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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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2008 - 200920
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Subject: Animal Nutrition × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2008 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTING BYPASS FAT DURING EARLY LACTATION ON MILK PRODUCTION IN BUFFALOES
    (AAU, Anand, 2009) BHORANIYA, V. P.; Parnerkar, Subhash
    Twelve Mehsani buffaloes in their 2nd and 3rd lactation were selected to conduct on-farm trial at the Chikhodra village of Anand district for 120 days. The animals were selected on the basis of their average daily milk yield, fat % and body weight. The experiment was initiated on 15th day of lactation. The experimental animals were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments i.e. T1 (Control) and T2 (Bypass Fat) of six animals in each group, following Completely Randomized Design. All the experimental buffaloes were individually offered a basal diet of home- made concentrate mixture and wheat straw and paddy straw ad lib to meet their protein and energy needs for maintenance and for milk production as per NRC (2001). The commercial bypass fat supplement, Megalac, manufactured by M/s. Vetcare India Ltd., Bangalore, was provided to buffaloes in T2 group @ 200g/head/day. The experimental buffaloes produced on an average 9.52 ± 0.47 and 9.97 ± 0.34 kg whole milk/head/day, under T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The treatment groups differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other. The milk fat of experimental buffaloes in T1 and T2 groups was 6.39 ± 0.19 and 7.14 ± 0.19 %, respectively. The treatment groups differed (P<0.05) from each other. The TS and SNF % of milk was 15.82 ± 0.35, and 16.30 ± 0.27 and 9.43±0.19 and 9.15±0.13, respectively in T1 and T2 groups, which was statistically similar in both the groups. The daily yield of 6% FCM was 12.21±0.70 and 13.94±0.55 kg in T1 and T2 groups, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to T1 group. The dietary treatments were found statistically similar with respect to the digestibility coefficient (%) of OM, CP, CF and NFE. However, DM and EE digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to T1 group. The CP and TDN content of composite diets in T1 and T2 groups was 10.22 ± 0.03 and 10.05 ± 0.01 and 56.57 ± 1.77, and 59.48 ± 0.76 %, respectively. The average daily CP and TDN intake as per cent of requirement (NRC, 2001) of experimental buffaloes were satisfactory during digestion trial conducted at the end of experiment. The FCE of buffaloes in T1 and T2 groups in terms of DMI (kg/kg milk) was 1.61 ± 0.04 and 1.50 ± 0.02 and in terms of CPI (g/kg milk) was 164.48+ 3.86 and 151.15± 2.26 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. However, FCE in terms of TDNI (kg/kg milk) was did not differ statistically. The treatment groups T1 and T2 significantly differ (P<0.05) from each other with respect to the conversion efficiency of DM (1.55± 0.06, and 1.34 ± 0.05 kg), CP (158.16± 4.00, and 134.78± 2.91 g) and TDN (0.87 ± 0.02, and 0.80 ± 0.03 kg) into one kg 6% FCM. The service period of buffaloes was 118.33 ± 5.39 and 77.75 ± 7.09 days in Tj and T2 groups, respectively. The service period was lower by 40.58 days in T2 as compared to T1 group. The daily feed cost (Rs. /head) in T1 and T2 was 87.63 ± 3.17 and 95.34 ±1.87, respectively and was statistically higher (P<0.05) in T2 than T1 group. The data on daily realizable receipt from sale of milk (Rs/head) was 168.51 ± 12.6 and 197.04 ± 11.29 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively and the treatment groups differed (P<0.05) from each other. Accordingly, the daily return over feed cost (Rs./head) was 80.88 ± 7.27 and 101.71±6.50 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The same was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to T1 group. The improved reproductive performance on account of supplementation of bypass fat was exhibited in reduced service period in T2 (77.75 ± 7.09 days) as compared to T1 (118.33 + 5.39 days) The saving in feed cost (Rs./head) due to reduced service period (40.58 days) worked out as Rs. 3556.03 in T2 over that in control group. The net difference due to ROFC and due to improved service period put together worked out as Rs. 6055.21 in T2 group over control during experimental period of 120 days. These data indicate the importance of feeding bypass fat results in improvement in fat, total solids % (TS), yield of fat and 6% FCM, reproduction and net return from buffaloes during their early lactation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF FEEDING BYPASS PROTEIN AND FAT ON MILK PRODUCTION IN BUFFALOES OF DAHOD DISTRICT
    (AAU, Anand, 2009) VAHORA, S. G.; PARNERKAR, SUBHASH
    Eighteen Mehsani buffaloes in their 2nd and 3rd lactation were selected to conduct on-farm trial at the Jalat and Borkheda villages of Dahod district for 150 days duration. The animals were selected on the basis of their average daily milk yield of last lactation, present daily milk yield, fat % and body weight. The experiment was initiated on 5th day of lactation. The experimental animals were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments i.e. T1 (Control) and T2 (Bypass protein) and T3 group (Bypass protein and bypass fat). There were six animals in each group. The experiment was conducted following Completely Randomized Design. All the experimental buffaloes were individually offered a basal diet of green shedha grass (5 kg) and wheat straw ad lib along with required amount of concentrate mixtures to meet their protein and energy needs for maintenance arid for milk production as per NRC (2001). The CP requirement of control group buffaloes was worked out and was supplied through 1.5 kg cotton seed cake; 1.5 kg gram chuni and the remaining from Type n compound concentrate mixture as per ISI (1979) Specification. The UDP requirement of treatment groups' (T2 and T3) buffaloes was worked out and was supplied through 1 kg formaldehyde (HCHO) treated guar meal and 2 kg cotton seed cake. The remaining quantity of CP required in treatment groups was supplied through gam chuni (up to 1.5 kg) and from compound concentrate mixture, so as to make the control and treatment ration isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The commercial bypass fat supplement, Megalac was provided to buffaloes in T3 group @ lOg/kg milk yield as per the recommendation of the manufacturer M/s. Vetcare India Ltd., Bangalore.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING FORMALDEHYDE TREATED RAPE SEED MEAL TO LACTATING DAIRY ANIMALS
    (AAU, Anand, 2008) THORAT, SHASHIKANT KONDAJI; GUPTA, R. S.
