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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF MAHUVA (MADHUCA INDlCA) SEED CAKE IN THE RATION OF CASTRATED BUFFALO BULLS(AAU, Anand, 1981) VYAS, JAYAVADAN R.; Pande, M. B.The present study was divided into two parts. In the first part saponin and sapogenol content in mahuva seed cake was estimated and in the second part the feeding experiment on castrated buffalo bulls ( Surti ) to study the feasibility of using mahuva ( Madhuca indica, J.F.Gmel ) seed cake ( unprocessed ) in maintenance ration was carried out. Mahuva seed cake used for this experiment was estimated for saponin and sapogenol content. The result revealed that it contained 21.35 per cent saponin and 8.59 per cent sapogenol on dry matter basis. A 3 X 3 Latin square design with 8 weeks period was followed. The three treatments consisted of 0 (control), 25 and 50 per cent mahuva seed cake in concentrate mixtures and were designated as T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Each animal was fed daily with 2 kg of 'NB-21' green, mature pasture grass ad lib. and weighed quantities of concentrate mixtures ( pellet form ). The requirement of DCP and TDN were met as per Sen et al. (1978) feeding standard for maintenance. Feeding scheduled was changed for each animal with a change of period. The observation regarding weekly body weights for three consecutive days, dry matter intake, digestibility of proximate nutrients, balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium changes in the different constituents in the blood (hemoglobin, total serum protein and serum phosphorus and calcium) and 2 hourly changes i n pH and nitrogen fractions (total nitrogen, non protein nitrogen and protein nitrogen) of the strained rumen liquor (SRL) were recorded. The results on body weight revealed that there was significant loss in weight in 25 per cent level mahuva seed cake fed group. This may be due to less retention of nitrogen and significantly less availability of digestible crude protein (DCP). The results on per cent dry matter intake and dry matter intake on metabolic body weight (g/kg W0.75) revealed that there was no significant difference between the treatments and hence these were not affected by incorporation of mahuva seed cake in the ration. The digestibility coefficients of crude protein, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract (NFE) and organic matter were slightly reduced but were found non significant. Thus, it is indicated that inclusion of mahuva seed cake upto 50 per cent level in the concentrate mixture did not affect the digestibility of proximate nutrients significantly except ether extract. The digestibility of ether extract was lowered significantly in 25 per cent level. Average balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium were positive in the animals under all the treatments but retention of nitrogen and available DCP were significantly lower in 25 per cent mahuva seed cake fed group as compared to other two groups. Actual available TM was not affected significantly under all the treatments. Periodic changes in the blood constituents did not reveal significant changes i n hemoglobin, total serum protein, serum phosphorus and calcium content. Two hourly changes in ruminal (SRL) pH, total nitrogen, non protein nitrogen and protein nitrogen indicated no significant differences between the treatments except in protein nitrogen which continued to be synthesizes for longer period at higher concentration i n T1 ,as compared to mahuva seed cake fed groups ( T2 and T3). The cost of ration per day per, animal was worked out and was higher i n T1 ( 0 level, control) than T2 and T3 ( 25 and 50 per cent level). The maintenance cost was lowest in T3 (50 per cent level). However, the differences were statistically non significant. The cost of maintenance was reduced hy 5.1 and 9.1 per cent by the incorporation mahuva seed cake in the concentrate mixtures at the level of 25 and 50 per cent respectively.ThesisItem Open Access CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHER (Avicennia officinalis) LEAVES AND SOME COASTAL REGION GRASSES(AAU, Anand, 1982) Shukla, P. C.; Shukla, P. C.People of coastal region especially Bharuch, Hansot, Bhavnagar and Kutch side (Gujarat State) are feeding cher to their animals. They believe that it increases milk as well as fat content. This view is even supported by many Ayurvedic books. Gujarat Animal Husbandry Department, Central Salt and Marine Research Institute, Sumul dairy and other agencies had suggested to conduct research work on cher leaves. Therefore, present study of chemical composition and nutritive value of char leaves was undertaken. A survey work regarding cher leaves feeding in Bharuch district was also under taken. During survey work it was known that other coastal grasses namely Moras, Aal, Canthiu and Chanannuri are also fed to cattle. So these grasses were also included for the study. Monthly cuttings of cher leaves were obtained to know the seasonal difference in chemical composition.