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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access RENIFORM NEMATODE, ROTYLENCHULUS RENIFORMIS LINFORD AND OLIVEIRA, 1940 IN TOBACCO(AAU, Anand, 1982) Patel, Davabhai Jethabhai; Desai, M. V.The experiments on reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, in bidi tobacco conducted to study the life cycle, effect of temperature and pH on hatching of eggs, nematode survival and virulence/ histopathology, effect of nematode on seed germination and seedling development, inoculum potential in relation to growth of tobacco seedlings and reaction of tobacco.varieties to nematode revealed that R. reniformis completed its life cycle from egg to egg in 27 to 32 days at 30 to 32°C on bidi tobacco variety Anand 119, The fecundity of nematode was on an average 83 eggs per egg mass and reproduction was amphimitic. Among the different temperatures (5 to 45°C with an increment of 5°C) studied, egg hatching of nematode was significantly more a t 30°C as compared to the rest, while per cent nematode survival was significantly-more at 15°C than at the remaining temperatures. But the nematode virulence on castor variety Anand 6-4 was significantly more when incubated at 5°C as compared to the remaining temperatures. As regards the different pH levels (2 to 10 with an increment of one), nematode egg hatching was significantly more at 7 pH than the remaining levels. The nematode survival was significantly more at 9 pH than the rest, while nematode virulence on castor variety Anand 6-4 was significantly more at 9 pH than the rest barring 8 pH. Histopathological studies indicated that young female penetrated the epidermal and cortical parenchyma tissues and reached the endodermal layers intracellularly through parenchyma. The orie third anterior portion of the female remained embedded in the root. Several cells of pericycle layer surrounding the head of the nematode formed giant cells. R. reniformis reduced 36,36, 57.56, 7.91, 64.32 and 23.91 per cent reduction in seed germination, green and oven dry seedlings weights as well as number of transplantable and total seedlings over sterilized soil. The nematode also retarded the nutrients uptake by tobacco seedlings to the tune of 9.83 (Nitrogen) ,1.75 (phosphorus), 5.93 (Potassium), 10.70 (Calcium) and 1-8.59 (Magnesium) per cent under infected soil. The nema population increased from the initial level of 250 to 1400 per 100 g of soil in 45 days. Among different levels of inoculum (o, 10, loo, 1,000 and 10,000 nematodes per pot), the inoculum level of 100 nematodes per pot and above reduced the green shoot weight and plant height of tobacco seedlings. The level of 10,000 nematodes per pot while being at par with the level of 1,000 nematodes per pot had significant depressing effect on green root and green as well as dry shoot weights of tobacco seedlings as compared to the rest barring the level of 100 nematodes per pot. The level of 10,000 nematodes per pot reduced significantly less plant height as compared to the rest. The soil population per pot and total number of nematodes per plant increased significantly upto 1000 nematodes per pot, thereafter, the population did not increase significantly in the level of 10,000 nematodes per pot. similarly the reproduction of R. reniformis increased with an increase in nema population upto 3,000 nematodes per pot (0 to 5.14), It was low (0.69) in the level of 10,000 nematodes per pot. Likewise nutrients uptake also decreased with an increase in nema population and inverse correlationship observed between inoculum levels and nutrients uptake was very high with the variation in coefficient from -0.865 to -0.706. Ihe reaction of tobacco varieties viz. Anand 2, Anand 119, Dharmaj Kaliu (DK), S 20, GT 4, K 49, K 20 and Kumkumathri (Bidi types), Anand 145, and 47-75 (Chewing types) and CTRI Special, 16-103 and VaSCR (VFC types) to R. reniformis revealed none to be free from R. reniformis infestation. Varieties GT 4, Anand 145 and Anand 2 were less preferred hosts while VaSCR was highly preferred by R. reniformis. The rest of the varieties were intermediate.ThesisItem Open Access BROWN LEAF SPOT DISEASE IN BIDI TOBACCO(AAU, Anand, 1983) Patel, Ravibhai Somabhai; Desai, M. V.The