    The present experiment was planned and conducted to know the effect of feeding formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal in the concentrate mixture of lactating dairy cows. The feeding experiment was conducted on eighteen lactating crossbred cows (Gir x Holstein Friesian) with average daily milk production of 21 kg and average milk fat per cent 4.25 to 4.37 in the beginning of the study. The cows were grouped randomly in two treatments (T1 and T2) with nine cows under each treatment following completely randomized design. The cows under T1 (control group) were fed as per the feeding schedule of the farmers (Home made concentrate mixture + green roughage + dry roughage) according to milk production of cows. The cows under treatment group (T2) were fed control diet in which home made concentrate mixture was replaced by formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal on protein equivalent basis to make both diets isonitrogenous. Experimental feeding of individual cows was carried out for the period of 120 days. Average daily dry matter intake was found to be 17.46 and 16.68 kg/cows under T1 and T2 respectively. The treatment differences were found to be statistically non significant. The average values for concentrate: roughage ratio was 1:0.98 and 1:1.04 under T1 and T2, respectively. These treatment differences were also found to be non significant. Average daily CP, DCP and TDN intakes were found to be 2362.15 and 2317.07 (g/day/animal); 1372.30 and 1459.68 (g/day/animal) and 10.94 and 11.44 (kg/day/animal) under T1 and T2, respectively. The treatment differences for nutrients intake were found to be statistically non significant. The average daily milk production of cows under T1 and T2 was 20.17 and 21.32 kg, respectively. The daily increase in milk yield was found to be 1.17 kg for cows fed T2 diet in comparison to the cow fed control (T1) diet. The average daily 4% FCM yield was found to be 21.38 and 23.15 kg per animal under T1 and T2, respectively. The average milk fat content under T1 and T2 was 4.45 and 4.59 per cent, respectively and the treatment differences were significant (P<0.05). The values for daily milk fat yield were 0.895 and 0.981 kg under T1 and T2, respectively. However, the treatment differences for the same were statistically non significant. Total solids content of milk was 13.82 and 14.05 % under T1 and T2, respectively However, SNF content of milk was unaffected by bypass protein supplementation. The digestibility of proximate nutrients (except for ether extract) was higher in cows fed T2 diet as compared to that of cows fed with T1 diet. However, the differences among the treatment groups were non significant. Dry matter intake to produce one kg milk and 4% FCM was found to be 0.902 and 0.792 kg and 0.846 and 0.727 kg under T1 and T2, respectively (P < 0.05). Crude protein intake was found to be 125.43 and 117.46 g and 111.43 and 102.31 g to produce one kg milk and 4% FCM under T1 and T2, respectively. Similar values for DCP intake were 74.36 and 69.60 g and 68.82 and 66.55 g under treatments T1 and T2, respectively although the treatment differences were non significant. The intake of TDN to produce one kg milk was 0.590 and 0.553 kg under T1 and T2, respectively (P < 0.05) and similar values for FCM production were 0.519 kg and 0.477 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). The daily cost of feeding per animal was Rs 108.15 and 102.77 under T1 and T2, respectively. The daily cost of feeding (Rs/cow) was higher (P>0.05) under T1 than T2. The average daily returns over feed cost were Rs 119.40 and 146.73 for cows under T1 and T2, respectively, however, these differences were non significant. The returns over feed cost for cows fed bypass protein diet (T2) were 22.89 % higher than the cows fed control diet (T1). The overall result suggested that the feeding formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal to high producing lactating crossbred cows under field condition was found to be economically beneficial.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF FEEDING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN DOGS OF SELECTED CITIES OF GUJARAT STATE
    (AAU, Anand, 2009) DEVALIA, BHARATKUMAR RAVJI; GUPTA, R. S.
