2 per cent followed by metalio sulphur @ 25 kg/ha. Similarly in the year (1992-93), minimum powdery mildew intensity and maximum grain and fodder yield were noted in plots treated with wettable sulphur @ 0.2 per cent followed by triazophos @ 0.02 per cent, callxin @ 0.04 per cent and metalic sulphur @ 25 kg/ha. Existing a l l the cumin varieties/selections viz., GC-1, JC-147, JC-100 and JC-106 were found susceptible to altemaria blight. Cumin variety GC-1 is susceptible at any crop stage before, at and after flower stage. Less sun shine hours (8.73) cloudy conditions for 2-3 days, high humid weather (66,41 per cent and more), trace rainfall and 11.34 to 28.07°C temperature favoured the infection and the spread of the blight during second standard week. Occurance and the spread of powdery mildew was favoured by 9.40 to 28.59°C temperature with 55.52 to 48.70 per cent relative humidity and 9.03 sun shine hours.ThesisItem Open Access INTERACTION BETWEEN TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS AND ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BIDI TOBACCO(AAU, ANAND, 1993) PATEL, KAMLESH A.; PATEL, B. N.Investigation was carried out to study the effect of interaction between TMV and root-knot nematode [Meloldogyne incogni ta (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood] on plant growth, nematode populations and chemical constituents of bidi tobacco (Nicot iana tabacum L.) var. Anand 119. Results revealed that the growth parameters, viz., leaf number, plant height, leaf length, width and thickness, leaf weight, stem weight and root length barring root weight were more or less reduced due to combined infection of TMV and root-knot nematode when compared with control as well as with single infection with either pathogen. Between the two pathogens, infection with TMV had more impact on the growth parameters than the nematode infection. Maximum reduction in the plant growth was recorded due to simultaneous infection with TMV and rootknot nematode thus suggesting that these pathogens had synergistic effect on growth of bidi tobacco. Root-knot Index and nematode population in the soil as veil as in the roots were increased in the treatment having the simultaneous infection as well as in the treatments where nematode inoculations preceded virus inoculations when compared with nematode infection alone. Combined infection of TMV and root-knot nematode was also found to result in accelerated reduction of protein nitrogen, total nitrogen and nicotine contents and a greater imprcvement in total sugars content over singly infected plants. Results of a study to determine the possible role of root-knot nematode in the development of TMV infection through tobacco roots indicated that maximum incidence of mosaic disease was recorded when abplication of nematode inoculum preceded the incorporation of the virus inoculum in the soil. The disease had also appeared relatively early in this treatment combination. The results of this study ultimately suggest that root-knot nematode would play an important role in increasing the incidence of mosaic in fields in which mosaic infected plant debris has not completely decomposed before transplanting of bidi tobacco seedlings.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES, PLANT EXTRACTS AND Trichoderma harzianum Rifai AGAINST Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Breda de Haan) Tucker, THE CAUSE OF BLACK SHANK OF TOBACCO(AAU, Anand, 1992) Patel, Dinesh N.; Patel, B. N.Investigations on effect of different chemicals/ fungicides, plant extracts including botanical pesticides and Tr ichoderma harzianum Rifai on growth of Phytophthora parasitica var, n icot ianae (Breda de Haan) Tucker (raceO), the causal agent of black shank of tobacco, were carried out _ui^ vi tro. Efficacy of metalaxyi MZ and acqueous leaf extracts of Oc imum sane turn L. and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook singly and in combination with T. harzianum against black shank was also studied under partly controlled conditions . Out of 17 different chemicals/fungicides evaluated all copper fungicides barring copper oxychloride (Fytolan 50%), three metalaxyl based formulations, viz., Apron 35 SD, Ridomil + Ziram 280 FW and Ridomil MZ 72 WP, mancozeb (Dithane M 45 75 WP), chlorothalonil (Kavach 75 WP)and captafol (Foltaf 80 WP) were found to completely inhibit the growth of P. parasitica var. nicotianae.ThesisItem Open Access TOLERANCE OF TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM RIFAI - A BIOCONTROL AGENT-TO AGROCHEMICALS(AAU, Anand, 1992) Sharma, Suresh D.; Mishra, AshokBiological control strategy has been demonstrated for the management of soil-borne plant diseases where management by other means are difficult. Trichoderma Spp. have gained considerable importance as sole application or integrated with lov/er doses of fungicides. Since,' the biocontrol agent is to be applied in soil, it is important to ascertain its tolerance to various agrochemicals used in the production technology. In the in vitro studies, on the effect of different agrochemicals on the growth and spore germination of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai it was found that the bio-agent could tolerate higher concentrations of chemicals. Among the fungicides like Metalaxyl it could grow well and showed less inhibition in spore germination. Among the different insecticides Aldicarb Phorate and Carbofxiran proved less toxic whereas Phenamiphos proved toxic to T, harzianum. Nematicide Ethoprop was less toxic while Vapam was highly toxic. Of the herbicides tested 2,4-D supported maximum growth and spore germination. All the fertilizers tested except ZnSO. wfirtfnot only supportive but stimulatory to growth and spore germination . Urea was highly stimulatory to growth and spore germination. In generation series and cross-toletance studies T. harzlanxim acquired tolerance/resistance to higher doses of fungicides (Captafol, Captan, Thiram and Carbendazim). In integrated control studies T. harzianum (TH (N))+ fungicide reduced the infection of R. bataticola in cotton and S. rolfsii in peanut significantly. However, a combination of Carbendazim with fungicide-tolerant isolate of T. harzianxim (TH(T)) was most effective in reducing root-rot of cotton while Thiram in combination with TH(T) was the best in reducing stem rot of peanut.