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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access SUCCESSION OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS, BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF GALL MIDGE, Procontarinia matteiana Kieffer & Cecconi ON MANGO(DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNVERSITY ANAND, 2018) Zala Manoharsinh B.; Dr. T. M. BharpodaInvestigations on succession of major insect pests, biology and management of gall midge, Procontarinia matteiana Kieffer & Cecconi on mango were carried out at Horticulture farm and Department of Agricultural Entomology, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2018.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF BRINJAL MITE, Tetranychus urticae Koch UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS(DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) Patel Nainesh Balubhai; Dr. C. C. PatelInvestigations on population dynamics, effect of different dates of transplanting on incidence of mites, bio-efficacy of acaricides and bio-pesticides, varietal susceptibility, crop loss assessment due to mite, biochemical characters of brinjal responsible for susceptibility and status of pesticide residue in brinjal were carried out at Main Vegetable Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat) during kharif-rabi, 2014-15 and 2015-16.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI INFESTING PAPAYA MEALYBUG, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink(DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) PATEL MAYANK V.; Dr. D. M. MEHTAInvestigations on entomopathogenic fungi infesting papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink” were carried out under laboratory and field conditions during 2014-2017 at AICRP on Biological control laboratory, AAU, Anand.ThesisItem Open Access LABORATORY STUDIES ON BIOLOGY AND FEEDING POTENTIAL OF MEXICAN BEETLE, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister ON PARTHENIUM, Parthenium hysterophorous L. AND EVALUATION OF HERBICIDES FOR THEIR SAFETY TO THE BIOAGENT(AAU, Anand, 2013) PAWAR, SATISH RAMCHANDRA; Korat, D. M.Investigations on biology, morphometries and feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) and toxicity of weedicides as well as effect of temperature on biological attributes of the bioagent were carried out in Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat) during theyear 2011 to 2012. Studies on biology of Z. bicolorata on Parthenium hysterophoms L. revea:ied that the female laid their eggs either singly or in cluster on under surface of leaves. Eggs were oblong in shape, slightly elongated, smooth and the surface was finely reticulated. There were four distinct larval instars. Newly hatched larvae were yellowish in colour and gradually turned in creamy white with the advancement of age. Adults of Z. bicolorata were elongate and oblong in shape. Dorsal surface was strongly convex and glabrous. In general, females found relatively larger in size than males. Average egg, larval, pupal and adult period was 3.93+0.80, 13.87 ± 1.36, 7.40 ± 1 . 1 8 and 32.40 ± 8.05 (males) to 44.53 + 7.33 (females) days, respectively. Entire life-span of female and male completed in 59.13 ± 7.75 and 71.33 ± 8.78 days, respectively. Fecundity, hatching percentage, adult emergence percentage and male to female sex ratio was 669.73 ± 141.34 eggs, 55.75 ± 12.27%, 76.67 ± 14.82% and 1 : 1.26, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS, LIFE TABLES AND MANAGEMENT OF PIGEONPEA POD BORERS(AAU, Anand, 2003) JHA, ANAND; Koshiya, D. J.Investigations were carried out on population dynamics, life tables and management of pigeonpea pod borers at B. A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the year 2001-02 and 2002-03. Study on seasonal abundance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on different hosts under middle Gujarat cropping pattern clearly indicated that during kharif season, the pest started its activity on okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench crop from the beginning of July. Thereafter, the population shifted to cotton, Gossypium hirsutum and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Maximum larval population of this pest in cotton was recorded in the third week of October, when the crop was at fruiting stage. Then the population moved to pigeonpea fi"om cotton crop and attained its peak during third and second week of November during the year 2001-02 and 2002-03, respectively. During the winter season, the pest was active on chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. The highest population was recorded in the third week (2001-02) and fourth week (2002-03) of January. The pest also appeared on tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. during this period, but it could not build up its population on this crop. During the summer season, the pest started its activity on summer groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L., Indian bean, Lablab purpureus [=Dolichos labalab (L.)], Lucerne, Medicago sativa L. and okra Mid was active up to July on these crops. Thus, the study clearly revealed that the pest population started its activity on okra, then shifted to cotton and tomato during the kharif season and it shifted from cotton to pigeonpea. Later on it started infesting chickpea during the winter season. A study on population dynamics of H. armigera revealed that the pest first appeared on pigeonpea during first week of October and remained active throughout the crop season and the highest population was recorded during fourth week of November. Correlation between the population and weather factors (WF) was worked out. The study indicated that among the different parameters, mean relative humidity (MRH), evening vapour pressure (VP2) and mean vapour pressure (MVP) showed significant negative correlation indicating that population of this pest increased with decrease in MRH between the range of 54 to 48.5 per cent. Infestation of blue butterfly, Euchyrops cnejus Fabricius commenced fi-om first week of October and remained active up to the end of December. During this period, its population showed violent fluctuations with three different population peaks. Among the different physical factors of envirormient, evening relative humidity (RH2); morning vapour pressure (VP1); MRH, VP2 and MVP showed significant negative correlation with pest population. Regression study indicated that decrease in magnitude of MRH and bright sunshine hour (BSS) in the range of 54 to 48.5 per cent and 10 to 8 hrs were found favourable for the build up of the pest population. Larval population of plume moth, Exelastis atomosa Walsingham was active from the first week of October to fourth week of December in this crop. The pest incidence was low in the beginning, but then the population rapidly increased and attained its peak during second week of December. Correlation study indicated that maximum temperature (MaxT), minimum temperature (MinT), mean temperature (MT), VP1, morning vapour pressure deficit (VPD1), evening vapour pressure deficit (VPD2) , mean vapour pressure deficit (MVPD) and wind speed (WS) have significant negative correlation with the pest population. Regression study revealed that increased in VP2 (10.5 to 11%) proved favourable for population build up but MaxT (35 to 31°C) and VPDl (14 to 12 mm of Hg) decreased the population. The study further indicated that the pod fly, Melanogromyza obtusa Malloch infestation commenced from the first week of October. The pod damage increased up to the harvesting of the crop. Study on correlation for the effect of weather factors indicated significant negative correlation between MaxT, MinT, MT, VP1, VP2, VPD2, MVPD and WS and pod damage. Regression study revealed that MT playing an important role for build up of the population and damage due it. Results of investigations on life fecundity tables of H. armigera on pigeonpea, cowpea, green gram and Indian bean revealed that maximum expectancy of newly deposited eggs was on Indian bean followed by pigeonpea, cowpea and green gram. The highest survival of immature stages was recorded on Indian bean followed by green gram, cowpea and pigeonpea. On the basis of reproductive potential (R0), the host can be arranged in descending order as pigeonpea > green gram > cowpea > Indian bean. The mean length of generation was maximum on Indian bean followed by green gram, cowpea and pigeonpea. The intrinsic rate of natural increase in number (rm) ranged from 0.126 to 0.1473 females per female per day on different hosts. Thus, considering the value of rm, the hosts can be arranged as: pigeonpea > cowpca > Indian bean. The finite rale of increase in number (λ) ranged from 1.134 to 1.158 females per female per day on different hosts. The population on reaching a stable age distribution comprised of approximately 99 per cent of immature stages. A study on field life tables on this crop clearly indicated that among the various mortality factors, a larval pupal parasite, Eucarcella illota Curr. was found to be effective in causing suppression in pest population. A study on determination of resistance to recommended insecticides viz., endosulfan, monocrotophos, quinalphos and cypermethrin in field population of H. armigera showed that the populations collected from different localities of Gujarat state had developed 1.05 to 27.26 fold resistance against these insecticides. The population collected from the Bharuch district found susceptible to all the insecticides under test except cypermethrin. However, the population collected from Vadodara showed comparatively higher level of resistance to all the insecticides. Junagadh population exhibited its susceptibility to cypermethrin, whereas Anand population showed low levels of resistance (1.05 to 5.80 fold) to all the insecticides under test. A field study on evaluation of different newer insecticides for the control of pigeonpea pod borers, treatments with Polytrin-C 0.044 (cypermethrin 4% + profenophos 40%), alphaniethrin 0.0075, indoxacarb 0.015 and acephate 0.075 per cent proved to be the most effective in controlling H. armigera. It has been further observed that all the insecticides under test except NSKS 5 per cent proved effective for the control of E. cnejus,, whereas Polytrin-C 0.044, carbosulfan 0.025 and indoxacarb 0.015 per cent proved effective in managing E. atomosa. The results further indicated that treatments with Polytrin-C 0.044, Koranda 0.028 (Fenvalerate 3% + acephnfc 25%), carbosulfan 0.025, indoxacarb 0.015 and acephate 0.075 per cent found to be effective in reducing pod damage due to different pod borers. Yield data clearly indicated that plots treated with alphamethrin 0.0075 per cent registered the highest (1363.17 kg ha-1) yield and was at par with Koranda 0.028 (1321.37 kg ha-1), profenophos 0.05 (1189.56 kg ha-1), carbosulfan 0.025 (1186.34 kg ha-1), indoxacarb 0.015 (1179.91 kg ha-1) and endosulfan 0.07 per cent (1156.33 kg ha-1). Considering economics and efficacy of the treatments, alphamethrin 0.0075 (1:10.97), Koranda 0.028 (1:6.49) and endosulfan 0.07 per cent (1:5.35) gave appreciable net incremental cost benefit ratio (NCBR). Thus, these treatments can be recommended for the management of pod borers in pigeonpea crop.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF PEST COMPLEX OF OKRA, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) MOENCH(AAU, Anand, 2003) NARANGALKAR, ANAND LALBA; Koshiya, D. J.Investigations were carried out on population dynamics, varietal susceptibility, evaluation of IPM modules and never insecticides for management of pest complex of okra at B. A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the year 2000-01 and 2001-02. Studies on population dynamics of jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) on okxa revealed that the pest appeared after 3rd week of sowing and remained active throughout the kharif season. The population reached to its peak during 9th, 6th and 12th week after sowing (WAS) in May, June and July plantings, respectively. It was also observed that May and July plantings supported higher population as compared to June sown crop. Correlation studies between the population and weather factors (WF) indicated significant negative relationship between bright sun shine hours (BSS), maximum temperature (Max T), Mean temperature (MT), relative humidity (RH), temperature range (TR) and population for May sown crop. However, all the factor except RH1 and Min T showed significant positive correlation on the population in July planting, which suggesting that July planted crop proved more vulnerable to the attack and build up of this pest. Thus, the study clearly revealed that jassid population increased with decrease in BSS and evening relative humidity (RH2) between the range of 5 to 2.1 hrs and 72.15 to 80.40 per cent, respectively. Infestation of aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover appeared on okra crop during 5th\ 3rd and 3rd WAS in May, June and July plantings, respectively. It has been also found that the aphid activity was high in June sown crop, compared to May and July plantings. Among the different physical factors of environment, BSS, MT, Max T, TR, mean vapour pressure deficit (MVPD) and evening pressure deficit (VPD2) showed significant negative correlation, whereas RH2, MRH and rain fall (RF) had positive correlation with the build up of aphid population. The regression study indicated that BSS and Max T in the range of 1.20 to 5.00 hrs and 30 to 32 °C were found favourable for the build up of the pest population. The study further revealed that damage to shoots due to Earias vittella (Fab.) started after 3rd WAS in June planted crop and 4th WAS on crops sown in May and July. The pest started damaging the fruits, when the crop was at fruiting stage. The damage commenced 7th , 8th and 8th week after sowing in three respective dates of plantings. Thus, it is evident from the study that the pest appeared earlier in May and June planted crops compare to July planting. Correlation studies indicated that RH1, VP1, VP2 and MVP had significant positive effect, whereas VPD caused significant negative effect on the pest activity and damage, whereas none of the weather parameters had