    The present study was conducted in selected cities (Anand, Rajkot and Vadodara) of Gujarat state to know the feeding management practices of dogs. The number of pet owners contacted in Anand, Rajkot and Vadodara cities was 37, 50 and 36, respectively. They had 47, 65 and 45 pet dogs, respectively. The over all distribution of adults and pups was 58.60 and 41.40%, respectively in the three cities under study .The majority of pups were offered food thrice a day in Anand (44.00 %) and Rajkot (34.37 %) cities. However, similar data for Vadodara city were 25.00 %, as majority of pups got food two times (37.50 %) or four times (37.50 %) in a day. The data also indicated that 68.18, 72.73 and 64.87 % of adult pet dogs were offered food two times in a day in Anand, Rajkot and Vadodara cities, respectively. The feeding of home made, commercial and mixed (home made + commercial) diets to the pet animals revealed that 40.76 and 55.42% pet animals received home made and mixed diet, respectively in three cities under the study. Only 3.82% pet animals received commercial diet. The number of pet animals (adult and pups) received veg, non-veg and mixed (veg + non-veg) diet in surveyed areas revealed that only 26.75 % of pet animals received pure veg diet in the three selected cities, while majority of pet animals (71.98 %) received mixed (veg'+ non veg) diet. Very few (1.27 per cent) pet animals received pure non veg diet. The food was offered in restricted quantity to pet animals by their owners. Over all 83.44% pet dogs were fed milk daily in the three selected cities. The per cent of pet animals received vegetables and fruits in their diet were only 29.79, 26.15 and 42.22 and 17.02, 23.08 and 24.44 %, respectively for Anand, Rajkot and Vadodara cities. The provision to offer bone chew was the highest in Vadodara followed by Rajkot and the least in Anand city. More number of pups (53.85 per cent) received bone chew than adult dogs (15.22 per cent) in all the three cities under study. The data for first time exposure of pups to non-veg food suggested that 20.00, 09.38 and 25.00 % of pups from Anand, Rajkot and Vadodara cities, respectively got first time exposure to nonveg food between 3 to 6 months of age. The different types of food samples collected during survey contained normal range of proximate constituents. The dry matter intake was found to be 238.67, 281.15, 487.32 and 492.43 g/day in pups of 0-3, >3-6, >6-9 and >9<12 months of age group, respectively. The average dry matter consumed by pups of all age group was 308.12 g/day, 26.90 g/kg body weight and 49.54 g/kg W 0.75 The dogs of 3-6 years of age consumed more dry matter in comparison to other age group of dogs. The average dry matter consumed by adult dogs of all age group was 446.56 g/day, 16.59 g/kg body weight and 37.78 g/kg W 0.75 The average ME consumed by pups of all age group was 1259.02 kcal /day, 109.98 kcal /kg body weight and 202.32 kcal/kg W0.75. The pups of 0-3 months of age consumed 94.69% of energy in comparison to their requirement. However, pups of >3-6, >6-9 and >9<12 months age group; the energy intake was only 70.27, 76.51 and 70.45%, respectively in comparison to their requirement. These findings suggested that there was short supply of energy to pups to the tune of 23.49 to 29.73 %. The daily consumption of energy in aduh dogs of all age group was 1722.68 kcal per day, 64.03 kcal/kg body weight and 145.81 kcal/kgW0.75. It was observed that the dogs of all age group except >6 years of age (87.40%) consumed slightly higher amount of energy in comparison to meet their requirement. The average daily crude protein intake was 49.35, 56.06, 80.40 and 94.91 g in pups of 0-3, >3-6, >6-9 and >9<12 months of age, respectively. The average crude protein consumed by pups of all age group was 60.69 g/day, 5.30 g/kg body weight and 9.76 g/kg W0.75. The pups of 0-3 months of age consumed 81.99% of crude protein in comparison to their requirement. The average crude protein consumed by pups of all age group was 54.64% as against their requirement. The adult dogs of 1-3, >3-6 and >6 years of age group, respectively on an average daily consumed 91.17, 113.34 and 72.28 g crude protein. The over all crude protein consumed by dogs of all age group was 93.56 