study conducted on brown leaf spot disease of bidi tobacco incited by Alternaria alternaria (Fries) Koieslar pertaining to different aspects revealed that under controlled condition, inoculation with cosidial suspension of A. alternata could cause the disease symptoms within 6 to 7 days and the fungus grew best on PDA out of seven different media tried. In a study on effect of temperature ranging from 20 to 30°C (with an important of 5°C) in all possible combinations with five pH levels ranging from 4.5 to 8.5 (with an improvement of one), the satisfactory growth and sporalation were secured at temperature ranging from 25 to 30°C and pH ranging from 4.5 to 8.5.ThesisItem Open Access CONTROL OF NEMATODES BY NON FUMIGANT METHODS.(AAU, Anand, 1972) PILLAI, SANKARA NARAYANA; DESAI, M. V.Abstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access CONTROL OF NEMATODES BY NON-FUMIGANT METHODS(AAU, Anand, 1972) PILLAI, SANKARA NARAYANA; DESAI, M. V.Abstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT OF CHICORY ( Cichorium inlybus L.) CAUSED BY Cercospora cichorii DAVIS AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 1992) Solanky, Kalyansinh Udesinh; Patel, B. K.Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), a unique cash crop of the monosequential cropping system, is being grown in Gujarat. In epiphytotic conditions, about 90 per cent leaf area was found to be covered by distinctive small, necrotic, circular, coalesced black spots (4.07 x 3.40 mm) with brown centre and the zonate, brown spot (6.36 x 4.90 mm) with dark brown margin and dirty white centre, were appeared simultaneously without stromata and found to be caused by Cercospora cichorii Davis (of C. apii group, IMI herbarium No. 353409) and Cercospora cichorii Davis (of typical genus, IMI herbarium No. 353410). Black spot produced bigger hyaline conidia (100.50 x 3.86 >im) with 2-11 septa than the pure isolate (45.90 x 3.78 pm) with 2-8 septa. Similarly, brown leaf spot also produced the bigger conidia (138.10 x 4.19 yim) with 3-14 septa than the pure isolate (58.40 x 3.81 um) with 2-11 septa. Both, black and brown leaf spot aerobic isolates lost the sporulation within 4 transfer on carrot leaf decoction agar medium. C. cichorii survived in the leaf debris, as saprophyte, without stromata and infected the same crop in subsequent season. Brown leaf spot (CL-2) isolate typically changed the substratum colour of Asthana and Hawker's medium into brown and differed from black, spot isolate (CL-1). Cercospora leaf spot disease increased the phenol and decreased the total chlorophyll, chlorophyll 'a' and 'b', amino acids and nitrogen content by 32.48, 54.15, 67.34, 61.16, 29.54 and 23.26 per cent respectively. None of the crop/plant was found to be infected by these host specific ' pathogens under natural conditions. Significantly the highest radial growth (65.66 mm) and dry mycelial weight (362.33 mg) was recorded on carrot leaf decoction agar and Richards solution on 15 and 20 day of incubation at 30°C temperature respectively. This fungus significantly grew best (58.33 mm) in diffused day light with one hour exposure to sunlight (morning 08.00 to 09.00 hrs). Brown leaf spot isolate grew best at 30°C temperature when pH adjusted to 6.00, without sporulation. On replacement of sucrose and potassium nitrate from the basal Richards" solution, starch, urea and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate individually gave significantly the highest dry mycelial weight by 459.00, 423.33 and 457.33 mg respectively, without sporulation. Naphthalene acetic acid (750 ppm) inhibited the fungal growth, but gibberellic acid, kinetin and 2,4-D increased the fungal growth with increase in concentrations Gibberellic acid (250 ppm) and 2,4-D (50 ppm) gave the maximum sporulation of this fungus - CL-2. Trace element Mg (2500 ppm) and a vitamin biotin (1 ppm) found to be essential for the better dry mycelial harvest, without sporulation. Sterols were found ineffective in sporulation and fungal growth. In iri vitro studies, Trichoderma spp. and Aspergillus spp. completely over grew the colony of Cercospora cichorii Davis. Pseudomonas sp. - A (GSFC), Bacillus sp. and a milk bacterium - Bifidobacterium adolescentis (HB1) showed significant