significant influence on shoot infestation in the May and June planted crops. It was also observed that BSS, Max T, Min T, MVP, VPD1, MVPD and RF have significant negative correlation in May sown crop. Similar correlation was also observed for RH1, RH2, MRH, VPl, MVP and WS, when the crop planted in July. Regression study indicated that BSS and Max T played an important role for fruit damage in May sown crop. Considering the incidence of different pest and role of weather factors for fluctuation of their populations in three dates of sowing, the early planted crop (15th May) showed fast and luxuriant growth resulted in tolerance to these pests, whereas late sown crop (15th July) showed slow growth and become more favourable to the attack of the pests under study. Looking to the yield and incidence of different pests, May planting is more suitable for obtaining higher marketable fruit yield, and minimize damage of E. vittella to fruits. The studies on population dynamics of jassid in summer season revealed that the pest appeared 3rd and 4th WAS, when the crop planted in February and March. The population attained its peak during 10th (18.30 jassid per leaf) and 11th (16.68 jassid per leaf) WAS in February and March sown crops, respectively. The correlation study for the effect of weather factors indicated positive correlation between jassid and BSS, Min T, Max T, MT, VPD1, VPD2 and MVPD, when the crop was planted in February, whereas such effect of MT, RHl, RH2, MRH, VPD1, VPD2 and MVPD was observed in March planting with highly significant negative correlation with TR. Further, it has been observed that none of the weather factors showed significant effect on the population, when the crop was planted in April. Regression study indicated that Min T (20.75 to 24.75 °C) and MVP (20.85 to 22.60 mm of Hg) helped in suppressing the pest population. The results on population of aphids revealed that aphid (A. gossypii) appeared 3rd, 4th and 4th WAS in February, March and April sown crops. But the pest population remained very low during the summer season. The highest population of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) was recorded 5th, 7th and 4th WAS with 1.11, 0.98 and 0.81 whitefly per leaf on February, March and April sown crops, respectively. It was also observed that pest was active throughout the crop season in march sown crop. Correlation study indicate that among different physical factors, BSS showed significant negative association with the population in February sown crop, whereas BSS, Max T, MT, VPD2, MVPD and TR indicated significant positive correlation and RH2 and MRH showed significant negative correlation in April sown crop. Regression study showed that the population was at increasing tremendous when ranged BSS from 8.85 to 10.90 hrs.ThesisItem Open Access BIOECOLOGY OF SPOTTED POD BORER, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), BIOEFFICACY AND RESIDUAL STATUS OF SOME INSECTICIDES IN RELATION TO INSECT PEST COMPLEX OF COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (Linnaeus) Walpers](AAU, Anand, 2004) PANICKAR, BINDU M. K.; JHALA, R. C.The investigations in cowpea on comparative biology and biometrics of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) on different host crops (cowpea, green gram, black gram, pigeonpea and Indian bean), population dynamics in relation to weather parameters and field life table of M vitrata, evaluation of various insecticides for their efficacy against insect pest complex and toxicity to lady bird beetles and residual status of some insecticides on cowpea were carried out during 2001-2003 at Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The studies on comparative biology and biometrics indicated that significantly higher length (mm) of egg (0.64), 1st (3.18), 3rd (9.39), 4th (12.05) and 5th (16.23) instar larva, male (13.55) and female (13.64) pupa, male (11.81) and female (11.99) moth; significantly higher breadth (mm) of 1st (0.73), 2nd (0.88). 3rd (1.66), 4th (2.81) and 5th (3.56) instar larva and female moth (24.85); significantly higher width (mm) of head capsule in 1st (0.29), 2nd (0.39). 3rd (0.52), 4th (0.59) and 5th (0.66) instar larva; significantly shorter period (days) of egg (2.32), 1st (2.30), 3rd (2.75), 4th (2.75), 5th (2.60) instar larva; significantly shorter total larval (13.71 days), pre-pupal (1.59 days), pupa! (5.36 days) and pre-oviposition (1.10 days) periods; significantly longer oviposition periods (4.30 days) in the female and adult period (6.40 days) of male; significantly shorter total life cycle (29.36 days) of female and significantly higher fecundity (41.80 eggs) and growth index (5.71) were recorded in the culture of M. vitrata reared on cowpea [V. unguiculata (L.)] as compared to green gram [V. radiata (L.)], black gram [V. mungo (L.)], pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)] and Indian bean [Lahlah purpureus (L.)]