g/day, 3.48 g/kg body weight and 7.92 g/kg W0.75. The adult dogs of 1-3, >3-6 and >6 years of age group, respectively consumed 75.14, 76.89 and 53.36% of crude protein in comparison to their requirement. On an average all adult dogs received short supply of protein to the extent of 27.65%) in their diet. The average calcium consumed by all categories of pups was 2.24 g/day, 0.196 g/kg body weight and 0.360 g/kg W0.75 The male and female pups consumed calcium 2.37 and 2.11 g/day, 0.199 and 0.192 g/ kg body weight and 0.369 and 0.350 g/kg W0.75, respectively. The pups of 0-3 months of age consumed 89.05% of calcium in comparison to their requirement. However, pups in general received 61.04% calcium from diet in comparison to their requirement. The average calcium intake of all adult dogs was found to be 3.17 g/day, 0.118 g/kg body weight and 0.268 g/kg W0.75. However, the calcium intake was lower in the dogs of >6 years of age in comparison to the dogs of other age groups. The average calcium intake of adult dogs of >6 years was found to be 57.74% of their requirement. However, calcium intake by other categories of adult dogs was sufficient to meet their requirement. The phosphorus intake was found to be 1.57, 1.87, 2.59 and 3.38 g /day and 0.250, 0.157, 0.136 and 0.142 g per kg body weight, respectively. The average phosphorus consumed by pups of all age group was observed as 2.00 g /day, 0.175 g/kg body weight and 0.322 g/kg W0.75 The pups of 0-3 months of age consumed 104.67 % of phosphorus in comparison to their requirement. However, the phosphorus intake in pups of >3-6, >6-9 and >9<12 months age group was only 65.61, 56.67 and 58.99 %, respectively as against their requirement. The over all supply of phosphorus in pups was only 71.94% in comparison to their requirement. The phosphorus intake in adult dogs of 1-3, >3-6 and >6 years of age group was 2.81, 3.63 and 2.07 g/day and 0.111, 0.118 and 0.073 g / kg body weight , respectively. The daily consumption of phosphorus in dogs of all age group was 2.89 g per day, 0.107 g/kg body weight and 0.244 g/kgW0.75. The phosphorus intake was found to be comparatively less in the dogs of >6 years of age. The average phosphorus intake of adult dogs of >6 years was found to be 82.47% of their requirement. However, intake of phosphorus by other categories of adult dogs was sufficient to meet their requirement.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF LIVE YEAST (SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE) ON PERFORMANCE OF GROWING KANKREJ CALVES
    (AAU, Anand, 2009) HOSSAIN, SK. ASRAF; PARNERKAR, SUBHASH
    Eighteen growing Kankrej calves were selected from the farms of Animal Nutrition Research Department and Livestock Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand and were individually fed for 15 days preliminary feeding and 140 days experimental period to meet their energy and protein requirement as per NRC (2001) standards. They were randomly divided into three groups and assigned to three dietary treatments (T1, T2 and T3) 6n age and body weight basis and were fed compound concentrate mixture formulated as per BIS Type II standard, mature pasture hay (Dicanthium annulatum) adlibitum and green fodder hybrid napier: NB-21 @ 2 kg/d. In addition, the calves under the group II (Treatment 2) and group III (Treatment 3) were given 5 g/d and 10 g/d commercial probiotics-Provisacc comprising of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) 5x10 to power 9 cells cfu/g. The initial body weight in T1, T2 and T3 groups was 130.67 ± 17.08, 123.33 ± 16.91 and 126.33 ± 16.20 kg, respectively. The average total gain body weight in calves of T1, T2 and T3 groups during the entire experiment was 71.17 ± 2.43, 82.50 ± 2.00 and 83.83 ± 1.80 kg, respectively, and the average daily gain was 508.33 ± 17.34, 589.29 ± 14.26 and 598.81 ± 12.83 g m respective groups indicating significantly (P<0.05) higher gain in treatment T2 and T3 groups. Similarly, the gam in height of T2 and T3 calves was statistically (P<0.05) better than T1 group, but the groups did not differ with respect to gain in body length and heart girth. The average daily DMI of experimental calves in T1, T2 and T3 groups during digestion trial was 5.59 ± 0.41, 5.68 ± 0.34 and 5.60 ± 0.38 kg/day and when expressed as kg/lOOkg body wt. was 2.97 ± 0.06, 3.06 ± 0.10 and 3.09 ± 0.08 and the same in terms of g/kg w 0.75 was recorded as 109.66 ± 0.76, 112.56 ± 1.47 and 112.85 ± 1.23. The DM intake of experimental calves did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The average daily water intake (kg/head) was 17.05 ±1.81, 19.77 ± 1.57 and 18.09 ± 1.82 in groups T1, T2 and T3, respectively, which was statistically similar. The average digestibility coefficients of nutrients in T1, T2 and T3 groups for DM (55.86 ± 0.72, 57.99 ± 0.41 and 59.64 ± 0.92 %); OM (58.84 ± 0.69, 60.84 ± 0.38 and 62.99 ± 0.81 %); CP (57.89 ± 1.34, 62.41 ± 1.07 and 64.49 ± 1.00 %) and CF (52.51 ± 0.71, 55.05 ± 0.79 and 56.77 ± 1.04 %) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups (T2 and T3) than the control (Ti), except those for EE (68.27 ± 1.33, 71.43 ± 0.97 and 71.70 ± 1.05 %) and NFE (62.92 ± 0.78, 64.12 ± 0.29 and 66.07 ± 1.21%) being statistically similar. The average DCP content of composite diets (6.16 ± 0.29, 6.58 ± 0.18 and 6.86 ± 0.21 %) were statistically similar, but the TDN content of the T3 group (57.95 ± 0.71 %) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 (54.82 ± 0.62 %). However, calves fed T2 (56.64 ± 0.35 %) diets had an intermediate position. During the entire experimental period, the cumulative intakes (kg/head) of DM (681.64 ± 51.57, 695.35 ± 44.50 and 703.16 ± 48.01), CP (77.02 ± 3.72, 76.82 ± 3.65 and 77.56 ± 3.64 kg), DCP (44.43 ± 1.67, 47.86 ± 2.05 and 49.97 ± 2.28 kg) and that of TDN (372.62 ± 27.78, 392.90 ± 25.08 and 405.85 ± 27.71 kg) were statistically (P<0.05) similar in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The feed conversion efficiency of calves (kg/kg BWG) diuing experimental period in terms of CP (1.12 ± 0.05, 0.94 ± 0.04 and 0.94 ± 0.04) was better (P>0.05) in probiotics group (T2 and T3) as compared to control (T1). However, they did not differ with respect to DM (9.90 ± 0.67, 8.50 ± 0.53 and 8.45 ± 0.52), DCP (0.64 ± 0.04, 0.66 ± 0.03 and 0.64 ± 0.04) and TDN (5.42 ± 0.37, 4.81 ± 0.30 and 4.90 ± 0.30). Ruminal pH (6.48, 6.49 and 6.50), total nitrogen (85.63, 86.49 and 93.13 mg/dl) and non protein nitrogen (20.09, 22.83 and 23.74 mg/dl) was within the normal range under the T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively, and did not differ significantly (P<0.05) from each others. However, ammonia nitrogen in the SRL (12.87, 11.41 and 10.95 mg/dl) was statistically (P<0.05) higher in T1 compared to T3 group and T2 group had an intermediate position. The total volatile fatty acids (16.13, 18.14 and 19.17 mmol/dl) were statistically (P<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 groups as compared to T1 group. The blood samples collected at the end of experimental feeding, showed serum profiles of total protem (5.92 ± 0.25, 6.40 ± 0.14 and 6.68 ±0.18 g/dl) and globulin (1.27 ± 0.18, 1.67 ± 0.19 and 2.02 ± 0.14 g/dl) significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 group as compared to T1 group, whereas, the calves under T2 group had an intermediate position The three treatment groups did not differ significantly from each other with respect to serum albumin (4.65 ± 0.20, 4.73 ± 0.06 and 4.67 ± 0.08 g/dl). Similar was the trend for serum enzymes AST (96.67 ± 6.39, 94.67 ± 4.99 and 88.67 ± 3.87 U/L), ALT (37.83 ± 2.14, 40.00 ± 3.10 and 38.50 ± 3.49 U/L) and AKP (386.67 ± 40.25, 404.00 ± 14.33 and 404.33 ± 31.39U/L). The serum glucose (30.42 ± 3.14, 50.92 ± 4.84 and 36.83 ± 4.63 mg/dl) was statistically (P<0.05) higher in T2 compared to T1 group, whereas, the calves under T3 group had an intermediate position. The feed cost (Rs/head/d) was 26.23 ± 1.74, 27.97 ± 1.58 and 29.74 ± 1.65 and when worked out as Rs./kg gain it was 51.70 ± 3.08, 47.49 ± 2.57 and 49.60 ± 2.25 in control (T1) and probiotics fed groups (T2 and T3), respectively, and was found statistically (P<0.05) similar. The results indicated that inclusion of live yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisae) in 50:50 concentrate: roughage based ration of growing Kankrej calves resulted in better growth, improved rumen fermentation, digestibility of nutrients, nutrient utilization and feed conversion efficiency without any increment in the feed cost.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING FORMALDEHYDE TREATED RAPESEED MEAL TO GROWING CROSSBRED CALVES