reduction of fungal growth by 33.67, 23.15 and 29.67 per cent respectively. Under field conditions, Pseudomonas sp. - A (GSFC) gave the maximum reduction (29.55) in per cent disease intensity as compared to control, followed by a milk bacterium - Bifidobacterium adolescentis (HB1) (27.927%) and remained at par. Phytoextract of Pothos scandens L. @ 57% proved superior as the fungal inhibitor (65.357% inhibition) over rest of the phytoextract and botanical insecticides studied. Extract of Caesalpinia crista L., Nerium indicum Mill, and Vitex negundo L. increased the fungal growth, whereas phytoextract of Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don., Lawsonia infermis L., Nerium indicum Mill., Lantana camara L., Vitex negundo L. and a botanical insecticide repelin favoured the sporulation.ThesisItem Open Access ANGULAR LEAF SPOT OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) CAUSED BY Cercoseptoria sesami (HANSF.) DEIGHTON AND ITS MANAGEMENT(AAU, Anand, 1992) Parakhia, A. M.; Patel, B. K.Sesame (Sesamum indicum L,) is an important oil seed crop, also suffers from angular leaf spot , caused by Cercoseptoria sesami (Hansf.) Deighton which produced brown coloured spots (5-25 mm), enlarged , coaiesced and the blighted leaves were finally defoliated Capsules and stem remained free from infection, Isolated culture (on PDA) with proven pathogenicity lost the sporlation on 5th transfer, irrespective of virulence, Sclerotia, acervuli / stomata and the spores were produced on host. Hyaline 2-3 septate conidiophores (21.5 x 3.3µm) were produced with 3-8 septate hyaline conidia (118 x 3.8µm) on the host and the germinating sclerotia , Conidia remained viable upto 40 days and carry over of pathogen through the sclerotia which confined only in plant debris. Ten and 20 days old leaves had very few spots (1-5/leaf) on the lower leaves as compared to 70 days old leaves (70.2 % disease intensity ). Perfect stage- Mycosphaere1la sesamicola Sivanesan of this pathogenic fungus Cercoseptorla sesami (Hansf.) Deighton and the seed borne (internal or external) infection was not observed in Gujarat, In infected sesame leaves, total phenols increased by 22.20 per cent and decreased total amino acids, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll 'a' chlorophyll 'b' and nitrogen by 26.00, 35.63, 30.26, 30.64 and 20,18 per cent, respectively. In host range and growth t e s t studies, this fungus girew only on the sesame leaves and i t was found highly host specific. Maximum fungal growth was observed on PDA and Richard's solution at pH 6.5 (30 C temperature). Starch and glucose (carbon sources), L-aspartic acid (organic nitrogen source) and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (as inorganic nitrogen source)yielded significantly more dry mycelial mat. Trichoderma spp, overgrew the Cercoseptorla sesami (Hansf,) Deighton and i t was also inhibited by Pseudomonas sp. (A) by 66.6 per cent. Milk bacteria found promising against C. sesami (showed 33.3% inhibition ) . Leaf extract of Datura stramonium L. and the botanical products viz., repelin, neemark and neem o i l inhibited this pathogen upto 100 %, during laboratory studies. Hormone-indole butyric acid(lBA) at 750 ppm, insecticides viz. triazophos (hostathion) and phosalone(zolone) each at 500 and 350 ppm; herbicides viz. alachlor (lasso) isoproturon (Kanak); diuron (Karmex) and benthiocarb(saturn) at V2 to the normal recommended dose also completely inhibited this fungus ini vitro. Pre and post emergence application of alachlor (herbicide) d) 1 kg a.i./ha found promising in suppressing angular leaf spot upto 75 days after sowing, Both carbendazim (0.05 %) and chlorothalonil (0.2 %) were found most promising during laboratory as well as field screening. These two fungicides gave significantly highest grain and dry stem yield and found significantly best in the control of the leaf spots. During comparative studies with proven findings., carbendazim and chlorothalonil reduced the disease upto 61.19 and 54.47 per cent, respectively and proved superior to the antagonists (best fungal and bacterial) used. Yield loss was estimated upto 56.78 per cent during kharif 1990 and 1991. None of the sesame varieties released and under pre-released stage were