. Based on these parameters, it was concluded that cowpea is the most preferred host for growth and development of M. vitrata. Per cent damaged pods ranged from 2.20 to 55.52 and 2.77 to 29.43 in kharif cowpea crop during 2001 and 2002, respectively. The infestation commenced 1 to 2 week(s) after initiation of pod setting and it was higher in the month of August. The correlation coefficient was significant only in case of maximum and mean temperatures having positive correlation and mean relative humidity having negative correlation with per cent pod borer damage during kharif, 2001. It was significant with evening vapour pressure (X8) having positive correlation in kharif, 2002. The regression equations showing relationship between per cent pod borer damage (Y) and mean temperature (X5) was found to be : Y = -656.08 + 23.7570 X5 [R2 = 0.4161] for kharif 2001 and Y =-136.18 + 6.6927 X8 [R2 = 0.4314] for kharif, 2002. Field life table studies on M vitrata revealed that a larval-pupal parasite Agathis sp. accounted for 48.14 and 32.52 per cent mortality in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Studies on key mortality factor analysis indicated that big size larvae and pupal stage were most valuable stages for managing this pest. Based on overall rank for bioefficacy against pest complex plus safety to lady bird beetles, the chronological order of various insecticides with green pod yield in kg/ha and incremental cost benefit ratio, respectively given in bracket was : lambdacyhalothrin @ 0.0025% (3337 and 1:31.68) > methyl-o-demcton @ 0.025% (3160 and 1:29.99) > fenvalerate @ 0.01% (2882 and 1:33.50) > deltamethrin @ 25% tablet (6962 and 1:49.53) > alphamethrin @ 0.01% (3742 and 1:28.53) > deltamethrin @ 0.0014% (5729 and 1:71.53):- endosulfan fa) 0.07% (5150 and 1:45.50) > quinalphos @ 0.05% (4045 and 1:29.21) > indoxacarb @ 0.00725% (4454 and 1:18.45) > methomyl @ 0.08% (5364 and 1:16.53) > azadirachtin @ 0.001% (2498 and 1:13.08) > Btk@ 0.75 kg/ha (2188 and 1:2.51) > NSKE @ 5% (1890 and 1:12.98).ThesisItem Open Access SUCCESSION OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS, THEIR POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT IN BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.)(AAU, Anand, 2004) BHATT, HEMALKUMAR VINODRAI; Koshiya, D. J.Investigations were carried out on succession of insect pests, their population dynamics and management in brinjal (Solatium melongena L.) at B. A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand during the year of 2001-02 and 2002-03. Siudy on succession of ir.portant insect pests and their natural enemies indicated that sucking pests viz; jassid , Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida; whitcfly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover appeared during early vegetative stage and was active ihroughout the crop life span, whereas the activity of shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orhonalis Gtienee observed initially on shoots and subsequently on fruit during the fruit formation stage of the crop. The population of natural enemies viz; ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata L.; green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Steph. and geocoris bug, Geocoris ochropterus Fab. also coincided with their host population. A correlation study among the incidence of sucking pests and occurrence of natural enemies revealed that population of jassid and whitefly were positively correlated with ladybird beetle. Similar relationship was also observed between whitefly and predators green lacewing and geocoris bug. The study further indicated that peak population of aphid and jassid was (Miservcd when whitefly population was at its low level showing avoidance of competition among the sucking pests. Infestation of shoot and fruit borer, L orbonalis found throughout the Crop season. Initially, it was observed on tender shoots, then moved to fruits. Correlation study indicated that fruit damage had positive correlation with occurrence of green lacewing and geocoris bug. Similar association was found between aphid population and borer activity for shoot damage. A study on population dynamics of jassid revealed that pest appeared during third week of September and was active throughout the crop season. The highest population was recorded during fourth week of November. Correlation between population of jassid and weather factors (WF) was worked out. The study indicated that among the different physical factors of environment, maximum temperature (MaxT), evening vapour pressure deficit (VPD2)mean vapour pressure deficit (MVPD) and temperature range (TR) showed positive correlation, while negative correlation with evening relative humidity (RH2), mean relative humidity (MRH) and wind speed (WS). Regression study indicated that increase in MVPD (11 to 18 mm of Hg) and decreased in WS (4 to 2 KMPH) playing an important role for build up of the jassid population. Thus, dry atmosphere with low wind speed favoured the build up of the population. Infestation of whitefly, (B. tabaci) commenced from third week of September and reached to its highest level during December. Among the different physical factors of environment MaxT, minimum temperature (MinT), mean temperature (MT), morning vapour pressure (VPl), evening vapour pressure (VP2) and WS showed negative correlation with whitefly population indicating that population of this pest increased with decreased in Min T (17° to 10° C) and it flourished well in cold weather. Population of aphid, A. gossypii was active from third week of September to second week of January. During this period population showed violent fluctuations with three different peaks. Correlation study between population of aphid and WF revealed that bright sunshine hour (BSS) and WS showed negative correlation with pest population. The study further indicated that decrease in magnitude of BSS in the range of 9 to 7 hours proved favourable for the build up of pest population. It suggesting that cloudy weather favoured the build up of its population. Activity of shoot and fruit borer (L. orbonalis) found throughout the crop life span. Damage to shoots commenced from third week of September was maximum during last week of October. After fruit formation, it moved to fruits and the highest fruit damage observed during the month of December. Correlation study indicated that shoot damage showed positive correlation with MaxT, MinT, mean temperature (MT), morning relative humidity (RHl), VPl, VP2, mean vapour pressure (MVP), evening vapour pressure deficit (VPD2) and MVPD. Similar study for fruit damage revealed that MaxT, MinT, MT, RH2, MRH, VPl, VP2, MVP, morning vapour pressure deficit (VPDl) and WS showed negative correlation, which indicating that decreased in Min T between the range of 23° to 15° C proved favourable for this pest. A study on screening of sixteen genotypes/varieties of brinjal for their susceptibility against major insect pests during kharif season revealed that genotypes/varieties JB-64-1-2, GBH-1, Doli-5, AB-99-16, GBL-1, H-7, JBPR-98-2, Brinjal Castor Long and H-8 proved to be resistant to jassid, whereas Brinjal Green Round, Junagadh Long, Junagadh Oblong, PLR-1, AB-00-7 and AB-99-32 found moderately resistant by registering low jassid population. The population of whitefly was found low in genotypes/varieties Brinjal Green Round, GBH-1, Doli-5, Junagadh Long, Junagadh Oblong, JB-64-1-2, AB-99-16, JBPR-98-2 and GBL-1 and found to be resistant, whereas genotypes/varieties JB-64-1-2, AB-99-16, GBH-1, Doli-5, Brinjal Green Round, PLR-1, Brinjal Castor Long, JBPR- 98-2 and H-8 exhibited lower aphid population and showed resistant reaction to this pest. Further, a study on effect of morphological characters and biochemical contents of brinjal leaves on sucking pests indicated that hair density and hair length on leaves as well as thickness of midrib and lamina and leaf area are the important characters for imparting resistant to brinjal. Similarly, total soluble sugars, amino acids and total phenols of brinjal leaf provide basis for the resistance. Observation on shoot damage due to L. orbonalis revealed that genotypes/varieties Brinjal Green Round, GBH-1, H-7, Doli-5, JB-64- 1-2, AB-99-16, Brinjal Castor Long and H-8 proved to be resistant, whereas low fruit damage was recorded in genotypes/varieties JB-64-1-2, GBH-1, Doli-5, Brinjal Castor Long, Brinjal Green Round, H-7, H-8, Junagadh Long and PLR-1 and found resistant against this pest. Study on effect of morphological characters and biochemical contents of fruit revealed that morphological characters had no any effect on fruit damage, however, total soluble sugars, amino acids and total phenols play a vital role in imparting resistant to this pest. The yield data clearly indicated that a genotypes JB-64-1-2, GBH-1 and Doli-5 which proved resistant to sucking pests as well as shoot and the fruit borer and also registered the higher marketable fruit yield. A field study on evaluation of different newer insecticides for the control of pest complex of brinjal indicated that carbosulfan 0.025, monocrotophos 0.04, difenthiuron 0.05 and endosulfan 0.07 per cent effectively suppressed the jassid population. It has been further observed that whitefly population effectively controlled by difenthiuron 0.05, endosulfan 0.07, monocrotophos 0.04 and carbosulfan 0.025. Treatments with azadirachtin 0.00012 per cent found almost ineffective in controlling both the sucking pests. The results further revealed that all the insecticidal treatments proved significantly superior in reducing fruit damage due to L. orbonalis. However, carbosulfan 0.025 recorded the minimum fruit damage and was at par with monocrotophos 0.04 and endosulfan 0.07 per cent, whereas the treatment with azadirachtin could not prove effective in reducing the fruit damage. Yield data clearly indicated that plots treated with carbosulfan 0.025 registered the highest fruit yield (332.08 q ha-1), which was at par with monocrotophos 0.04 (322.64 q ha-1) and endosulfan 0.07 per cent (318.03 q ha-1). Considering the economics and efficacy of the treatments, monocrotophos 0.04, carbosulfan 0.025 and endosulfan 0.07 per cent gave appreciable net incremental cost benefit ratio (NICER) of 1:29.52, 1:26.54 and 1:22.32, respectively. Thus, these treatments can be recommended for the effective management of pest complex of brinjal.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF HABITAT MANIPULATION ON NATURAL ENEMIES OF Helicoverpa armigera (HUBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA : NOCTUIDAE) IN TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum MILLIERE)(AAU, Anand, 2005) Patel, Yogeshkumar C.; YADAV, D. N.Investigations were carried out during 2003-04 and 2004-05 to enhance natural biological control of H. armigera in tomato, by manipulating cropping ecology and exploiting the behaviour of the pest. Three habitats viz., African marigold, negro coffee and bidi tobacco were manipulated with tomato. Results revealed that African marigold grown on either sides of five rows of tomato attracted Helicoverpa armigera moths for oviposition and also egg parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis and T. aciiaeae. Both collectively caused a mean parasitisation to the tune of 27.14 per cent during 2003-04 and 35.84 per cent during 2004-05 on African marigold. The resultant population of Trichogramma appeared to have shifted to tomato and caused considerable and consistent parasitisation, which alongwith other natural enemies contributed in reducing of larval population of H. armigera and higher marketable fruit yield. The enhancement of Trichogramma in tomato was also observed when negro coffee was planted on either sides of five rows of tomato. Negro coffee provided an alternate host in the form of Catopsilia pyranthe, a pierid butterfly eggs which were parasitized by T. chilonis and T. achaeae throughout the season which caused a mean per cent parasitisation of 34.31 and 39.50 during 2003-04 and 2004-05, respectively in tomato. Both 7. chilonis and T. achaeae in this habitat manipulation resulted in giving a mean egg parasitisation of 22.66 per cent and 31.67 per cent during 2003-04 and 2004-05, respectively, which was higher than in unmanipulated control, African marigold and bidi tobacco manipulated tomatoes. Consequently there was significantly lesser larval population of H. armigera than both the controls and higher marketable fruit yield. Tomato manipulated with bidi tobacco provided breeding ground for mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis, which is known for its predatory nature besides, being phytophagous. On bidi tobacco, N. tenuis maintained its population throughout the season, which also helped in maintaining its sizable population on tonrrato, a natural host of N. tenuis. The N. tenuis population was significantly higher in tomato than on other manipulations suggesting that the population of bugs shifted from tobacco to tomato. Thus, higher population of N. tenuis on tomato and bidi tobacco resulted into higher predation of H. annigera eggs. Besides, N. tenuis, there were twelve species of natural enemies viz., T. chilonis, T. achaeae, Campoletis chlorideae, Eucarcelia illota, Cotesia sp., Argiope anasuja, Oxiopes wronghtoni, Peucentiasp., Thomisus sp., Rhinocoris fuscipes; Paederus fuscipes and an unidentified tetagonid were noticed during study, which also exerted natural control of the pest and contributed 24.65 per cent and 23.11 per cent higher marketable fruit yield in manipulated system than control block, respectively during 2003-04 and 2004-05. All the three habitats viz., African marigold, negro coffee and bidi tobacco were equally effective in enhancing natural biological control of H. armigera in tomato than control. African marigold and bidi tobacco maintained sizable larval population of H. armigera and were statistically at par. In view of this, periodically plucking of marigold flowers and topping of bidi tobacco at appropriate stage is suggested. Similarly, reported damaging role of mirid bug, N. tenuis to tomato flowers also warrants further study.