    (AAU, Anand, 2008) GURUNG, KRITI; PARNERKAR, SUBHASH
    Eighteen crossbred (Holstein Friesian x Kankrej, Jersey x Kankrej and Holstein Friesian x Jersey x Kankrej) calves were selected from the farms of Animal Nutrition Research Department and Livestock Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand and were individually fed for 15 days preliminary feeding and 120 days experimental period to meet their energy and protein requirement as per NRC (2001) standards. They were randomly divided into two groups and assigned to two dietary treatments (T1 and T2) on age and body weight basis and were fed respectively two rations both comprising of concentrate mixture formulated as per BIS Type II standard and mature pasture grass (Dicanthium annulatum) and in addition, the calves under the control group (T1) were given calculated quantity of untreated rapeseed meal where as the calves under treatment group (T2) were given formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal. The initial body weight in T1 and T2 groups was 111.84 ± 8.01 and 113.78 ± 7.00 kg, respectively. The average total gain in body weight in calves of T1 and T2 groups during the entire experiment was 50.82 ± 0.73 and 70.42 ±0.73kg and the respective average.daily gain was 423.51 ± 11.80 and 586.81 ± 10.45g indicating significantly (P<0.05) higher gain in T2 group. Similarly, the gain in heart girth of T2 calves was statistically (P<0.05) better than T1 group, but the groups did not differ with respect to gain in body length and height. The digestion trial of 7 days collection period was conducted at the end of the feeding trial. The average DM intake of calves in T1 and T2 groups was 3.94±0.06 and 4.69±0.12 kg/day and when expressed as kg/100kg b.wt. was 2.66±0.11 and 2.97±0.10 and in terms of g/kg w0.75 was recorded as 92.76±2.84 and 104.98±2.60. The DM intake was statistically (P>0.05) different when expressed as daily intake and as g/kg w0.75 The average volume of water daily ingested (L/head) was 17.29±1.27 and 20.04±0.96 in groups T1 and T2, respectively, which was statistically similar. The average digestibility coefficients of nutrients in T1 and T2 groups were DM (55.89 ± 0.53 and 58.21 ± 0.33); OM (57.88 ± 0.47 and 59.98 ± 0.23); CF (55.15±0.46 and 57.43 ± 0.42) and EE (58.06 ± 1.70 and 62.67 ± 0.37) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group than the control, except those for NFE (61.54 ± 0.29 and 62.42 ± 0.47), CP (61.36 ± 0.56 and 61.59 ± 0.25 %) being statistically similar. The TDN content in T1 and T2 (56.02 ± 0.75 and 56.58 ± 0.20%) were also statistically similar. The intake of nutrients in T1 and T2 groups as per cent of requirement (NRC, 2001) in terms of CP (103.56 ± 3.63 and 121.47 ± 4.50) and TDN (92.15 ± 2.86 and 99.10 ± 2.01), during the digestion trial was statistically (P<0.05) different. During the experimental period, the cumulative intake (kg/head) of DM (452.24 ± 6.08 and 519.57±14.02) was similar, but that of CP (61.02 ± 1.53 and 79.04 ± 2.45), DCP (37.47 ± 1.12 and 48.68 ± 1.55) and TDN (253.27 ± 2.91 and 291.82 ± 8.22) were statistically (P<0.05) lower in T1 compared to T2 group. The feed conversion efficiency (kg/kg gain) for DM (8.68±0.99 and 7.53±0.82) and TDN (5.01 ± 0.09 and 4.15 ± 0.11) was better (P<0.05) in T2 group as compared to T1 group, however, they did not differ with respect to CP (1.21±0.04 and 1.11±0.04). The feed cost (Rs/head/d) was 19.99±0.38 and 27.41±0.81 which was statistically (P<0.05) higher in T2 compared to T1 group , however, when worked out as Rs./kg gain it was Rs. 47.29±1.13 and 46.74±1.46 in control and treatment group, which was statistically (P<0.05) similar. The results indicated that compared to untreated meal inclusion of HCHO treated rapeseed meal in mature pasture grass (Dicanthium annulatum) based ration of growing crossbred calves resulted in better growth, nutrient utilization and feed conversion efficiency without any increment in the feed cost.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING FORMALDEHYDE TREATED GUAR MEAL TO LACTATING DAIRY ANIMALS
    (AAU, Anand, 2008) MALDHURE, CHANCHAL A.; PATEL, D. C.