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PROSOPIS JULIFLORA PODS AND ITS UTILIZATION AS CATTLE FEED BY LACTATING COWS(AAU, Anand, 1985) Talpada, Punambhai M.; Shukla, P. C.An attempt was made to study the Prosopis juliflora pods and its utilization as cattle feed by lactating cows with a view to assess the production potential, composition of pods and to investigate the suitability of pods at 0, 15 and 30 per cent levels in the concentrate mixture of lactating cows. The results of two years study on production potential of pods from eight Prosopis juliflora trees indicated that on an average yield of pods was 18.95 kg/tree/year. The chemical composition of pods revealed that all the proximate constituents including sugar content of pods differed significantly (P<0.05) from year to year. This alteration may probably be related with different stages during the maturity of pods. The composition of pods did not vary significantly from tree to tree except for ether extract and sugar content.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING VARYING LEVELS OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY ON PERFORMANCE OF CAGED LAYING HENS(AAU, Anand, 1986) DESAI, MAHADEV C.; Shukla, P. C.The present experiment to investigate the effect of varying protein (Crude protein) and energy levels in diets of caged laying hens was conducted at Animal Nutrition Department and Central Poultry Research Station, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand from July 1981 to July 1982. For caged layer experiment, 3 power 2 factorial experiment was used with three levels of protein (16, 18 and 20 per cent) each with three levels of energy (2700, 2600 and 2500 Kcal ME/kg). The treatments (Proteins per cent: Kcal ME/kg) were T1- 16:2700, T2 - 18:2700 (as per ISI specifications), T3 - 20:2700, T4 - 16:2600, T5 - 18:2600, T6 - 20:2600, T7 - 16:2500, T8 - 18:2500 and T9 - 20:2500. Twenty seven hens under each treatment maintained in California cages were individually fed one of the nine diets from 22nd to 72 weeks of age.ThesisItem Open Access USE OF SINGLE CELL PROTEIN (SCP) AS A PART OF CONCENTRATE MIXTURE OF GROWING CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1986) Desai, Hemant B.; Shukla, P. C.Feeding experiment using single cell protein (SCP) in concentrate mixture for growing calves was conducted on 12 Kankrej and 12 Jersey x Kankrej F1 calves (male and female) for 32 weeks period of growth. The three treatments were 0(control), 10 (T2) and 20 (T3) percent level of SCP in concentrate mixture replacing protein of groundnut cake by SCP. Completely randomized design (Factorial) was used for the experiment. N.R.C. (1971) feeding standards were followed for meeting nutrient (DCP and TDN) requirements of calves. One kg green lucerne was given to meet vitamin-A (carotene) requirement.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON FEASIBILITY OF UNCONVENTIONAL FEED PROSOPIC JULIFLORA PODS IN BROILER RATION(AAU, Anand, 1995) Vanker, Subhashchandra G.; Talpada, P. M.To study feasibility of Prosopis juliflora pods as an unconventional feed at 0, 5 and 10 per cent in broiler starter and broiler finisher feed an experiment was conducted on 240 "Vencobb" broiler chicks for a period of 0 to 6 and 7 to 8 weeks. The experiment was conducted in deep litter system of management. The results of experiment indicated that the body weight gain at 6 week was 954.55, 959.84 and 918.75 g and at 8 week 1553.25, 1550.99 and 1498.15 g under T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The differences were statistically non-significant. The average feed intake for starter period was found to be 2784.36, 2885.59 and 2787.58 g per broiler. The average feed intake for finisher period was 1748.69, 1763.67 and 1707.20 g and overall feed consumption was 4531.05, 4849.26 and 4494.76 g per bird. The differences among T1, T2 and T3 treatments were statistically non-significant. The results on efficiency of feed utilization revealed that the feed intakes (kg/kg gain) were 2.92 +. 0.02, 3.01 ±. 