found immune/ resistant during (artificial inoculation) field screening.ThesisItem Open Access DOWNY MILDEW OF ISABGUL (PLANTAGO OVATA FORSK)(AAU, Anand, 1984) PATEL, JIVANBHAI GOBARBHAI; DESAI, M. V.Isabgul (plantago ovata Forsk) is an important medicinal crop of high export potential for our country, 1 The crop is attacked mainly by damping-off, wilt, downy, mildew, leaf blight and powery mildew. Among the diseases, downy mildew (peronospora plantaginis) is a serious one causing considerable damage to the crop. Following aspects of the disease were studied: (1) histopathology and morphology of the fungus, (ii) meteorological parameters in development of disease, (iii) phytochemical changes brought by disease and (iv) management of disease through cultural , chemical and resistance of Isabgul cultures/Varieties to downy mildew fungus. The results revealed that the fungus penetrates through stomata which grows intercellularly in host tissues. Remification by the fungus lead to tissue necrosis and death of plant. The sporangia are borne on sterigmata of the dichotomously branched sporangiophore. The sporangia germinate by germ tube and not by zoospores. The hypha is 6.25 to 12.50 μ thicks sterigmata are 4.25 - 12.50 x 4.0 - 4.20 μ and sporangia are 32.00 - 44.00 x 17.00 - 25.00μ. Effect of different temperatures (5 to 40°c with an increment of 5°c) studied in vitro revealed that 20°c is optimum for sporanglal germination. Under field conditions, the temperature around 20°c and relative humidity around 89 per cent favour maximum sporanglal germination between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. The parameters during crop growth period help in development of severity of disease. Maximum disease under these conditions are observed between 75 and 95 days after sowing. The regression correlation for sporanglal germination is negative with temperature and positive with relative humidity. Biochemical studies of leaves collected from healthy and diseased plants revealed reduction in chlorophyll content by 57.71 and phenolics by 52.01 per cent due to infection by P. plantaginis. Moisture and total ash contents are also reduced in leaves of diseased plants.ThesisItem Open Access POWDERY MILDEW (Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex Junell) OF INDIAN MUSTARD, ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH WEATHER AND MANAGEMENT(AAU, Anand, 1995) Solanki, V. A.; Patel, B. K.Powdery mildew is one of the important diseases, causing considerable yield loss under epiphytotic conditions in Indian mustard. Hence, to overcome this constraint. Powdery mildew (E. cruciferarum Opis ex Junell) of Indian mustard, its relationship with weather and management was studied in Gujarat for three consecutive rabi seasons (1992- 93, 1993-94 and 1994-95). Morphological studies on imperfect states showed the profuse, hyaline, whitish and slightly flexous mycelium on an adaxial surface, 3-5 celled, mostly straight conidiophores (av. length 73.39 ± 10.42 iim) with moderately straight foot cells (av. length 24.52 ± 4.1 µ m)were observed with basal septum away from the branching point. Ellipsoidal-cylindrical conidia without fibrosin bodies were horned singly with average length, breadth and L/B index of 36.82 ± 4.82, 14.51 ± 2.33 pn and 2.60 ± 0.51, respectively. Frequently branched germ tubes at the conidial ends and multilobed appressoria were also observed. Perfect stage was not observed on Indian mustard as well as on weed Argemone mexicana. Morphological characters of powdery mildew fungus of both the hosts were more or less matched with each other. The newly employed (for the first time) RED ink of LUXOR sketch pen as a stain showed greater performance with better clarity than the cotton blue. Among various agroclimatic zones of. Gujarat, conidial length and breadth were found quite variable. Higher conidial length and L/B index were observed at low relative humidity with high temperature agroclimatic zone (i.e. at S.K. Nagar). Several herbicides and insecticides were screened for their toxicity In vitro. Oxadiazon showed acute and typical disintegration of conidia and insecticides viz., triazophos and methyl-o-dematon accumulated the internal organelles with slight disintegration of conidial wall.ThesisItem Open Access WILT OF CUMIN (CUMlNUM CYMINUM L.) CAUSED BY FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. CUMINI PRASAD AND PATEL AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 1994) Patel, Sudhirkumar Mahijibhai; Patel, B. K.Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L. ) commonly known as "Zeera / Zeru" is consumed as a spice in every Indian home. Most possibly it is a native of Egypt and occupies a substantial area of the non-food crops grown in India. Among all the fungal diseases of cumin, wilt is also the most serious one and causing the tremendous losses during epiphytotic conditions. It is incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini causes wilt and yield loss from 0-96 per cent. This crop is susceptible at all the - growth stages. Wilt disease generally appears in patches and is characterized by wilting of affected plants. After the appearance of wilt symptoms, whole plant dries-up with in few days. This fungus produce microconidia (4.8 x 3.6 µ), macroconidia (33.4 x 3.2 µ) and chlamydospores (8.9 µ). Significantly, the highest dry mycelial weight (417.50 mg) was recorded on Richards' solution on 15th day of incubation at 27° ± 2°C temperature. Fusar ium oxysporum f. sp." cumini grew best with profuse growth and sporulation at 27° ± 2°C temperature when pH was adjusted to 6.00. On replacement of sucrose and potassium nitrate from the basal Richards' solution, mannitol, sodium nitrate and DL-Alanine individually gave significantly the highest dry mycelial weight by 463.75, 460.00 and 465.50 mg respectively, with sporulation. Under aerobic conditions, this fungus was grow.i profusely with sporulation. Biotln at 1 ppm found to be essential for the better dry mycelial harvest, with sporulation. Among the different hormones, indole butyric acid (750 ppm) inhibited the fungal growth, but in contrast to that, gibbrellic acid increased the it linearly with increase in concentrations from 50 to 750 ppm. In in vitro, Tr ichoderma spp., Aspergil lus sp. overgrew the colony of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumin i, Bacillus sp. (GSFC) (10) and Pseudomonas sp. (3) and the milk bacteria Lactobacilli (DM-22A) and Bifidobacterium adolescent is (HB, ) showed the significant reduction in fungal growth by 59.78, 58.66, 21.15 and 20.32 per cent, respectively. Under pot conditions, Azot obacter chroococcum (A) gave the minimum disease incidence (30.44 per cent) in inoculated soil with F^. oxysporum f. sp. cumini . Dichlorovos (nuvan) at 150, 300 and 450 ppm, metribuzin at 3000 ppm and carbendazim (bavistin) and thiophanate methyl (topsin-M) at 250, 500 and 750 ppm and 350, 700 and 1050 ppm concentration, respectively, showed fungicidal effect and completely inhibited the fungal growth in vitro conditions. Among several fungicides and bacterial antagonists and their combinations, carbendazim @ 0.05 % + Bacillus sp 'D' reduced the wilt incidence upto 9.34 and ,9.53 per cent in 1991-92 and 1992-93 respectively and in turn increased the grain and fodder yield in both the years. Fluchloralin (basalin) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha proved as the most effective herbicide in reducing the wilt incidence (23.18 per cent), followed by trifluralin (treflan) @ 1.0 kg a.l./ha and in turn increased maximum grain yield by 152.58 and 103.45 per cent respectively, and also increased the dry plant weight/fodder yield. None of the germplasm line/variety was found as the resistant against fusarial wilt, during screening under artificial epiphytotic and field (natural) conditions. In comparison to flat beds, raised beds increased the grain yield per unit area by 70.56 and 65.19 per cent in 1991-92 and 1992-93 respectively at Jagudan. Similarly, also at Anand increase the grain yield by 66.66 and 71.55 per cent in 1991-92 and 1992-93 respectively. In the early sown cumin that is by 31st of October, helps in reducing the wilt incidence and increasing the grain as well as dry plant we ight . Minimum and mean temperatures and evening relative humidity are negatively correlated with the wilt incidence, but the morning relative humidity showed the positive correlation with wilt of cumin caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini