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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POST-HARVEST DISEASES OF GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) AND CONTROL OF BULB-ROT CAUSED BY Aspergillus niger van Tiegh(AAU, Anand, 1990) Patel, Dasharath J.; Patei, B. K.Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important spice crop grovm in India and widely used as condiment. It has also the fungicidal and bactericidal properties, HoweArer, i t is attacked by number of pathogens under field conditions as yiell as storage. Among them, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp., Altemaria tenxiis, Chaetomium sp, and Bacillus sp, were found pathogenic during the course of investigation, Visnagar maiket showed least incidence of bulb-rot/ spoilage immediately after harvesting and on 10th month of the harvest. While, highest incidence of bulb-rot/spoilage was observed in Baroda market and Anand market immediately and on 10th month of the storage respectively. In comparison with spore coating method, in injury method, Aspergillus sp, and Aspergillus niger reduced germination of garlic cloves very effectively and iretarded shoot length. Rhizopus sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. did not show much effect en germination and shoot length as shown by Chaetonlum sp, and Bacillus sp. Fungus A. nlger grew best and sporulated better on Czapek's medium, followed by Richards's medium at 28° C temperature. Least growth and sporulation were observed in Elliott's medium.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF URDBEAN LEAF CRINKLE VIRUS OF URDBEAN (Vigna mungo L .)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Patel, Arvindbhai B.; Mishra, AshokUrdbean leaf crinkle disease with typical crinkling symptoms on urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) was observed in field and the incidence ranged between 1.0 to 8.33 percent in cv.T-9 and TPU-4 of urdbean from different location. In diseased leaf the area and number of stomata was increased, size of stomata and number of leaf hairs did not differ much. The yield loss was observed 22.5 percent. The virus infected urdbean (Vigna mungo L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ) and cucumber (Cucumis melo L.). The virus was readily transmitted through mechanical Inoculation, by Aphids (Aphis gossypi i Coch.), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) and seed (10 to 30%). The presence of virus was observed in cotyledons and embryo. The virus was inactivated at 63° to 65°C temperature and had a DEP of 10 —4 to 10 -5. It remained infective in crude sap upto 108 hre. at room temperature and 156 hrs at 5°C temperature. In the SDSPAGE the molecular weight of virus coat protein was approx. 28 kDa and Inclusion protein was 50 kDa. In serological test ULCV reacted positively with the antisera of SqMV and CGMMV in ELISA whereas in Western blot, positive reaction was observed with the antisera of SqMV only. There was no reaction with antisera of other viruses in ELISA and Western blot. In sap inoculation, germplasm lines GU-90-47, GU-90-60, GU-90-69, GU-90-71, GU-90-72 were moderately resistant, GU- 90-54, GU-90-66, GU-90-61 were resistant and GU-90-44 was immune (highly resistant).ThesisItem Open Access ALTERNARIA BLIGHT AND POWDERY MILDEW OF CUMIN (CUMINUM CYMINUM L.) AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(AAU, ANAND, 1993) PATEL, RAJESH J.; PATEL, B. K.Ciimin (Cuminum cyminum L.) commonly known as "Zeera" is possibly a native of Egypt. This spice occupies a substantial area amongst the non-food crops grown in the country. Cumin blight and powdery mildew are invariably coming every year and cause tremendous losses in grain yield and quality. Under the field conditions, hrovm to daric brown patches against normal green were visible from a distance in case of blight . In case of powdery mildew small white or greyish specks were found first on lower leaves . Later on entire stirface of the plant was covered up with mycelium and spores of the fungus. Altemaria sp. causing blight was found pathogenic at various crop stages viz., leaves, steiE, branches, flowers and umbels. Among various solid and liquid media studied, potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Richards' medium supported the maximum fungal growth on solid and liquid media respectively , Harvest dry mycelial weight of Altemaria sp. was recorded at pH 6.5 followed by 7.0 on Richards' medium when incubated for 15 days. Lactose served the superior carbon source for the dry mycelial weight followed by sucrose and galactose. Among various nitrogen sources studied, potassium nitrate found as the best nitrogen source in yielding the highest dry mycelial weight of Altemaria sp-;. Pseudomonas spp. as the antagonist showed the maximum inhibition of Altemaria sp. among various antagonists studied. Nuvan (at 150, 300 and 600 ppm) showed the maximum growth inhibition of Altemaria sp. followed by rogor (600 ppm) and ekalux (1000 ppm). Metasystox, hostathion, astaf, nicotin sulphate, padan, neemark and nuvacron increased infective propagules (fungal mass) by accelerating the fungal growth. Like insecticides, known herbicide-metribuzine (sencor) at recommended dose (2000 ppm) as well as one and half of the recommended dose showed the highest growth inhibitory effect on Altemaria sp. Among the various fungicides screened, dithane M-45 completely inhibited the growth (100 percent ) of Altemaria sp. at 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm concentrations followed by foltaf. Dithane M-45 alone and in combination with Pseudomonas sp. and tridzophos also completely inhibited fungal growth of Altemaria sp. Maximum blight and pov/dery mildew intensity were recorded in 5th date (23rd Nov.'92) of sowing. Maximum grain yield with very low blight and powdery mildew intensity were recorded when the crop was sown on 31st Oct., '92. In 1991-92, minimum per cent disease intensity of altemaria blight, maximum grain and fodder yield were recorded In plots were sprayed thrice with dlthane M-45 @ 0.25 % followed by Azotobacter sp.. In the second year (1992-93), minimum blight Intensity and highest grain and fodder yield were observed in plots sprayed four times with dithane M-45 @ 0.25 % followed by captafol (0.25 per cent). In case of powdery mildew, minimum disease intensity was recorded during rabi 1991-92, in the plots treated with wettable sulphur @ 0.2 per cent followed by metalio sulphur @ 25 kg/ha. Similarly in the year (1992-93), minimum powdery mildew intensity and maximum grain and fodder yield were noted in plots treated with wettable sulphur @ 0.2 per cent followed by triazophos @ 0.02 per cent, callxin @ 0.04 per cent and metalic sulphur @ 25 kg/ha. Existing a l l the cumin varieties/selections viz., GC-1, JC-147, JC-100 and JC-106 were found susceptible to altemaria blight. Cumin variety GC-1 is susceptible at any crop stage before, at and after flower stage. Less sun shine hours (8.73) cloudy conditions for 2-3 days, high humid weather (66,41 per cent and more), trace rainfall and 11.34 to 28.07°C temperature favoured the infection and the spread of the blight during second standard week. Occurance and the spread of powdery mildew was favoured by 9.40 to 28.59°C temperature with 55.52 to 48.70 per cent relative humidity and 9.03 sun shine hours.ThesisItem Open Access INTERACTION BETWEEN TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS AND ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BIDI TOBACCO(AAU, ANAND, 1993) PATEL, KAMLESH A.; PATEL, B. N.Investigation was carried out to study the effect of interaction between TMV and root-knot nematode [Meloldogyne incogni ta (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood] on plant growth, nematode populations and chemical constituents of bidi tobacco (Nicot iana tabacum L.) var. Anand 119. Results revealed that the growth parameters, viz., leaf number, plant height, leaf length, width and thickness, leaf weight, stem weight and root length barring root weight were more or less reduced due to combined infection of TMV and root-knot nematode when compared with control as well as with single infection with either pathogen. Between the two pathogens, infection with TMV had more impact on the growth parameters than the nematode infection. Maximum reduction in the plant growth was recorded due to simultaneous infection with TMV and rootknot nematode thus suggesting that these pathogens had synergistic effect on growth of bidi tobacco. Root-knot Index and nematode population in the soil as veil as in the roots were increased in the treatment having the simultaneous infection as well as in the treatments where nematode inoculations preceded virus inoculations when compared with nematode infection alone. Combined infection of TMV and root-knot nematode was also found to result in accelerated reduction of protein nitrogen, total nitrogen and nicotine contents and a greater imprcvement in total sugars content over singly infected plants. Results of a study to determine the possible role of root-knot nematode in the development of TMV infection through tobacco roots indicated that maximum incidence of mosaic disease was recorded when abplication of nematode inoculum preceded the incorporation of the virus inoculum in the soil. The disease had also appeared relatively early in this treatment combination. The results of this study ultimately suggest that root-knot nematode would play an important role in increasing the incidence of mosaic in fields in which mosaic infected plant debris has not completely decomposed before transplanting of bidi tobacco seedlings.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES, PLANT EXTRACTS AND Trichoderma harzianum Rifai AGAINST Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Breda de Haan) Tucker, THE CAUSE OF BLACK SHANK OF TOBACCO(AAU, Anand, 1992) Patel, Dinesh N.; Patel, B. N.Investigations on effect of different chemicals/ fungicides, plant extracts including botanical pesticides and Tr ichoderma harzianum Rifai on growth of Phytophthora parasitica var, n icot ianae (Breda de Haan) Tucker (raceO), the causal agent of black shank of tobacco, were carried out _ui^ vi tro. Efficacy of metalaxyi MZ and acqueous leaf extracts of Oc imum sane turn L. and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook singly and in combination with T. harzianum against black shank was also studied under partly controlled conditions . Out of 17 different chemicals/fungicides evaluated all copper fungicides barring copper oxychloride (Fytolan 50%), three metalaxyl based formulations, viz., Apron 35 SD, Ridomil + Ziram 280 FW and Ridomil MZ 72 WP, mancozeb (Dithane M 45 75 WP), chlorothalonil (Kavach 75 WP)and captafol (Foltaf 80 WP) were found to completely inhibit the growth of P. parasitica var. nicotianae.ThesisItem Open Access TOLERANCE OF TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM RIFAI - A BIOCONTROL AGENT-TO AGROCHEMICALS(AAU, Anand, 1992) Sharma, Suresh D.; Mishra, AshokBiological control strategy has been demonstrated for the management of soil-borne plant diseases where management by other means are difficult. Trichoderma Spp. have gained considerable importance as sole application or integrated with lov/er doses of fungicides. Since,' the biocontrol agent is to be applied in soil, it is important to ascertain its tolerance to various agrochemicals used in the production technology. In the in vitro studies, on the effect of different agrochemicals on the growth and spore germination of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai it was found that the bio-agent could tolerate higher concentrations of chemicals. Among the fungicides like Metalaxyl it could grow well and showed less inhibition in spore germination. Among the different insecticides Aldicarb Phorate and Carbofxiran proved less toxic whereas Phenamiphos proved toxic to T, harzianum. Nematicide Ethoprop was less toxic while Vapam was highly toxic. Of the herbicides tested 2,4-D supported maximum growth and spore germination. All the fertilizers tested except ZnSO. wfirtfnot only supportive but stimulatory to growth and spore germination . Urea was highly stimulatory to growth and spore germination. In generation series and cross-toletance studies T. harzlanxim acquired tolerance/resistance to higher doses of fungicides (Captafol, Captan, Thiram and Carbendazim). In integrated control studies T. harzianum (TH (N))+ fungicide reduced the infection of R. bataticola in cotton and S. rolfsii in peanut significantly. However, a combination of Carbendazim with fungicide-tolerant isolate of T. harzianxim (TH(T)) was most effective in reducing root-rot of cotton while Thiram in combination with TH(T) was the best in reducing stem rot of peanut.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON PLANT PATHOGENIC AND BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN GROUNDNUT(AAU, Anand, 1990) PATEL, PARESH R.; PATEL, B. K.Groundnut (Arachls hypogaea L.) is the main oilseed crop of India. Gujarat is the leading state of India in growing the groundnut during kharif as well as summer season. During growing the successful crop, applied herbicides in original or in degraded form may cause inhibitory or stimulatory or showed no change in soil ecosystem. Benthiocarb, at double to the recommended'dose, effectively discouraged the growth and development'of Aspergillus niger in-vitro on potato dextrose agar. Alachlor, at half to the recommended dose and recommended dose, showed poor visual growth of Fusarium solani on PDA, whereas Benthiocarb and 2,4-D, at double to the recommended dose, gave poor growth of Rhizoctonia bataticola. In-vitro Pendimethalin at half to the recommended dose showed poor visual growth of Pythium aphanidermatum as compared with control. Among all the herbicides tested (in-vitro), against X. campestris pv. oryzae, lowest bacterial count (3.75) was recorded on PDA, when recommended and double to the recommended dose of Basalin (3.75) was used. Whereas, half to the recommended dose of 2,4-D developed lowest colonies (14.50) of Azotobacter sp. on Ashby's media. Significantly lowest colonies(2.00) of Rhizobia were observed on yeast extract raannitol agar when half dose of Atrazine and recommended dose of Benthiocarb were used in laboratory evaluation. Herbicides viz., Atrazine, Basalin, Pendimethalin, Isoprotxiron, and Alachlor gave the cent per cent mortality of both the plant pathogenic nematodes viz., M. incognita and R. reniformis, but 2,4-D and Benthiocarb, were not found effective against both the nematodes pathogenic to tomato and castor respectively. Plots amraended with FYM showed corrparatively higher Azotobacter and other microbial population on Ashby's and PDA respectively. All the treatments were found nonsignificant so far the Rhizobial population was concerned. On 30th day after spraying of Alachlor, and Isoproturon at recommended dose, showed tremendous decrease in the microbial population on PDA,, Whereas, Alachlor, Basalin and Isoproturon, increased the Azotobacter population significantly in comparison with control without FYM, Significant: reduction in Rhizobial population was observed when all the three herbicides were used with and without FYM, during summer groundnut (1987-88). At the time of harvesting, significant reduction in microbial population (on PDA) was noticed in ammended as well as unammended soil with FYM, In the same way. Azotobacter population was greatly reduced in comparison with control without FYM(8.27). Alachlor, Basalin and Isoproturon at recommended dose increased the Rhizobial population, when the plots were unaramended with FYM in summer groundnut (1987-88). Highest reduction in nematode population was observed within a month period in the treatment receiving recommended dose of Basalin with FYM (52.46%). At the time of harvesting, highest increase in the nematode population was recorded in the recommended dose of Basalin with FYM (34.42%), All the treatments showed non-statistical difference in the seed germination in summer groundnut. Whereas, Isoproturon alone at recommended gave the highest incidence of collar-rot. While, lowest weed population was noticed in R.D, of Isoproturon, Highest pod yield was noticed in control treatment with FYM(1.267 kg/plot). No any adverse effect of herbicides on modulation in summer groundnut (1987-88) was noticed. Initial microbial population (grown on PDA) was at par in all plots in kharif groundnut(1988-89). Whereas, in case of Azotobacter population, there was no significant difference. Highest Rhizobial population was observed in the unamraended plots with FYM, as compared with ammended plots with FYM, before spraying of herbicides. Basalin and Alachlor at R.D, showed tremendous reduction; within a month period in the microbial population(grown on PDA). Least Azotobacter population was noticed in the plots. when sprayed with R.D. of Isoproturon with FYM19,18;. Whereas, population build up of Rhizobia was observed in control without FYMa02.07)within 30 days, in kharif groundnut(1988-89) At the time of harvesting, all the herbicides viz., / Alachlor, Basalin and Isoproturon at recommended dose reduced the microbial population in all the treatments (on PDA). Whereas, Isoproturon gave highest Azotobacter covint. Highest Rhizobial count was recorded in the plots treated with R.D, of Isoproturon alone (230.79), in 3diarif groundnut (1988-89), Among all the three herbicide tested, pre-application of R.D. of Basalin showed highest nematode reduction (47.92%) within the month period. At the harvesting, minimum reduction in nematode was observed in the control treatment without PYM (0.66%). Highest germination was observed in the control without FYM amraended soil (65.83%). Whereas, lowest weed population was found in plots treated with R.D. of Alachlor alone(2,99 ). All the treatments showed the equal effect on pod yield of groundnut and total modulation in kharif groundnut (1988-89), Initial microbial population was at par in all the treatments which were to receive the herbicides without FYM, the same trend was observed in the Rhizobial population.in summer groundnut (1987-88). After spraying of Alachlor, highest microbial population was observed (on 30th day of spraying) in the plots sprayed with R,D, of Alachlor. Highest Azotobacter count was observed when Alachlor was used at doxiaie R.D. Highest Rhizobial population (318,16) was observed in the plots sprayed with double dose of Alachlor with PYM (on 30th day of herbicide application;, At the time of harvesting there was to statistical difference in microbial population on PDA. All the treatments significantly reduced the Azotobacter count except R.D. of Alachlor with FYM, While, R.D.'of Alachlor, had no any adverse effect on the Rhizobial count (on YEMA media) in summer groundnut (1987-88;. Highest reduction (on 30th day after the application of herbicides) in nematode population was noticed in the treatment receiving FYM alone (42.60%). At harvesting, highest increase in the nematode population was recorded in the plots sprayed with half dose of Alachlor alone in summer groundnut. In summer groundnut, highest seed germination(87.27%) was recorded in the plots sprayed with R,D, of Alachlor + FYM. Lowest collar-rot incidence was observed in plots sprayed with dovible dose of Alachlor alone. Lowest weed population was observed in the plots sprayed with double dose of Alachlor alone ;3.10). Highest pod yield of groundnut was found in plots ammended with PYM and sprayed with half dose of Alachlor (1,900 kg/plot). Whereas, none of the treatment of Alachlor in combination with FYM showed any adverse effect on modulation. During kharif, Alachlor was sprayed at different doses. R.D, and 2 R,D, of Alachlor in unammended soil with FYM, significantly reduced the general microbial population (observed on 30th day on PDA). Tremendous reduction in Azotobacter was observed in the plots sprayed with half R.D. of Alachlor alone, R.D. of Alachlor increased the Rhizobial activity (count on YEMA). At the time of harvesting of kharif groundnut, highest microbial population (122.29) was observed in control without FYM, Lowest Azotobacter count was observed in the treatment receiving half dose of Alachlor alone (16.55), Whereas, ' highest Rhizobial population was noticed in the treatment receiving double dose at Alachlor alone (451,49), Spraying of Alachlor in Icharif groundnut showed highest nematode reduction (on 30th day of application) in the treatment receiving FYM alone (33.56%). At harvesting, highest nematode population was recorded in the treatment receiving FYM alone (24.66%). In kharif, groundnut, highest germination was recorded in plots sprayed with half dose of Alachlor + PYM, In case of weeds, lowest weed population was observed in the plots sprayed with double dose of Alachlor alone (1,66). Highest pod yield of groundnut was recorded in the plots sprayed with half dose of Alachlor alone(0.553 kg/plot). None of the treatments showed any' adverse effect on total modulation.ThesisItem Open Access INTERACTION BETWEEN CHLOROTIC MOTTLE VIRUS AND ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BIDI TOBACCO(AAU, Anand, 1993) Patel, Naresh R.; Patel, B. N.Investigations on effect of interaction between chlorotic mottle virus and root-knot nematode (Meloldogyne spp.) on growth and chemical constituents of bidi tobacco as well as on nematode populations were carried out. With a view to locate source of resistance/tolerance, evaluation of Nicotiana species for chlorotic mottle virus infection under artificially inoculated conditions was also done. Combined infection with chlorotic mottle virus and root-knot nematode had considerably lowered all the growth parameters, viz., leaf number, plant height, leaf length and width, leaf thickness, green and cured leaf weight and green and dry stem weight when compared with control or single infection with either pathogen. Fresh and dry root weight was, however, Increased due to nematode infection. Simultaneous infection with chlorotic mottle virus and root-knot nematode exhibited more severe impact on all growth parameters as compared to the single infections thus indicating that these pathogens had synergistic effect on growth of bidi tobacco Root-knot index as well as nematode populations in the Boll end roots were Increased significantly In the treatment having simultaneous infection of virus and nematode when compared with single Infection of nematode. Root-knot index and nematode populations were also found to be increased in the treatments where nematode inoculations proceeded virus inoculations. Chemical constituents, viz., protein nitrogen, total nitrogen end nicotine were reduced whereas total sugars were elevated either by chlorotic mottle virus or root-knot nematode infection. Interaction between the two pathogens on the plants, however, resulted In considerable 'reduction of protein nitrogen, total nitrogen and nicotine and a greater improvement in total sugars contents over singly Infected plants with either pathogen. Screening of Nicotiana species revealed that variability existed among them for chlorotic mottle virus Infection. Out of fifteen Nicotiana species evaluated, N. glauca graham, N. nudicaulis Wats., N. trigonophylla Dun. and N. benthamiana domain remained free from infection under artificially inoculated conditions and were considered as highly resistant to chlorotic mottle disease.ThesisItem Open Access SOME STUDIES ON Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, A POTENTIAL BIO CONTROL AGENT FOR SOIL-BORNE FUNGAL PATHOGENS(AAU, Anand, 1991) PATEL, SHAILESHKUMAR ISHWARBHAI; MISHRA, A.Biological control is the reduction in the amount of inoculum or disease producing activity of a pathogen accomplished by or through one or more organisms other than man. Its usefulness is more prominent for soil borne disease management where management by other means are difficult. Trichoderma spp. have gained considerable success in this respect. In the in vitro studies, T. harzianum Rifai Anand isolate (ThA) could sporulate maximum in wheat bran-sawdusttap water carrier. Among various liquid media evaluated in the study, Brown's and Elliott's medium supported maximum fungal growth. A pH range of 4 - 6 was found most suitable for the growth of T. harzianum Anand isolate. The spores of T. harzianum Anand isolate could not germinate when exposed to 55 °C even for 5 minutes. In dual culture T. harzianum (Anand), T. harzianum (Junagadh), T. harzianum (Pantnagar) and T. koningli (Pantnagar) showed more or less antagonistic effect against Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) but l . and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc . but did not show antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini Prasad and Patel . Hyphal interaction and production of non-volatile compound might be the main mechanism responsible for antagonism. In vivo studies T. harzianum Anand isolate alone could reduce the infection of R.bataticola and S. rolfsii at significant level but a combination of fungicides carbendazim and TMTD respectively with T. harzianum Anand isolate was nrast effective in suppression of both the pathogen.