0.08 and 3.04 ±0.05 for starter period and 2.88 ±0.02, 2.98 ± 0.08 and 2.94 ± 0.05 for finisher period, respectively in T1, T2 and T3. The overall efficiency was 2.92 +.0.02, 2.99 ±0.04 and 3.00 + 0.02 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. However, the differences among the treatments were non-significant. The results on carcass characteristics indicated that the dressing percentages were found to be 64.70, 65.07 and 64.63 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The average organ weights viz., heart, liver, spleen and gizzard were found to be similar under different treatments. The treatment differences were statistically non-significant. The cost of feeding upto 6 and 6 week period were Rs.12.37, 12.50, 11.96 and 20.22, 20.24, 19.18 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The net return over feed cost on an average was found to be Rs.15.02, 14.98 and 14.45 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The treatment differences were non-significant. Thus, feeding of P.juliflora pods as an unconventional feed ingredient upto 10 per cent level in broiler ration had no deleterious effect on the performance of broilers in terms of feed consumption, body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, carcass characteristics viz., dressing percentage and weight of vital organs like heart, liver, spleen and gizzard. The average net return over feed cost was Rs. 15.02, 14.98 and 14.45 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Thus P. juliflora pods can be used upto 10 per cent level in broiler ration to minimise the cost of feeding and reducing the shortage of feeds for poultry.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN COMMERCIAL BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1999) Kokje, R. P.; Desai, H. B.An experiment was conducted at Poultry Complex, Anand to study the effect of commercial probiotics supplementation on production performance of broilers. The 240 day-old chicks (Hubbard) of homogenous flock were divided into tliree equal groups and randomly alloted, to the treatments having 4 replications of 20 birds each viz., T1 - Control (No probiotics in feeds), T2 - 400 g probiotics/tonne of feeds and T3 - 600 g probiotics/tonne of feeds. The nutrients requirement were made available as per the recommendation of BIS (1992a,b). The feeds were supplemented with coccidiostats, vitamins and minerals and birds were vaccinated as per schedule. Three treatment rations' were fed from 0-4 weeks in cages and 5-6 weeks of age on deep litter.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICAL FEEDING OF GROWING CROSSSBRED CALVES USING COMPLETE FEEDS BASED ON AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS AND NON - CONVENTIONAL FEEDS(AAU, Anand, 1999) Pandya, Paresh R.; Desai, M. C.A of growth experiment of 40 weeks duration was carried out on eighteen crossbred (J x K and HF x K) calves to study the feasibility of utilization of complete feeds as ration of growing calves. The three treatments were T1: conventional complete feed with 30 % wheat straw as basal roughage and 70 % conventional concentrate ingredients , T2 : Nonconventional complete feed with 30 % sugarcane bagasse as basal roughage and nonconventional feed ingredients viz, Prosopis juliflora pods, managed kernel, Babul seeds chuni, corn steep liquor and T3: control- representing conventional system of feeding concentrates and roughage separately. Completely randomized design was followed. The calves under T1 and T2 were fed respective complete feeds ad lib. Where as the calves under T3 were offered concentrate mixture to meet Itheir DCP requirement as per ICAR (1985) standards and ad lib. wheat straw. Two kg 'NB-21 fodder was provided daily to ail the calves to meet their vit. A requirement. The complete feeds were prepared in complete feed plant using 8 mm screen. The values for modules of uniformity were 2:4:2 for distribution of corse: medium: fine particles in both the complete feeds. The complete feeds T1 and T2 contained 12.74 % 12.14 % DCP and 55.71 % and 58.63 % TDN, respectively. The results revealed non significant treatment differences for total and average daily weight gain and various body measurement. The average gain in weight was 418, 476 and 473 g, respectively in T1, T2 and T3. The dry matter intake kg per day per animal, per 100 kg body weight and g per kg metabolic body weight were at par in all the treatment indicating that both the complete feeds were palatable to calves and they consumed sufficient complete feeds. The daily intake of CP and DCP in both,, the complete feeds (T1 and T2) were similar to that of control (T3). But TDN intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 than T1 and T2- The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were within the normal range in all the treatment groups with non significant treatment differences for digestibility of DM, ether extract and CF. However, digestibility coefficient of CP was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T3 than T2 but T1 and T2 were at par. Organic matter digestibility was higher (P<0.01) in T2 than T1 but T3 was at par with both the complete feeds. Digestibility coefficient of NFE was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T1 than T3 where as T2 was at par with T1 and T3. Balances of N, P and Ca were positive in all the treatments. The efficiency of feed utilization (DM intake per kg gain) was similar in all the groups but efficiency of protein utilization (DCP intake per kg gain) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T2 than T1 and T3 and energy utilization (TDN intake per kg gain) was higher (P<0.01) in both complete feeds (T1 and T2) than control (T3). The results on plane of nutrition of calves revealed that the calves under all the treatment groups were on recommended (ICAR, 1985) plane of nutrition except 4.24 % and 3.20 % lower TDN intake than recommended levels in T1 and T2 respectively. Ruminal pH was within the normal range under all the three treatments. However, it was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T3 than T1 and T2. The TVFA content was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 (control) than T1 and T2. The SRL total nitrogen and protein nitrogen were at par in all the treatments but, NPN, soluble nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen content were significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 (control) than T1 and T2. The economics of feeding showed 30.71 % and 36.90 % less feed cost per kg weight gain in T2 (nonconventional complete feed) than T3 (control) and T1 (conventional complete feed) respectively. Over all results suggested that both the complete feeds were quite palatable to the calves and can be fed to growing crossbred calves without any adverse effects. Complete feed based on agro industrial by products and non conventional feeds has further reduced the cost of feeding due to low feed cost. Long term studies are required to see the effect of complete feeds based on different roughage levels and particle size on growth performance and health of growing calves.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON UTILIZATION OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA PODS BY BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Krushnarvind B.; Desai, M. C.The effect of addition of enzyme on efficiency of Prosopis juliflora pods based feed utilization by'broilers, was planned using 400 unsexed 'Hubbard commercial chicks from day old to six weeks of age. The five treatments were T1 (diet without Prosnpis juliflora pods but with enzymes), T2 (diet having 5% Prosopis juliflora pods with enzyme), T3 (diet having 10% Prosopis juliflora pods with enzyme), T4 (diet having 10% Prosopis juliflora pods without enzyme) and T5 (control diet without enzyme). Completely randomized design was followed. The nutrient requirements were met as per the recommendations of BIS (1992a,b) feeding standards. The feeds were supplemented with coccidiostats and vitamins and birds were vaccinated as per schedule. Five rations were fed from 0-4 weeks in cages and 5-6 weeks of age on deep litter. The average initial weight of the broiler chicks were 50.41 + 0.09, 50.38 ± 0.05, 50.05 ± 0.02, 50.30 ± 0.18 and 50. 1 ± 0.08 g followed by 1783.82 ± 42.89, 1708.26 ± 25.47, 1624.96 ± 33.72, 1586.10 ± 46.67 and 1664.82.22.30 g average total weight at the end of experiment and average weight gain was 1733.40 + 38.30, 1657.91 ± 25.49, 1574.91 + 33.71, 1535.80 + 46.32 and 1614.70 + 22.37, respectively under T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatment groups. The treatment group differed significantly (P<0.05) where the gain in body weight was highest in T1, followed by.T2, T5, T3 and the least in T4 group. Non-significant average feed consumption for 0-4 weeks (1463.53 ± 14.46 - 1521.93 ± 12.49 g/bird) and for 5 to 6 weeks (1798.93 ± 32.96 - 1909.13 ± 37.15 g/bird) suggested that Prosopis juliflora pods at 10% level is quite palatable to broilers during starter as well as finisher phase of growth. The numerical reduction in feed consumption was observed with enzyme addition which might be due to improved utilization of Prosopis juliflora pods by enzyme and on account of more energy available to the birds.