    The present experiment was planned and conducted to know the effect of feeding formaldehyde treated Guar meal (Cyamopsis tetragonolobd) to lactating dairy cows. The feeding experiment was conducted on 18 lactating crossbred cows at an organized dairy cattle farm in Davalpura village of Anand District. The average daily milk production of cows was 14 - 15 kg /cow and milk fat 3.4 to 4.2 % in the beginning of the study. The selected cows were divided into two groups of nine cows in each treatment following completely randomized design. The cows in control group (Tl) were fed as per the feeding schedule followed by the farmer (concentrate + maize husk + green roughage + dry roughage) and those in experimental group (T2) were reared on farm feeding schedule + formaldehyde treated Guar meal. Experimental feeding of individual cow was carried out for the period of 120 days. The daily milk production and feed intake of cows was recorded. The fat %, SNF % and total solids % were recorded at fortnightly interval. A digestibility trial of 7 days collection was conducted in the middle of experiment. The average daily milk production during experiment was 15.42 and 16.86 kg/cow under T1 and T2, respectively and total milk yields was found to be 16651.11 and 18212.88 kg, respectively. The cows under T2 produced 9.09 % higher milk than T1 cows. The average daily increase in milk production was 1.4 kg/cow in T2, over the cow of T1 group. However, the differences were statistically non significant. The average milk fat content under T1 and T2 was 3.9 and 4.2 %, respectively. These differences were found to be significant (P<0.05). The average daily fat yield per cow was 0.59 and 0.69 kg under T1 and T2, respectively. The Guar meal supplemental group recorded 16.9 % more fat yield than control and the differences were found to be highly (P<0.01) significant. The total FCM yields were 16278.50 and 18244.21 kg, respectively. The cows under T2 group produced 12.07 % higher FCM than T1 cows but the differences between the treatments were statistically similar. The average DMI was found to be 14.80 and 13.58 kg/cows under T1 and T2, respectively. The average values for roughage: concentrate ratio was 1.46:1 and 1.26:1 under T1 and T2, respectively. The supplementation of bypass protein showed significant (P<0.01) effect on dry matter intake in dairy cows. However, the average daily CP, DCP and TDN intake was statistically similar. The digestibility of nutrients in experimental cows for dry matter (64.68±1.84; 68.86±1.52), organic matter (68.38±2.09; 70.56±1.47), crude protein (72.89±1.01; 74.47±0.33), ether extract (79.16±1.33; 81.51±1.14) and NFE (57.35±2.08; 60.46±2.01) was similar in both the groups but that of crude fiber (66.38±1.60; 72.71±1.61) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 compared to control group. The feed conversion efficiency (kg DMI/kg milk and kg DMI/kg FCM) was higher in T2 as compared to T1 group. The daily cost of feeding (Rs/cow) was higher in T1 than T2. The daily return as % of the feed cost was found to be 172.17 and 242.76 in T1 and T2 treatments. respectively. In bypass protein supplemental group there was 70.59 % more (P<0.01) return. Thus the cows fed bypass protein were found to be economically more efficient to produce milk and FCM in comparisons to cows fed control ration. It was concluded that inclusion of Guar meal @ 1 kg/day in the ration of lactating cows increased milk fat % and fat yield resulting in decreased cost of milk production without adversely effecting milk yield, milk composition and general health of cows.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF BYPASS PROTEIN ON BUFFALO CALVES IN PANCHMAHAL DISTRICT
    (AAU, Anand, 2008) PATEL, VIPUL R.; GUPTA, R. S.
    A growth experiment of 168 days (24 weeks) duration was carried out on twenty four buffalo heifer calves to study the comparative effect of feeding compound concentrate mixture with bypass protein or without bypass protein. The two treatments were T1: control concentrate mixture without bypass protein and T2: concentrate mixture with bypass protein in which formaldehyde treated guar bhardo, groundnut extraction and rapeseed extraction were used as sources of by pass protein. Individual completely randomized design was followed. The growing buffalo heifer calves were fed as per ICAR (1998) feeding standards to meet nutrient requirement in terms of DM, DCP and TDN. Two kg of green grass was provided daily to all the calves to meet vitamin A requirement. The results revealed significant treatment differences for total and average daily weight gain (P<0.01) and various body measurements (P<0.01) except body length. The average daily gain in weight was 398.31 and 535.71 g in T1 and T2, respectively. The data for daily DM intake kg per day per animal, per 100 kg body weight and g per kg metabolic body weight were 3.27, 3.18 and 96.90 for control (T1) while 3.51, 3.13 and 101.18 for treatment (T2) group. Average daily CP, DCP and TDN intakes were 558.68 and 577.82 g; 291.38 and 330.11 g and 1.93 and 2.09 kg in T1 and T2, respectively. The treatment differences were found to be significant for CP (P<0.01) and DCP (P<0.05) intake while non significant for TDN intake. These data suggested that feeding of bypass protein concentrate mixture was found superior than feeding of control concentrate mixture without by pass protein. The digestibility coefficients were 63.45 and 67.01 % for dry matter (P<0.05), 69.67 and 74.07 % for crude protein (P<0.05), 72.32 and 76.61 % for ether extract (P<0.05) and 68.14 and 75.03 % for crude fiber (P<0.01) under T1 and T2, respectively. The digestibility coefficients for organic matter (67.64 and 69.79 %) and NFE (66.54 and 62.91) were at par with feeding of bypass protein. The efficiency of feed utilization (DM intake per kg gain) was higher in T1 (8.43 kg) followed by T2 (6.41 kg). The treatment differences were found to be statistically significant (P<0.01). Similar significant differences were also observed for CP, DCP TDN intake per kg gain (1.06, 0.76 and 4.89 kg and 0.76, 0.62 and 3.91 kg, respectively in T1 and T2). The daily cost of feed was Rs. 12.53 and 14.89, while the cost of feed (per kg gain) was Rs. 31.45 and f27.79, respectively in T1 and T2. The daily feed cost was lower in T1, while the feed cost per kg gain was significantly lower in T2 (P<0.01). It is inferred that feeding of bypass protein to growing buffalo heifer calves resulted in significant reduction (11.64 %) in feed cost per kg gain in weight. The overall results indicated that the growth of calves fed concentrate mixture with bypass protein was improved significantly in terms of growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization and cost of feeding in the present study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND DIVERSITY OF RUMEN METHANOGENS IN BUFFALO
    (AAU, Anand, 2008) THUBE, HARSHALA A.; PANDYA, P. R.
    Methane (CH4) eructated from ruminants represents a loss of 8 to 13% of the digestible energy ingested by the animal and contributes to global warming. Decreasing methane emissions from ruminant livestock is desirable in order to both, reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and improve energy capture during digestion. Nutritionists have been trying for a long time to mitigate rumen methane emissions in order to enhance animal performance. The methods most commonly attempted involve elimination of ciliate protozoans which support methanogen populations, and addition of acetogenic bacteria to rumen fluid. The key steps for developing successful methane abatement strategies are likely to be steps which exploit natural processes in the rumen. Therefore, the specific role of an individual rumen methanogens is important as it has to compete with the other microbes of the eco-system for its survival. The enumeration of a specific species of methanogenic bacteria in the ecosystem (to quantify its role in rumen fermentation) is difficult with the conventional techniques due to large number of biochemical tests to be performed and imprecision of the technique even for the most predominant microbe present in the ecosystem. The application of molecular techniques has already revealed the enormous wealth of microbial diversity and putative novel species in the rumen. Present study aimed at exploring diversity of rumen methanogens in buffalo by molecular approach. Three adult buffalo were maintained on maintenance ration as per ICAR, 1998) feeding standards, continuously for three weeks. Samples of Rumen liquor (about 500 ml) were collected from three buffaloes at 0, 2 and 4 h after feeding by a suction pump using a flexible stomach tube. Samples were filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. The strained rumen liquor was used for the microbial study. The bacterial DNA was isolated following enzyme-chemical lysis method. The DNA stock samples were quantified using Nano-drop spectrophotometer at 260 and 280 nm using the convention that one absorbance imit at 260 nm wavelength equals 50 µg DNA per ml. The Ultra violet absorbance was checked at 260 and 280 nm for determination of DNA concentration and purity. Purity of DNA was judged on the basis of optical density ratio at 260:280 nm which was between 1.8 to 2.0 for all the samples indicating desirable purity. Concentration of DNA was estimated using the formula : Concentration of DNA (mg/ml) = OD 260 x 50 x Dilution factor. Quality and purity of DNA were also checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. Universal primer pair (Met 86F 5'ACA GGC CTA ACA CAT GCA AGT C-3'and Met 1340R 5'AGG GCG G (AT) GTG TAC AAG GC-3') for methanogens targeting 16S rRNA gene were used for amplification of DNA. The amplified product was visualized as a single compact band of expected size under UV light and revealed amplicons of 1200 bp size when documented by gel documentation system. The PCR products after purification were ligated in pDrive vector followed by transformation into competent cells (DH5-α strain) of E.coli. One hundred fifty white recombinant colonies were obtained out of which 133 were randomly selected, revived on another plates and screened for expected insert by colony PCR. Recombinant colonies were inoculated in Luria Broth for 16-18 hrs. Plasmid extraction from overnight culture was carried out by alkaline lysis method. The concentration of the plasmid was determined and was subjected to automated DNA sequencing on ABI PRISM® 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). Sequencing was carried out using BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle sequencing kit. Sequences obtained were in the range of 400 to 800 base pairs. Sequences after cleaning (removal of primer and vector sequence) were searched against BLASTn database to find similarity matches. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by DNADIST with neighbor joining method and DNA Parsimony available at PHYLIP 3.5c package. The tree was mainly divided in to 4 major clusters viz. Methanomicrobia group, Thermoplasmata group, Methanobacteriales group, and Unidentified group. Out of 132 clones, 41.22% showed similarity with Methanomicrobia, with two sub groups Methanoculleus (51.85%) and Methanosarcina (48.15%) in DNA DIST. How ever, in DNA Parsimony analysis, over and above these two subgroups, a group of clones (38.89% clones) was observed which did not share high similarity with any known genus and grouped as unidentified Methanomicrobia. Eighteen (13.6%) clones grouped with Thermoplasmata group in both the trees. The smallest group was of Methanobacteriales with 12.12% and 3.8% clones in DNA DIST and DNA Parsominy analysis, respectively. Our library also uncovered a novel group of rumen archaeal sequences which includes 44 (33.33%) clones in DNA DIST and 57 (43.18%) clones in DNA Parsimony and did not form close cluster with any of cultured and uncultured sequences in both the trees and remained as unidentified methanogens which are supposed to be new. All sequences were submitted to Genbank and are available with the accession numbers EU794740-EU794854, EU814699-EU814714 in EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases.