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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTING BYPASS FAT DURING EARLY LACTATION ON MILK PRODUCTION IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 2009) BHORANIYA, V. P.; Parnerkar, SubhashTwelve Mehsani buffaloes in their 2nd and 3rd lactation were selected to conduct on-farm trial at the Chikhodra village of Anand district for 120 days. The animals were selected on the basis of their average daily milk yield, fat % and body weight. The experiment was initiated on 15th day of lactation. The experimental animals were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments i.e. T1 (Control) and T2 (Bypass Fat) of six animals in each group, following Completely Randomized Design. All the experimental buffaloes were individually offered a basal diet of home- made concentrate mixture and wheat straw and paddy straw ad lib to meet their protein and energy needs for maintenance and for milk production as per NRC (2001). The commercial bypass fat supplement, Megalac, manufactured by M/s. Vetcare India Ltd., Bangalore, was provided to buffaloes in T2 group @ 200g/head/day. The experimental buffaloes produced on an average 9.52 ± 0.47 and 9.97 ± 0.34 kg whole milk/head/day, under T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The treatment groups differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other. The milk fat of experimental buffaloes in T1 and T2 groups was 6.39 ± 0.19 and 7.14 ± 0.19 %, respectively. The treatment groups differed (P<0.05) from each other. The TS and SNF % of milk was 15.82 ± 0.35, and 16.30 ± 0.27 and 9.43±0.19 and 9.15±0.13, respectively in T1 and T2 groups, which was statistically similar in both the groups. The daily yield of 6% FCM was 12.21±0.70 and 13.94±0.55 kg in T1 and T2 groups, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to T1 group. The dietary treatments were found statistically similar with respect to the digestibility coefficient (%) of OM, CP, CF and NFE. However, DM and EE digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to T1 group. The CP and TDN content of composite diets in T1 and T2 groups was 10.22 ± 0.03 and 10.05 ± 0.01 and 56.57 ± 1.77, and 59.48 ± 0.76 %, respectively. The average daily CP and TDN intake as per cent of requirement (NRC, 2001) of experimental buffaloes were satisfactory during digestion trial conducted at the end of experiment. The FCE of buffaloes in T1 and T2 groups in terms of DMI (kg/kg milk) was 1.61 ± 0.04 and 1.50 ± 0.02 and in terms of CPI (g/kg milk) was 164.48+ 3.86 and 151.15± 2.26 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. However, FCE in terms of TDNI (kg/kg milk) was did not differ statistically. The treatment groups T1 and T2 significantly differ (P<0.05) from each other with respect to the conversion efficiency of DM (1.55± 0.06, and 1.34 ± 0.05 kg), CP (158.16± 4.00, and 134.78± 2.91 g) and TDN (0.87 ± 0.02, and 0.80 ± 0.03 kg) into one kg 6% FCM. The service period of buffaloes was 118.33 ± 5.39 and 77.75 ± 7.09 days in Tj and T2 groups, respectively. The service period was lower by 40.58 days in T2 as compared to T1 group. The daily feed cost (Rs. /head) in T1 and T2 was 87.63 ± 3.17 and 95.34 ±1.87, respectively and was statistically higher (P<0.05) in T2 than T1 group. The data on daily realizable receipt from sale of milk (Rs/head) was 168.51 ± 12.6 and 197.04 ± 11.29 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively and the treatment groups differed (P<0.05) from each other. Accordingly, the daily return over feed cost (Rs./head) was 80.88 ± 7.27 and 101.71±6.50 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The same was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to T1 group. The improved reproductive performance on account of supplementation of bypass fat was exhibited in reduced service period in T2 (77.75 ± 7.09 days) as compared to T1 (118.33 + 5.39 days) The saving in feed cost (Rs./head) due to reduced service period (40.58 days) worked out as Rs. 3556.03 in T2 over that in control group. The net difference due to ROFC and due to improved service period put together worked out as Rs. 6055.21 in T2 group over control during experimental period of 120 days. These data indicate the importance of feeding bypass fat results in improvement in fat, total solids % (TS), yield of fat and 6% FCM, reproduction and net return from buffaloes during their early lactation.ThesisItem Open Access FEASIBILITY OF FEEDING DETOXIFIED CASTOR CAKE (Ricinus communis) TO COMMERCIAL LAYERS(AAU, Anand, 2006) PATEL, D. K.; Parnerkar, SubhashThe experiment was designed to evaluate effects of feeding detoxified castor seed cake at various stages of laying cycle, by simultaneously selecting four age group birds age 20, 34, 51 and 60 weeks. All the age group birds were fed experimental diets for 9 weeks following 3 - days pre-experimental period. A total of 2000 White Leghorn (BV 300) layer birds under each of four age groups i.e. 2000 birds per group were housed in California cages in 668 compartments, each having space for 3 birds and only one bird was housed in last compartment for both the treatment groups for various age groups. One thousand birds were divided into 10 replicates each of 100 birds and in each individual cage three birds of each treatment were placed and only one in last compartment in each age group. Layer birds of four different age groups (1-20 weeks, II- 34 weeks, III-51 weeks and IV-60 weeks) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatment, viz. T1-(control) and T2: 5 per cent detoxified (4 % lime treated and extrusion cooked) castor cake (CCK). The layer mash formulated was isonitrogenous and isocaloric and was offered adlib. The observation on egg production, egg weight, egg quality, feed intake and feed efficiency were recorded for 9 weeks. The metabolic trial was conducted at the end of experiment to find out balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium and metabolizable energy content of each diet. The economics of feeding was calculated from the record of feed consumption on egg production. The results revealed that the total number of egg / bird in age group (I, II, III and IV) was 43.07±0.47, 55.49±0.55, 50.70±0.52 and 50.60±0.51 in control and 40.7310.45, 53.53±0.53, 50.02±0.51 and 49.16±0.49 in treatment groups, respectively. The means of treatment and control groups did not differ significantly in age group-Ill but differed significantly (P < 0.05) for II and IV and were highly significant (P < 0.01) for age group-I. The hen housed egg production in control group was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in age group-II, III and IV; whereas the hen day egg production was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in age group-II and IV as compared to CCK fed birds. The average egg weight for control birds under 1, II, III and IV age groups was 46.83+2.85, 46.65±1.54, 54.34+0.06 and 53.68±1.45 whereas 53.40±].67, 52.65±l.03, 49.57±2.44 and 54.03±1.03 for treatment birds, respectively. The average egg weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group of age group II. In the birds given treatment diet egg weight was, though non-significant, was higher in age group I and IV while lower in age group III as compared to control group. The different egg quality traits viz. Albumin Index, Yolk Index, Haugh Unit and shell thickness were similar in both control and treatment groups. In age group-II the albumin index and shell thickness were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in treatment group. Daily feed intake of birds in age group I, II, III and IV was 103.91 ±0.61, 108.37 ±.83, 113.53 ±0.98 and 115.70 ± 0.90 in control whereas 103.35+ 1.00, 107.59 ± 0.94, 107.94 ± 0.1.00 and 117.66 ± 1.26 in treatment group, respectively were (P < 0.01). The feed consumption / dozen egg produced in group I, II, III and IV was 2.36 ± 0.18; 1.48 ± 0.013; 1.70 ± 0.016 and 1.73 ± 0.016 in control and 2.82 ± 0.28, 1.53 ± 0.014, 1.64 ± 0.016 and 1.82 ± 0.022 in treatment group, respectively. The change was non significant in age group I, significant (P < 0.05) in age group II and highly significant (P < 0.01) in group III and IV. The overall mortality (2.69 %) was very low during the entire experimental period. It was 2.2, 1.2, 7.4 and 2.9 % in control and 1.6, 0.9, 4.3 and 1.0 % in treatment group in age groups I, 11, 111 and IV, respectively. The average cost of feeding (Rs. / dozen eggs) of birds in age group 1, 11, 111 and IV was 15.62 ± 1.16, 9.80 ± 0.09, 11.22 ±0.10 and 11.46 ±0.11 in control and 18.41 ± 1.80, 9.96 ± 0.09,10.69 ± 0.11 and 11.88 ± 0.14 in treatment group, respectively which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in age group III and IV whereas non significant in age group I and II. The average balance of nitrogen ranged between (0.24±0.021 and 0.41±0.03), calcium (0.48±0.015 and 0.88±0.23) and phosphorus (0.12±0.04 and 0.29±0.13) were more or less similar in all the four age groups in control and treatment groups. The metabolizable energy consumed also did not differ significantly in age groups I, III and IV, but was higher (P < 0.05) in age group-II of treatment group as a result of high dry matter intake. Thus, the inclusion of detoxified (4 % lime treated and extrusion cooked) castor cake at 5 per cent level in layer mash had no any adverse effect on over all performance of caged layer birds and can be used as alternate feed resource without any economic benefit.ThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FEEDING MANGO SEED KERNELS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 2004) Sharm, Neeta; Pande, M. B.The effect of feeding mango seed kernels on the performance of broilers was planned using day old 240 unsexed 'VenCobb" commercial chicks from 0 day to 6 weeks of age. Four treatments were T1 (diet containing 0% mango seed kernel), T2 (diet containing 5% mango seed kernel), T3 (diet containing 10% mango seed kernel) and T4 (diet containing 15% mango seed kernel). Completely Randomized Design was followed. The nutrient requirements were met as per the recommendations of BIS (1992 a, b) feeding standards. The feeds were supplemented with coccidiostats and vitamins. The birds were vaccinated as per schedule. All the four treatment rations were fed from 0-6 weeks in cages. The average initial weight of the chicks was 48.03 ± 0.40, 48.27 ± 0.30, 48.53 ± 0.87 and 48.50 ± 0.58 g while the average final weight was 1292.90 ± 18.06, 1299.77 ± 19.82, 1292.20 ± 22.57 and 1044.73 ± 20.59g. The gain was 1244.87 ± 18.10, 1251.50 ± 19.79, 1243.67 ± 9.91 and 996.23 ± 20.4Ig under T1 ,T2 ,T3 and T4, respectively. The treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were at par while T4 differed significantly from T1, T2 and T3. Treatment T4 showed least growth. The average feed consumed during starter period was 1528.18 ± 17.49, 1455.85 ± 35.45, 1465.80 ± 24.36 and 1317.62 ± 24.24 g for T1,, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The non significant difference in average feed consumption for T1, T2, T3 during 0-4 weeks and significant reduction of feed consumption for T4 suggested that mango seed kernel at 10% is quite palatable to broilers (starter phase) while 15% level of mango seed kernel reduced the feed intake during 0-4 weeks. During 5-6 weeks, the feed consumption was significantly higher for T1 (1493.80 ± 18.40) and significant reduction in feed consumption for T2, T3 and T4. (1155.85 ±35.48, 1165.70 ± 24.28 and 1190.00 ± 35.01g) indicated that mango seed kernel inclusion in the ration reduced the feed intake of birds without any adverse effect on growth at the rate of 5 and 10% inclusion levels. Average total feed consumption ( g/bird) was recorded as 3021.98 ± 32.61, 2611.80 ±70.89, 263,1.50 ± 48.60, 2507.62 ± 52.35g which further suggested that mango seed kernel inclusion in broilers ration reduced the total feed consumption of birds . The average dry matter intake per kg metabolic body weight was 89.18 ± 2.59, 98.52 ± 3.04, 98.50 ± 4.82 and 96.72 ± 3.81g under T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, with no significant differences. Average crude protein intake per kg gain was 498.03 ± 7.05, 426.77 ± 13.84, 433.61 ± 5.43 and 517.37 ± 17.04 g under treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. It was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 and T1 as compared to the treatments T2 and T3 (having 5 and 10% level of MSK). The average nitrogen balance was +2.53 ± 0.11, +2.67 ± 0.24, +2.13 ± 0.38 and +1.97 ± 0.23 g/ bird /day with average calcium balance of +1.13 ± 0.08, +1.06 ± 0.09, +0 .81 ± 0.11 and + 0.77 ±0.15 g/bird/day . The balances of nitrogen and calcium were positive and more or less similar in all the four treatment groups. However positive and significantly higher phosphorus balance was found In T2 (+0.83 ± 0.07) and least in T4 (+0.23 ± 0.06 g/bird/day). Average values for dressing percentage varied from 71.56 to 77.20% and remained almost similar under all the four treatment groups. Similarly, statistically non significant differences were observed in gizzard, heart and abdominal fat weight under all the four treatment groups suggesting that there was no untoward effect of feeding MSK on gizzard, heart and abdominal fat up to 15% level in broiler ration but liver weight was significantly lower in T4 treatment group. Spleen weight was also significantly low in T4 and Ti treatment groups. The weight was least in treatment T4 indicating that MSK had some effect on liver and spleen. Spleen weight was significantly higher in T2 and T3. Feed conversion efficiency (kg feed /kg gain) during 6 weeks observed was 2.43 ± 0.03, 2.09 ± 0.05, 2.15 ± 0.04 and 2.52 ± 0.08 for treatment groups T1, T2 ,T3 and T4 respectively. The FCR was better in T2, T3 and poor in T4. Feed consumed per kg gain in birds of T4 and T1 groups was found significantly (P<0.05) higher than T2 and T3 The diets of birds fed either 5 or 10% MSK (T2 or T3) required lesser amount of feed per kg gain in weight. These findings indicated that higher levels of inclusion of MSK (15%) in diet required more amount of feed per kg gain in weight. The cost of feeding (feed cost / kg gain) was significantly higher in T4 (Rs.19.63 ± 0.65) as compared to T2 (Rs. 15.97 ± 0.37) and T3 (Rs.16.35 ± 0.20). The treatments T1, (Rs. 18.46 ± 0.26) and T4 (Rs. 19.63 ± 0.65) were at par. Over all results revealed that mango seed kernel is an acceptable ingredient in broiler rations up to 10 per cent level without affecting growth rate and production performance of broilers and therefore, can be incorporated at 10 per cent level in broiler ration with economic advantageThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF ENZYMES AND CHELATED MINERALS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 2004) Sampatrao, Jagtap Satyajit; Desai, H. B.The present experiment was conducted at Poultry Complex, College of Veterinary Sci. and A. H., Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand, to study the effect of supplementation of enzymes and chelated minerals with normal and reduced level of added methionine in feed, on the production performance of commercial broilers. Four hundred straight run day-old "Cobb" commercial broiler chicks of homogenous flock were divided into four equal groups. Four different treatments were randomly assigned to four groups (100 chicks per treatment) with five replications each (20 chicks per replication) viz., 11: Control (no enzymes or chelated minerals in feed), T2: enzyme @ 50 g/1OOkg in feeds, T3: chelated minerals @ 11Og/1OOkg feed (replacing normal trace mineral) and T4: As per T3 but 50g less DL methionine added per 100 kg feed (i.e. instead of 152g, 102g). in broiler starter and broiler finisher feed the energy and protein content in the experimental ration was kept higher than BIS (1992a,b) feeding standards. The crude protein content of broiler starter was higher by 4.35% and for broiler finisher it was 10% high; whereas, corresponding figures for increased energy content were 8.14% and 7.62% respectively. All experimental feeds were fortified with adequate vitamin/mineral supplements and coccidiostats. Birds were reared on the deep litter with rice husk as a litter material during the entire experimental period. The average initial body weights of chicks were 39.01± 0.17, 39.11± 0.40, 38.86± 0.10 and 39.30± 0.24 g that finally reached to 1718.88± 2.68, 1865.73± 14.39, 1857.10± 11.21, 1828.77± 14.48 g average total weight and 1679.87±11.35, 1826.57±13.26, 1818.24±11.33 and 1789.47±13.65 g total average body weight gains in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively at the end of the experiment. Body weight and body weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.01) in enzymes and chelated minerals supplemented groups i.e. T2, T3 and T4 over control (T1). The average total feed consumption (g) from 0-6 weeks for T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 3458.31±37.70, 3349.76±63.94, 3421.11±53.21 and 3426.57±60.22g respectively. The difference was statistically found to be nonsignificant, only numerically higher feed consumption was recorded in control group indicating that even at lower feed intake the body weights were higher (P<0.01) in enzymes and chelated minerals supplemented groups. During metabolism trial, the difference in the average daily dry matter intake (g) and average daily dry matter intake per metabolic body weight (g/Wkg 0.75 was non-significant; while, average crude protein intake (g) per kg gain in body weight was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (406.93±9.92) as compared to T2 (344.94±8.43), T3 (351.69±9.12) and T4 (363.53±5.40). The overall (0-6 weeks) average feed conversion ratio was 1.94±0.008, 1.74±0.012, 1.77±0.014 and 1.80±0.012 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The FCR was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T2 followed by T3 and T4 over T1. The average balance (g/day) of N, Ca and P was found positive in all groups i.e. 2.13±0.03, 1.13±0.01, and 0.45±0.03 forT1; 2.92±0.04, 1.53±0.03 and 0.66±0.02 for T2; 2.73±0.05, 1.50±0.01 and 0.54±0.02 for T3 and 2.54±0.04, 1.41 ±0.02 and 0.50±0.04g for T4 respectively. Significant differences (P<0.01) in balances of N, Ca and P in T2, T3 and T4 over T1 were also reflected in the corresponding higher body weights. The average dressing percentage was 60.09±0.33, 64.14±0.24, 64.23±0.15 and 62.02±0.47 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, which was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T2, T3 and T4 as compared to T1; however, average weights of the organs viz., liver, gizzard, heart and spleen were unaffected. The average per cent livability of birds for T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 95, 97, 98 and 96 respectively. The average cost of feeding (Rs.) per kg gain in weight was Rs. 20.58±0.09, 18.67±0.12, 19.41±0.14 and 19.54±0.13 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, which was found significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (control) as compared to T2, T3 and T4. However, T3 and T4 are at par with each other. The return over feed cost was significantly higher (P<0.01) for T2 (Rs.43.52), T3 (Rs.41.95) and T4 (Rs.41.07) and as compared to T1 (Rs.36.82). Thus, inclusion of enzymes in broiler ration is more economical followed by inclusion with reduction in methionine content. Ration T3 and T4 have almost same economy. The overall results of the experiment indicated that supplementation of enzymes and chelated minerals help in improving the production performance of broilers. In comparison to chelated minerals enzyme supplementation is more beneficial. Reduction in the methionine requirement @ 50 g /100kg feed is possible with the supplementation of chelated minerals without affecting the performance of broilersThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FEEDING MANGO SEED KERNELS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 2004) SHARMA, NEETA; PANDE, M. B.The effect of feeding mango seed kernels on the performance of broilers was planned using day old 240 unsexed 'VenCobb" commercial chicks from 0 day to 6 weeks of age. Four treatments were T1 (diet containing 0% mango seed kernel), T2 (diet containing 5% mango seed kernel), T3 (diet containing 10% mango seed kernel) and T4 (diet containing 15% mango seed kernel). Completely Randomized Design was followed. The nutrient requirements were met as per the recommendations of BIS (1992 a, b) feeding standards. The feeds were supplemented with coccidiostats and vitamins. The birds were vaccinated as per schedule. All the four treatment rations were fed from 0-6 weeks in cages. The average initial weight of the chicks was 48.03 ± 0.40, 48.27 ± 0.30, 48.53 ± 0.87 and 48.50 ± 0.58 g while the average final weight was 1292.90 ± 18.06, 1299.77 ± 19.82, 1292.20 ± 22.57 and 1044.73 ± 20.59g. The gain was 1244.87 ± 18.10, 1251.50 ± 19.79, 1243.67 ± 9.91 and 996.23 ± 20.4 Ig under T1 ,T2 ,T3 and T4, respectively. The treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were at par while T4 differed significantly from T1, T2 and T3. Treatment T4 showed least growth. The average feed consumed during starter period was 1528.18 ± 17.49, 1455.85 ±35.45, 1465.80 ± 24.36 and 1317.62 ± 24.24 g for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The non significant difference in average feed consumption for T1, T2, T3 during 0-4 weeks and significant reduction of feed consumption for T4 suggested that mango seed kernel at 10% is quite palatable to broilers (starter phase) while 15% level of mango seed kernel reduced the feed intake during 0-4 weeks. During 5-6 weeks, the feed consumption was significantly higher for T1 (1493.80 ± 18.40) and significant reduction in feed consumption for T2, T3 and T4. (1155.85 ± 35.48, 1165.70 ± 24.28 and 1190.00 ± 35.01g) indicated that mango seed kernel inclusion in the ration reduced the feed intake of birds without any adverse effect on growth at the rate of 5 and 10%) inclusion levels. Average total feed consumption ( g/bird) was recorded as 3021.98 ± 32.61, 2611.80 ±70.89, 2631.50 ± 48.60, 2507.62 ± 52.35g which further suggested that mango seed kernel inclusion in broilers ration reduced the total feed consumption of birds . The average dry matter intake per kg metabolic body weight was 89.18 ± 2.59, 98.52 ± 3.04, 98.50 ± 4.82 and 96.72 ± 3.8Ig under T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, with no significant differences. Average crude protein intake per kg gain was 498.03 ± 7.05, 426.77 ± 13.84, 433.61 ± 5.43 and 517.37 ± 17.04 g under treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. It was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 and T1 as compared to the treatments T2 and T3 (having Sand 10% level of MSK). The average nitrogen balance was +2.53 ± 0.11,+2.67 ± 0.24, +2.13 ± 0.38 and +1.97 ± 0.23 g/ bird /day with average calcium balance of +1.13 ± 0.08, +1.06 ± 0.09, +0 .81 ± 0.11 and + 0.77 ± 0.15 g/bird/day . The balances of nitrogen and calcium were positive and more or less similar in all the four treatment groups. However positive and significantly higher phosphorus balance was found in T2 (+0.83 ± 0.07) and least in T4 (+0.23 ± 0.06 g/bird/day). Average values for dressing percentage varied from 71.56 to 77.20% and remained almost similar under all the four treatment groups. Similarly, statistically non significant differences were observed in gizzard, heart and abdominal fat weight under all the four treatment groups suggesting that there was no untoward effect of feeding MSK on gizzard, heart and abdominal fat up to 15% level in broiler ration but liver weight was significantly lower in T4 treatment group. Spleen weight was also significantly low in T4 and T1 treatment groups. The weight was least in treatment T4, indicating that MSK had some effect on liver and spleen. Spleen weight was significantly higher in T2 andT3. Feed conversion efficiency (kg feed /kg gain) during 6 weeks observed was 2.43 ± 0.03, 2.09 ± 0.05, 2.15 ± 0.04 and 2.52 ± 0.08 for treatment groups T1, T2 ,T3 and T4 respectively. The FCR was better in T2, T3 and poor in T4. Feed consumed per kg gain in birds of T4 and T1 groups was found significantly (P<0.05) higher than T2 and T3 The diets of birds fed either 5 or 10%) MSK (T2 or T3) required lesser amount of feed per kg gain in weight. These findings indicated that higher levels of inclusion of MSK (15%) in diet required more amount of feed per kg gain in weight. The cost of feeding (feed cost / kg gain) was significantly higher in T4 (Rs. 19.63 ± 0.65) as compared to T2 (Rs. 15.97 ± 0.37) and T3 (Rs. 16.35 ± 0.20). The treatments T1 (Rs. 18.46 ± 0.26) and T4 (Rs. 19.63 ± 0.65) were at par. Over all results revealed that mango seed kernel is an acceptable ingredient in broiler rations up to 10 per cent level without affecting growth rate and production performance of broilers and therefore, can be incorporated at 10 per cent level in broiler ration with economic advantage.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF FEEDING BYPASS PROTEIN AND FAT ON MILK PRODUCTION IN BUFFALOES OF DAHOD DISTRICT(AAU, Anand, 2009) VAHORA, S. G.; PARNERKAR, SUBHASHEighteen Mehsani buffaloes in their 2nd and 3rd lactation were selected to conduct on-farm trial at the Jalat and Borkheda villages of Dahod district for 150 days duration. The animals were selected on the basis of their average daily milk yield of last lactation, present daily milk yield, fat % and body weight. The experiment was initiated on 5th day of lactation. The experimental animals were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments i.e. T1 (Control) and T2 (Bypass protein) and T3 group (Bypass protein and bypass fat). There were six animals in each group. The experiment was conducted following Completely Randomized Design. All the experimental buffaloes were individually offered a basal diet of green shedha grass (5 kg) and wheat straw ad lib along with required amount of concentrate mixtures to meet their protein and energy needs for maintenance arid for milk production as per NRC (2001). The CP requirement of control group buffaloes was worked out and was supplied through 1.5 kg cotton seed cake; 1.5 kg gram chuni and the remaining from Type n compound concentrate mixture as per ISI (1979) Specification. The UDP requirement of treatment groups' (T2 and T3) buffaloes was worked out and was supplied through 1 kg formaldehyde (HCHO) treated guar meal and 2 kg cotton seed cake. The remaining quantity of CP required in treatment groups was supplied through gam chuni (up to 1.5 kg) and from compound concentrate mixture, so as to make the control and treatment ration isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The commercial bypass fat supplement, Megalac was provided to buffaloes in T3 group @ lOg/kg milk yield as per the recommendation of the manufacturer M/s. Vetcare India Ltd., Bangalore.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING FORMALDEHYDE TREATED RAPE SEED MEAL TO LACTATING DAIRY ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2008) THORAT, SHASHIKANT KONDAJI; GUPTA, R. S.The present experiment was planned and conducted to know the effect of feeding formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal in the concentrate mixture of lactating dairy cows. The feeding experiment was conducted on eighteen lactating crossbred cows (Gir x Holstein Friesian) with average daily milk production of 21 kg and average milk fat per cent 4.25 to 4.37 in the beginning of the study. The cows were grouped randomly in two treatments (T1 and T2) with nine cows under each treatment following completely randomized design. The cows under T1 (control group) were fed as per the feeding schedule of the farmers (Home made concentrate mixture + green roughage + dry roughage) according to milk production of cows. The cows under treatment group (T2) were fed control diet in which home made concentrate mixture was replaced by formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal on protein equivalent basis to make both diets isonitrogenous. Experimental feeding of individual cows was carried out for the period of 120 days. Average daily dry matter intake was found to be 17.46 and 16.68 kg/cows under T1 and T2 respectively. The treatment differences were found to be statistically non significant. The average values for concentrate: roughage ratio was 1:0.98 and 1:1.04 under T1 and T2, respectively. These treatment differences were also found to be non significant. Average daily CP, DCP and TDN intakes were found to be 2362.15 and 2317.07 (g/day/animal); 1372.30 and 1459.68 (g/day/animal) and 10.94 and 11.44 (kg/day/animal) under T1 and T2, respectively. The treatment differences for nutrients intake were found to be statistically non significant. The average daily milk production of cows under T1 and T2 was 20.17 and 21.32 kg, respectively. The daily increase in milk yield was found to be 1.17 kg for cows fed T2 diet in comparison to the cow fed control (T1) diet. The average daily 4% FCM yield was found to be 21.38 and 23.15 kg per animal under T1 and T2, respectively. The average milk fat content under T1 and T2 was 4.45 and 4.59 per cent, respectively and the treatment differences were significant (P<0.05). The values for daily milk fat yield were 0.895 and 0.981 kg under T1 and T2, respectively. However, the treatment differences for the same were statistically non significant. Total solids content of milk was 13.82 and 14.05 % under T1 and T2, respectively However, SNF content of milk was unaffected by bypass protein supplementation. The digestibility of proximate nutrients (except for ether extract) was higher in cows fed T2 diet as compared to that of cows fed with T1 diet. However, the differences among the treatment groups were non significant. Dry matter intake to produce one kg milk and 4% FCM was found to be 0.902 and 0.792 kg and 0.846 and 0.727 kg under T1 and T2, respectively (P < 0.05). Crude protein intake was found to be 125.43 and 117.46 g and 111.43 and 102.31 g to produce one kg milk and 4% FCM under T1 and T2, respectively. Similar values for DCP intake were 74.36 and 69.60 g and 68.82 and 66.55 g under treatments T1 and T2, respectively although the treatment differences were non significant. The intake of TDN to produce one kg milk was 0.590 and 0.553 kg under T1 and T2, respectively (P < 0.05) and similar values for FCM production were 0.519 kg and 0.477 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). The daily cost of feeding per animal was Rs 108.15 and 102.77 under T1 and T2, respectively. The daily cost of feeding (Rs/cow) was higher (P>0.05) under T1 than T2. The average daily returns over feed cost were Rs 119.40 and 146.73 for cows under T1 and T2, respectively, however, these differences were non significant. The returns over feed cost for cows fed bypass protein diet (T2) were 22.89 % higher than the cows fed control diet (T1). The overall result suggested that the feeding formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal to high producing lactating crossbred cows under field condition was found to be economically beneficial.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING BYPASS PROTEIN ON PERFORMANCE OF GROWING CROSSBRED CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATIL, YUWARAJ JAYPRAKASH; Pande, M. B.A growth experiment of 154 days duration was carried out on fifteen crossbred (J x K and HF x K) calves to study the comparative effects of feeding bypass protein from natural or artificial source. The three treatments were T1: control concentrate mixture with deoiled cottonseed cake (DCSC) as a source of natural bypass protein, T2: 50 % GP from DCSC in T1 was replaced by formaldehyde treated deoiled groundnut cake (FTDGNC) and T3: 100 % CP from DCSC in T1 was replaced by FTDGNC. Completely randomized design was followed. The ICAR (1998) feeding standard was followed to meet nutrient requirement in terms of DCP. Two kg of green NB-21 grass was provided daily to all the calves to meet Vit. A requirement. The results revealed non significant treatment differences for total and average daily weight gain and various body measurements. The average daily gain in weight was 462.33, 419.48 and 483.11g in T1, T2 and T3, respectively.The dry matter intake kg per day per animal, per 100 kg body weight and g per kg metabolic body weight were at par in all the treatments indicating that natural protected protein feeding is at par with artificially protected protein feeding. Average daily CP, DCP and TDN intakes were also found similar among the treatments. The treatment differences for digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, c. protein, e.extract, c. fiber and nitrogen free extract were non significant. Balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were positive in all the groups with non significant treatment differences. The efficiency of feed utilization (DM intake per kg gain) was higher in T3 followed by T1 and T2. However, the treatment differences were non significant. The values for CP and DCP intake per kg weight gain were 1.06, 1.19 and 1.00 kg and 0.66, 0.75 and 0.63 kg respectively in T1, T2 and T3. The values were at par in all the treatments. The intake of TDN (kg) per kg weight gain was significantly higher in T2 than T1 and T3. The results on plane of nutrition of calves revealed that the calves under all the treatment groups were on recommended (ICAR, 1998) plane of nutrition except 3.13 per cent lower TDN intake than recommended levels in T3. The results on change in rumen metabolites revealed higher (P<0.05) average rumen pH in T1 than T2 and T3. However, TVFA concentration was found at par and within the normal range in all the groups. Ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, non protein nitrogen and protein nitrogen contents were found within the normal range and treatment effects for these parameters were non significant. However, the period effect was significant. Blood hemoglobin, blood glucose, serum protein, phosphorus and calcium were within the normal range with non significant treatment difference. The cost of feed (Rs. Id) was 19.70, 19.40 and 20.10 where as the cost of feed (Rs. /kg gain) was 42.70, 47.00 and 41.70, respectively in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The daily feed cost was lowest in T2, while the feed cost per kg gain was the lowest in T3 however, the treatment difference were non significant. The overall results indicated that the growth of calves fed protein from naturally protected and artificially protected source was not affected significantly. Thus the naturally protected source seems to be at par with artificially protected source in the present study.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF WHEAT STRAW BASED COMPLETE FEED AND TOTAL MIXED RATION FOR GROWING CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2002) SHINDE, MILIND V.; Talpada, P. M.A growth experiment of 40 weeks duration was carried out on fifteen crossbred (J x K and HF x K) calves to study the comparative evaluation of wheat straw based complete feed and total mixed ration for growing calves. The three treatments were T1: complete feed based on wheat straw (ground)., T2: complete feed based on wheat straw (unground) i.e. T.M.R. and T3: control - representing conventional system of feeding concentrates and roughage separately. Completely randomized design was followed. The calves under T1 and T2 were fed respective complete feeds ad lib. Whereas the calves under T3 were offered concentrate mixture to meet their DCP requirement as per ICAR (1985) standards and ad lib mature pasture grass. Two kg. 'NB-21 fodder was provided daily to all the calves to meet their vitamin A requirement. The complete feed was prepared in complete feed plant using 8 mm screen and T.M.R. was unground. The values for modulus of uniformity were 4:4:2 and 6:3:1 for distribution of coarse:medium:fine particles in both the complete feed and T.M.R., respectively. The complete feeds T1 and T2 contained 11.26 and 10.54 per cent DCP and 58.43 and 54;40 per cent TDN, respectively.The results revealed nonsignificant treatment differences for average daily weight gain and various body measurement. The average daily gain in weight was 453, 386 and 420 g, respectively in T1, T2 and T3. The dry matter intake kg per day per animal, per 100 kg body weight and g per kg metabolic body weight were at par in all the treatment indicating that both, the complete feed and T.M.R. were palatable to calves and they consumed sufficient feeds. The daily intake of CP and DCP in both, the experimental feeds (T1 and T2) were higher than control (T3). But TDN intake was higher in T3 (control) than T1 and T2 (P < 0.05). The digestibility coefficients of proximate nutrients were within the normal range in all the treatment groups with nonsignificant treatment differences. Balances of N, P and Ca were positive in all the treatments (P < 0.05). The efficiency of feed utilization i.e. DM, CP, DCP and TDN intake per kg gain revealed comparatively better feed efficiency in both the experimental feeds than conventional system of feeding. The results on plane of nutrition revealed that the calves under all the experimental groups were at par with the recommendation of ICAR (1985) standards per intake of DM, DCP and TDN. Ruminal pH was within the normal range under all the three treatments. However, it was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in T3 than T1 and T2. The TVFA content was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in T1 than T2 and T3. The SRL total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, NPN, soluble nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were at par in all the treatments. Blood haemoglobin, serum protein, serum phosphorus and serum calcium were within the normal range in all the treatments. The economics of feeding showed 16.38 and 46.35 per cent less feed cost per kg weight gain in T1 (complete feed) than T2 (TMR) and T3 (conventional system of feeding), respectively. Overall results suggested that complete feed based on wheat straw (52%) has no adverse effect on palatability, feed intake, growth rate, feed efficiency, digestibility and rumen fermentation in crossbred calves. It provides low cost balanced ration per calves with cost effective growth rate.