Thumbnail Image

Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

Browse

2000 - 200826
Reset filters
Subject: Agricultural Entomology × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 26
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    POPULATION DYNAMICS, LIFE TABLES AND MANAGEMENT OF PIGEONPEA POD BORERS
    (AAU, Anand, 2003) JHA, ANAND; Koshiya, D. J.
    Investigations were carried out on population dynamics, life tables and management of pigeonpea pod borers at B. A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the year 2001-02 and 2002-03. Study on seasonal abundance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on different hosts under middle Gujarat cropping pattern clearly indicated that during kharif season, the pest started its activity on okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench crop from the beginning of July. Thereafter, the population shifted to cotton, Gossypium hirsutum and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Maximum larval population of this pest in cotton was recorded in the third week of October, when the crop was at fruiting stage. Then the population moved to pigeonpea fi"om cotton crop and attained its peak during third and second week of November during the year 2001-02 and 2002-03, respectively. During the winter season, the pest was active on chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. The highest population was recorded in the third week (2001-02) and fourth week (2002-03) of January. The pest also appeared on tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. during this period, but it could not build up its population on this crop. During the summer season, the pest started its activity on summer groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L., Indian bean, Lablab purpureus [=Dolichos labalab (L.)], Lucerne, Medicago sativa L. and okra Mid was active up to July on these crops. Thus, the study clearly revealed that the pest population started its activity on okra, then shifted to cotton and tomato during the kharif season and it shifted from cotton to pigeonpea. Later on it started infesting chickpea during the winter season. A study on population dynamics of H. armigera revealed that the pest first appeared on pigeonpea during first week of October and remained active throughout the crop season and the highest population was recorded during fourth week of November. Correlation between the population and weather factors (WF) was worked out. The study indicated that among the different parameters, mean relative humidity (MRH), evening vapour pressure (VP2) and mean vapour pressure (MVP) showed significant negative correlation indicating that population of this pest increased with decrease in MRH between the range of 54 to 48.5 per cent. Infestation of blue butterfly, Euchyrops cnejus Fabricius commenced fi-om first week of October and remained active up to the end of December. During this period, its population showed violent fluctuations with three different population peaks. Among the different physical factors of envirormient, evening relative humidity (RH2); morning vapour pressure (VP1); MRH, VP2 and MVP showed significant negative correlation with pest population. Regression study indicated that decrease in magnitude of MRH and bright sunshine hour (BSS) in the range of 54 to 48.5 per cent and 10 to 8 hrs were found favourable for the build up of the pest population. Larval population of plume moth, Exelastis atomosa Walsingham was active from the first week of October to fourth week of December in this crop. The pest incidence was low in the beginning, but then the population rapidly increased and attained its peak during second week of December. Correlation study indicated that maximum temperature (MaxT), minimum temperature (MinT), mean temperature (MT), VP1, morning vapour pressure deficit (VPD1), evening vapour pressure deficit (VPD2) , mean vapour pressure deficit (MVPD) and wind speed (WS) have significant negative correlation with the pest population. Regression study revealed that increased in VP2 (10.5 to 11%) proved favourable for population build up but MaxT (35 to 31°C) and VPDl (14 to 12 mm of Hg) decreased the population. The study further indicated that the pod fly, Melanogromyza obtusa Malloch infestation commenced from the first week of October. The pod damage increased up to the harvesting of the crop. Study on correlation for the effect of weather factors indicated significant negative correlation between MaxT, MinT, MT, VP1, VP2, VPD2, MVPD and WS and pod damage. Regression study revealed that MT playing an important role for build up of the population and damage due it. Results of investigations on life fecundity tables of H. armigera on pigeonpea, cowpea, green gram and Indian bean revealed that maximum expectancy of newly deposited eggs was on Indian bean followed by pigeonpea, cowpea and green gram. The highest survival of immature stages was recorded on Indian bean followed by green gram, cowpea and pigeonpea. On the basis of reproductive potential (R0), the host can be arranged in descending order as pigeonpea > green gram > cowpea > Indian bean. The mean length of generation was maximum on Indian bean followed by green gram, cowpea and pigeonpea. The intrinsic rate of natural increase in number (rm) ranged from 0.126 to 0.1473 females per female per day on different hosts. Thus, considering the value of rm, the hosts can be arranged as: pigeonpea > cowpca > Indian bean. The finite rale of increase in number (λ) ranged from 1.134 to 1.158 females per female per day on different hosts. The population on reaching a stable age distribution comprised of approximately 99 per cent of immature stages. A study on field life tables on this crop clearly indicated that among the various mortality factors, a larval pupal parasite, Eucarcella illota Curr. was found to be effective in causing suppression in pest population. A study on determination of resistance to recommended insecticides viz., endosulfan, monocrotophos, quinalphos and cypermethrin in field population of H. armigera showed that the populations collected from different localities of Gujarat state had developed 1.05 to 27.26 fold resistance against these insecticides. The population collected from the Bharuch district found susceptible to all the insecticides under test except cypermethrin. However, the population collected from Vadodara showed comparatively higher level of resistance to all the insecticides. Junagadh population exhibited its susceptibility to cypermethrin, whereas Anand population showed low levels of resistance (1.05 to 5.80 fold) to all the insecticides under test. A field study on evaluation of different newer insecticides for the control of pigeonpea pod borers, treatments with Polytrin-C 0.044 (cypermethrin 4% + profenophos 40%), alphaniethrin 0.0075, indoxacarb 0.015 and acephate 0.075 per cent proved to be the most effective in controlling H. armigera. It has been further observed that all the insecticides under test except NSKS 5 per cent proved effective for the control of E. cnejus,, whereas Polytrin-C 0.044, carbosulfan 0.025 and indoxacarb 0.015 per cent proved effective in managing E. atomosa. The results further indicated that treatments with Polytrin-C 0.044, Koranda 0.028 (Fenvalerate 3% + acephnfc 25%), carbosulfan 0.025, indoxacarb 0.015 and acephate 0.075 per cent found to be effective in reducing pod damage due to different pod borers. Yield data clearly indicated that plots treated with alphamethrin 0.0075 per cent registered the highest (1363.17 kg ha-1) yield and was at par with Koranda 0.028 (1321.37 kg ha-1), profenophos 0.05 (1189.56 kg ha-1), carbosulfan 0.025 (1186.34 kg ha-1), indoxacarb 0.015 (1179.91 kg ha-1) and endosulfan 0.07 per cent (1156.33 kg ha-1). Considering economics and efficacy of the treatments, alphamethrin 0.0075 (1:10.97), Koranda 0.028 (1:6.49) and endosulfan 0.07 per cent (1:5.35) gave appreciable net incremental cost benefit ratio (NCBR). Thus, these treatments can be recommended for the management of pod borers in pigeonpea crop.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF PEST COMPLEX OF OKRA, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) MOENCH
    (AAU, Anand, 2003) NARANGALKAR, ANAND LALBA; Koshiya, D. J.
    Investigations were carried out on population dynamics, varietal susceptibility, evaluation of IPM modules and never insecticides for management of pest complex of okra at B. A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the year 2000-01 and 2001-02. Studies on population dynamics of jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) on okxa revealed that the pest appeared after 3rd week of sowing and remained active throughout the kharif season. The population reached to its peak during 9th, 6th and 12th week after sowing (WAS) in May, June and July plantings, respectively. It was also observed that May and July plantings supported higher population as compared to June sown crop. Correlation studies between the population and weather factors (WF) indicated significant negative relationship between bright sun shine hours (BSS), maximum temperature (Max T), Mean temperature (MT), relative humidity (RH), temperature range (TR) and population for May sown crop. However, all the factor except RH1 and Min T showed significant positive correlation on the population in July planting, which suggesting that July planted crop proved more vulnerable to the attack and build up of this pest. Thus, the study clearly revealed that jassid population increased with decrease in BSS and evening relative humidity (RH2) between the range of 5 to 2.1 hrs and 72.15 to 80.40 per cent, respectively. Infestation of aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover appeared on okra crop during 5th\ 3rd and 3rd WAS in May, June and July plantings, respectively. It has been also found that the aphid activity was high in June sown crop, compared to May and July plantings. Among the different physical factors of environment, BSS, MT, Max T, TR, mean vapour pressure deficit (MVPD) and evening pressure deficit (VPD2) showed significant negative correlation, whereas RH2, MRH and rain fall (RF) had positive correlation with the build up of aphid population. The regression study indicated that BSS and Max T in the range of 1.20 to 5.00 hrs and 30 to 32 °C were found favourable for the build up of the pest population. The study further revealed that damage to shoots due to Earias vittella (Fab.) started after 3rd WAS in June planted crop and 4th WAS on crops sown in May and July. The pest started damaging the fruits, when the crop was at fruiting stage. The damage commenced 7th , 8th and 8th week after sowing in three respective dates of plantings. Thus, it is evident from the study that the pest appeared earlier in May and June planted crops compare to July planting. Correlation studies indicated that RH1, VP1, VP2 and MVP had significant positive effect, whereas VPD caused significant negative effect on the pest activity and damage, whereas none of the weather parameters had significant influence on shoot infestation in the May and June planted crops. It was also observed that BSS, Max T, Min T, MVP, VPD1, MVPD and RF have significant negative correlation in May sown crop. Similar correlation was also observed for RH1, RH2, MRH, VPl, MVP and WS, when the crop planted in July. Regression study indicated that BSS and Max T played an important role for fruit damage in May sown crop. Considering the incidence of different pest and role of weather factors for fluctuation of their populations in three dates of sowing, the early planted crop (15th May) showed fast and luxuriant growth resulted in tolerance to these pests, whereas late sown crop (15th July) showed slow growth and become more favourable to the attack of the pests under study. Looking to the yield and incidence of different pests, May planting is more suitable for obtaining higher marketable fruit yield, and minimize damage of E. vittella to fruits. The studies on population dynamics of jassid in summer season revealed that the pest appeared 3rd and 4th WAS, when the crop planted in February and March. The population attained its peak during 10th (18.30 jassid per leaf) and 11th (16.68 jassid per leaf) WAS in February and March sown crops, respectively. The correlation study for the effect of weather factors indicated positive correlation between jassid and BSS, Min T, Max T, MT, VPD1, VPD2 and MVPD, when the crop was planted in February, whereas such effect of MT, RHl, RH2, MRH, VPD1, VPD2 and MVPD was observed in March planting with highly significant negative correlation with TR. Further, it has been observed that none of the weather factors showed significant effect on the population, when the crop was planted in April. Regression study indicated that Min T (20.75 to 24.75 °C) and MVP (20.85 to 22.60 mm of Hg) helped in suppressing the pest population. The results on population of aphids revealed that aphid (A. gossypii) appeared 3rd, 4th and 4th WAS in February, March and April sown crops. But the pest population remained very low during the summer season. The highest population of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) was recorded 5th, 7th and 4th WAS with 1.11, 0.98 and 0.81 whitefly per leaf on February, March and April sown crops, respectively. It was also observed that pest was active throughout the crop season in march sown crop. Correlation study indicate that among different physical factors, BSS showed significant negative association with the population in February sown crop, whereas BSS, Max T, MT, VPD2, MVPD and TR indicated significant positive correlation and RH2 and MRH showed significant negative correlation in April sown crop. Regression study showed that the population was at increasing tremendous when ranged BSS from 8.85 to 10.90 hrs.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOECOLOGY OF SPOTTED POD BORER, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), BIOEFFICACY AND RESIDUAL STATUS OF SOME INSECTICIDES IN RELATION TO INSECT PEST COMPLEX OF COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (Linnaeus) Walpers]
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) PANICKAR, BINDU M. K.; JHALA, R. C.
    The investigations in cowpea on comparative biology and biometrics of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) on different host crops (cowpea, green gram, black gram, pigeonpea and Indian bean), population dynamics in relation to weather parameters and field life table of M vitrata, evaluation of various insecticides for their efficacy against insect pest complex and toxicity to lady bird beetles and residual status of some insecticides on cowpea were carried out during 2001-2003 at Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The studies on comparative biology and biometrics indicated that significantly higher length (mm) of egg (0.64), 1st (3.18), 3rd (9.39), 4th (12.05) and 5th (16.23) instar larva, male (13.55) and female (13.64) pupa, male (11.81) and female (11.99) moth; significantly higher breadth (mm) of 1st (0.73), 2nd (0.88). 3rd (1.66), 4th (2.81) and 5th (3.56) instar larva and female moth (24.85); significantly higher width (mm) of head capsule in 1st (0.29), 2nd (0.39). 3rd (0.52), 4th (0.59) and 5th (0.66) instar larva; significantly shorter period (days) of egg (2.32), 1st (2.30), 3rd (2.75), 4th (2.75), 5th (2.60) instar larva; significantly shorter total larval (13.71 days), pre-pupal (1.59 days), pupa! (5.36 days) and pre-oviposition (1.10 days) periods; significantly longer oviposition periods (4.30 days) in the female and adult period (6.40 days) of male; significantly shorter total life cycle (29.36 days) of female and significantly higher fecundity (41.80 eggs) and growth index (5.71) were recorded in the culture of M. vitrata reared on cowpea [V. unguiculata (L.)] as compared to green gram [V. radiata (L.)], black gram [V. mungo (L.)], pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)] and Indian bean [Lahlah purpureus (L.)]. Based on these parameters, it was concluded that cowpea is the most preferred host for growth and development of M. vitrata. Per cent damaged pods ranged from 2.20 to 55.52 and 2.77 to 29.43 in kharif cowpea crop during 2001 and 2002, respectively. The infestation commenced 1 to 2 week(s) after initiation of pod setting and it was higher in the month of August. The correlation coefficient was significant only in case of maximum and mean temperatures having positive correlation and mean relative humidity having negative correlation with per cent pod borer damage during kharif, 2001. It was significant with evening vapour pressure (X8) having positive correlation in kharif, 2002. The regression equations showing relationship between per cent pod borer damage (Y) and mean temperature (X5) was found to be : Y = -656.08 + 23.7570 X5 [R2 = 0.4161] for kharif 2001 and Y =-136.18 + 6.6927 X8 [R2 = 0.4314] for kharif, 2002. Field life table studies on M vitrata revealed that a larval-pupal parasite Agathis sp. accounted for 48.14 and 32.52 per cent mortality in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Studies on key mortality factor analysis indicated that big size larvae and pupal stage were most valuable stages for managing this pest. Based on overall rank for bioefficacy against pest complex plus safety to lady bird beetles, the chronological order of various insecticides with green pod yield in kg/ha and incremental cost benefit ratio, respectively given in bracket was : lambdacyhalothrin @ 0.0025% (3337 and 1:31.68) > methyl-o-demcton @ 0.025% (3160 and 1:29.99) > fenvalerate @ 0.01% (2882 and 1:33.50) > deltamethrin @ 25% tablet (6962 and 1:49.53) > alphamethrin @ 0.01% (3742 and 1:28.53) > deltamethrin @ 0.0014% (5729 and 1:71.53):- endosulfan fa) 0.07% (5150 and 1:45.50) > quinalphos @ 0.05% (4045 and 1:29.21) > indoxacarb @ 0.00725% (4454 and 1:18.45) > methomyl @ 0.08% (5364 and 1:16.53) > azadirachtin @ 0.001% (2498 and 1:13.08) > Btk@ 0.75 kg/ha (2188 and 1:2.51) > NSKE @ 5% (1890 and 1:12.98).
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SUCCESSION OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS, THEIR POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT IN BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.)
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) BHATT, HEMALKUMAR VINODRAI; Koshiya, D. J.
    Investigations were carried out on succession of insect pests, their population dynamics and management in brinjal (Solatium melongena L.) at B. A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand during the year of 2001-02 and 2002-03. Siudy on succession of ir.portant insect pests and their natural enemies indicated that sucking pests viz; jassid , Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida; whitcfly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover appeared during early vegetative stage and was active ihroughout the crop life span, whereas the activity of shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orhonalis Gtienee observed initially on shoots and subsequently on fruit during the fruit formation stage of the crop. The population of natural enemies viz; ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata L.; green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Steph. and geocoris bug, Geocoris ochropterus Fab. also coincided with their host population. A correlation study among the incidence of sucking pests and occurrence of natural enemies revealed that population of jassid and whitefly were positively correlated with ladybird beetle. Similar relationship was also observed between whitefly and predators green lacewing and geocoris bug. The study further indicated that peak population of aphid and jassid was (Miservcd when whitefly population was at its low level showing avoidance of competition among the sucking pests. Infestation of shoot and fruit borer, L orbonalis found throughout the Crop season. Initially, it was observed on tender shoots, then moved to fruits. Correlation study indicated that fruit damage had positive correlation with occurrence of green lacewing and geocoris bug. Similar association was found between aphid population and borer activity for shoot damage. A study on population dynamics of jassid revealed that pest appeared during third week of September and was active throughout the crop season. The highest population was recorded during fourth week of November. Correlation between population of jassid and weather factors (WF) was worked out. The study indicated that among the different physical factors of environment, maximum temperature (MaxT), evening vapour pressure deficit (VPD2)mean vapour pressure deficit (MVPD) and temperature range (TR) showed positive correlation, while negative correlation with evening relative humidity (RH2), mean relative humidity (MRH) and wind speed (WS). Regression study indicated that increase in MVPD (11 to 18 mm of Hg) and decreased in WS (4 to 2 KMPH) playing an important role for build up of the jassid population. Thus, dry atmosphere with low wind speed favoured the build up of the population. Infestation of whitefly, (B. tabaci) commenced from third week of September and reached to its highest level during December. Among the different physical factors of environment MaxT, minimum temperature (MinT), mean temperature (MT), morning vapour pressure (VPl), evening vapour pressure (VP2) and WS showed negative correlation with whitefly population indicating that population of this pest increased with decreased in Min T (17° to 10° C) and it flourished well in cold weather. Population of aphid, A. gossypii was active from third week of September to second week of January. During this period population showed violent fluctuations with three different peaks. Correlation study between population of aphid and WF revealed that bright sunshine hour (BSS) and WS showed negative correlation with pest population. The study further indicated that decrease in magnitude of BSS in the range of 9 to 7 hours proved favourable for the build up of pest population. It suggesting that cloudy weather favoured the build up of its population. Activity of shoot and fruit borer (L. orbonalis) found throughout the crop life span. Damage to shoots commenced from third week of September was maximum during last week of October. After fruit formation, it moved to fruits and the highest fruit damage observed during the month of December. Correlation study indicated that shoot damage showed positive correlation with MaxT, MinT, mean temperature (MT), morning relative humidity (RHl), VPl, VP2, mean vapour pressure (MVP), evening vapour pressure deficit (VPD2) and MVPD. Similar study for fruit damage revealed that MaxT, MinT, MT, RH2, MRH, VPl, VP2, MVP, morning vapour pressure deficit (VPDl) and WS showed negative correlation, which indicating that decreased in Min T between the range of 23° to 15° C proved favourable for this pest. A study on screening of sixteen genotypes/varieties of brinjal for their susceptibility against major insect pests during kharif season revealed that genotypes/varieties JB-64-1-2, GBH-1, Doli-5, AB-99-16, GBL-1, H-7, JBPR-98-2, Brinjal Castor Long and H-8 proved to be resistant to jassid, whereas Brinjal Green Round, Junagadh Long, Junagadh Oblong, PLR-1, AB-00-7 and AB-99-32 found moderately resistant by registering low jassid population. The population of whitefly was found low in genotypes/varieties Brinjal Green Round, GBH-1, Doli-5, Junagadh Long, Junagadh Oblong, JB-64-1-2, AB-99-16, JBPR-98-2 and GBL-1 and found to be resistant, whereas genotypes/varieties JB-64-1-2, AB-99-16, GBH-1, Doli-5, Brinjal Green Round, PLR-1, Brinjal Castor Long, JBPR- 98-2 and H-8 exhibited lower aphid population and showed resistant reaction to this pest. Further, a study on effect of morphological characters and biochemical contents of brinjal leaves on sucking pests indicated that hair density and hair length on leaves as well as thickness of midrib and lamina and leaf area are the important characters for imparting resistant to brinjal. Similarly, total soluble sugars, amino acids and total phenols of brinjal leaf provide basis for the resistance. Observation on shoot damage due to L. orbonalis revealed that genotypes/varieties Brinjal Green Round, GBH-1, H-7, Doli-5, JB-64- 1-2, AB-99-16, Brinjal Castor Long and H-8 proved to be resistant, whereas low fruit damage was recorded in genotypes/varieties JB-64-1-2, GBH-1, Doli-5, Brinjal Castor Long, Brinjal Green Round, H-7, H-8, Junagadh Long and PLR-1 and found resistant against this pest. Study on effect of morphological characters and biochemical contents of fruit revealed that morphological characters had no any effect on fruit damage, however, total soluble sugars, amino acids and total phenols play a vital role in imparting resistant to this pest. The yield data clearly indicated that a genotypes JB-64-1-2, GBH-1 and Doli-5 which proved resistant to sucking pests as well as shoot and the fruit borer and also registered the higher marketable fruit yield. A field study on evaluation of different newer insecticides for the control of pest complex of brinjal indicated that carbosulfan 0.025, monocrotophos 0.04, difenthiuron 0.05 and endosulfan 0.07 per cent effectively suppressed the jassid population. It has been further observed that whitefly population effectively controlled by difenthiuron 0.05, endosulfan 0.07, monocrotophos 0.04 and carbosulfan 0.025. Treatments with azadirachtin 0.00012 per cent found almost ineffective in controlling both the sucking pests. The results further revealed that all the insecticidal treatments proved significantly superior in reducing fruit damage due to L. orbonalis. However, carbosulfan 0.025 recorded the minimum fruit damage and was at par with monocrotophos 0.04 and endosulfan 0.07 per cent, whereas the treatment with azadirachtin could not prove effective in reducing the fruit damage. Yield data clearly indicated that plots treated with carbosulfan 0.025 registered the highest fruit yield (332.08 q ha-1), which was at par with monocrotophos 0.04 (322.64 q ha-1) and endosulfan 0.07 per cent (318.03 q ha-1). Considering the economics and efficacy of the treatments, monocrotophos 0.04, carbosulfan 0.025 and endosulfan 0.07 per cent gave appreciable net incremental cost benefit ratio (NICER) of 1:29.52, 1:26.54 and 1:22.32, respectively. Thus, these treatments can be recommended for the effective management of pest complex of brinjal.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF HABITAT MANIPULATION ON NATURAL ENEMIES OF Helicoverpa armigera (HUBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA : NOCTUIDAE) IN TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum MILLIERE)
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) Patel, Yogeshkumar C.; YADAV, D. N.
    Investigations were carried out during 2003-04 and 2004-05 to enhance natural biological control of H. armigera in tomato, by manipulating cropping ecology and exploiting the behaviour of the pest. Three habitats viz., African marigold, negro coffee and bidi tobacco were manipulated with tomato. Results revealed that African marigold grown on either sides of five rows of tomato attracted Helicoverpa armigera moths for oviposition and also egg parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis and T. aciiaeae. Both collectively caused a mean parasitisation to the tune of 27.14 per cent during 2003-04 and 35.84 per cent during 2004-05 on African marigold. The resultant population of Trichogramma appeared to have shifted to tomato and caused considerable and consistent parasitisation, which alongwith other natural enemies contributed in reducing of larval population of H. armigera and higher marketable fruit yield. The enhancement of Trichogramma in tomato was also observed when negro coffee was planted on either sides of five rows of tomato. Negro coffee provided an alternate host in the form of Catopsilia pyranthe, a pierid butterfly eggs which were parasitized by T. chilonis and T. achaeae throughout the season which caused a mean per cent parasitisation of 34.31 and 39.50 during 2003-04 and 2004-05, respectively in tomato. Both 7. chilonis and T. achaeae in this habitat manipulation resulted in giving a mean egg parasitisation of 22.66 per cent and 31.67 per cent during 2003-04 and 2004-05, respectively, which was higher than in unmanipulated control, African marigold and bidi tobacco manipulated tomatoes. Consequently there was significantly lesser larval population of H. armigera than both the controls and higher marketable fruit yield. Tomato manipulated with bidi tobacco provided breeding ground for mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis, which is known for its predatory nature besides, being phytophagous. On bidi tobacco, N. tenuis maintained its population throughout the season, which also helped in maintaining its sizable population on tonrrato, a natural host of N. tenuis. The N. tenuis population was significantly higher in tomato than on other manipulations suggesting that the population of bugs shifted from tobacco to tomato. Thus, higher population of N. tenuis on tomato and bidi tobacco resulted into higher predation of H. annigera eggs. Besides, N. tenuis, there were twelve species of natural enemies viz., T. chilonis, T. achaeae, Campoletis chlorideae, Eucarcelia illota, Cotesia sp., Argiope anasuja, Oxiopes wronghtoni, Peucentiasp., Thomisus sp., Rhinocoris fuscipes; Paederus fuscipes and an unidentified tetagonid were noticed during study, which also exerted natural control of the pest and contributed 24.65 per cent and 23.11 per cent higher marketable fruit yield in manipulated system than control block, respectively during 2003-04 and 2004-05. All the three habitats viz., African marigold, negro coffee and bidi tobacco were equally effective in enhancing natural biological control of H. armigera in tomato than control. African marigold and bidi tobacco maintained sizable larval population of H. armigera and were statistically at par. In view of this, periodically plucking of marigold flowers and topping of bidi tobacco at appropriate stage is suggested. Similarly, reported damaging role of mirid bug, N. tenuis to tomato flowers also warrants further study.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INVESTIGATION ON THE FEEDING, DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF JASSID, AMRASCA BIGUTTULA BIGUTTULA ISHIDA AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN COTTON
    (AAU, Anand, 2001) PATEL, MANHARBHAl G.; PATEL, J. R.
    Various field and laboratory experiments were conducted which include screening of some of the cotton genotypes/cultivars against jassid,A. biguttula biguttula in field conditions, bio-efficacy of new molecules of synthetic insecticides against cotton jassid, response of oviposition behaviour of jassid to botanicals, determination of causes of resurgence in jassid due to insecticides, biochemical study of cotton leaves as well as effect of quinalphos, iriazophos and monocrotophos on the development of jassid, morphological and biochemical basis of resistance of various cotton genotypes/cultivars against jassid and evaluation of various plant materials and insecticide schedules for the management of jassid, A. biguttula biguttula on cotton H-6 at Department of Entomology, Bansiial Amrutlal College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Campus Anand during 1997 to 2000. The activity of jassid, A. biguttula bigutiula was found on okra, brinjal, castor, groundnut, ciusterbean and cowpea, whereas lucerne and mung remained completely free from jassid infestation. A weed plant kanski (Abuiiton indicus (L.) SW) found infested by jassid. Okra was the most preferred host by jassid. The activity of jassid, A. bigutiula biguttula on cotton H-6 was observed from 1st week of August to 4th week of December with its peak during 1st week of September. The temperature (minimum and mean), vapour pressure (morning, afternoon and mean), relative humidity (after noon) and mean relative humidity influence the jassid activity. The nymphal population of jassid, A. biguttula biguttula remained higher on middle leaves than upper and lower leaves on cotton H-6. Among different genotypes/cultivars, G. cot.-10 was found with low susceptibility, whereas genotype BC-2000-1 and cultivar Gujvin showed higher susceptibility to cotton jassid, A. biguttula biguttula. The leaves of cultivar G. cot.-10 had lowest oviposition, whereas genotype BC-2000-1 had higher oviposition by jassid. The G. cot.-10 had lower jassid nymphal population due to low content of sugar, chlorophyll, protein and amino acids and higher phenol as well as higher hair density on lower leaf lamina and mid rib with longer hairs. Longer oviposition period with higher fecundity, adult emergence, adult duration and male : female ratio with a shorter nymphal duration of jassid were observed on cotton plants protected with quinalphos, triazophos and monocrotophos. The higher rate of resurgence of jassid population was observed on cotton plants sprayed with quinalphos 0.1%. The content of chlorophyll, sugar, protein, amino acids and moisture have shown positive relationship with build up of jassid population, while phenol content has negative relationship. Among the new insecticide molecules indoxacarb 0.015%, etofenprox 0.005% and acetamiprid 0.0063% were found superior against jassid, whereas among new formulations of E.G. and granular insecticides, fohar application of imidacloprid @ 0.03 kg a.i./ha, carbosulfan @ 0.3 kg a.i./ha and soirapplication of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha found effective and economical. Spray of neem, (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernel suspension or ardusa, {Alianthus excelsa Roxb.) leaves suspension at 3% concentration and neem leaves suspension at 6% concentration were found effective for their oviposition deterrent property against jassid. Schedule (S2) consisting of acetamiprid 0.0063% followed by neem seed kernel extract in methanol 1% followed by acetamiprid 0.0063% followed by neem seed kernel extract in methanol 1% recorded higher seed cotton yield, however highest ICBR (1:7.39) was registered by schedule (S6) consisting of neem seed kernel extract in methanol 1% followed by dimethoate 0.03% followed by neem seed kernel suspension 5% followed by dimethoate 0.03%.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    FEASIBILITY OF REARING Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (HYMENOPTERA : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) UNDER SHADE NET HOUSE CONDITIONS, MEASUREMENT OF ITS BIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND FIELD EFFICACY AGAINST Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) IN COTTON HYBRID 10.
    (AAU, Anand, 2003) PATEL, DINESH L.; YADAV, D. N.
    During 2001-03, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii a potential parasite of lepidopterous pests was successfully reared for 26 generations under fluctuating conditions in a shade net house at Anand giving over 82 per cent parasitization in host eggs, C. cephalonica and more than 95 per cent adult emergence. The quality of the parasite in terms of fecundity, longevity and sex ratio was superior in the colonies reared under shade net house conditions than those reared under normal conditions. Fecundity and longevity were found comparable with wild parasitoid. The above traits of the laboratory reared parasitoid were found inferior compared to wild type. The parasitoid reared under shade net house appeared to have acquired resistance to weather conditions and showed better resistance to winter temperature (9.52 to 31.80 "C) than those reared under normal conditions. It also parasitized 35.70 per cent of H. armigera eggs when released in hybrid cotton under confined conditions compared to 11.30 per cent in laboratory reared females. Similar results were obtained when parasitoid females were released under open conditions. C. cephalonica was successfully mass reared under shade net house conditions with higher moth emergence, longevity and fecundity compared to laboratory reared colonies. Both galvanized iron sheet cage and wooden box can be tised for rearing C. cephalonica under shade net house conditions. As many as 894 cc of C. cephalonica eggs were produced using one quintal of sorghum during July-August and using these eggs 716 Trichocards were produced. The economics of T. chilonis was worked out to be Rs. 22.23/Trichocard which is cheaper than the Trichocard available in the market. Setting of such Trichogramma breeding laboratories in the villages is suggested. Chances of success of inundative release to enhance the production of T. chilonis
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HABITAT MANIPULATION IN HYBRID COTTON-10 AND EVALUATION OF SUBSEQUENT ARTHROPOD NATURAL ENEMIES ON INSECT PESTS
    (AAU, Anand, 2001) PATEL, HARGOVINDBHAI MOHANBHAI; YADAV, D. N.
    Impact of habitat manipulation on the arthropod natural enemies and subsequently on the insect pests of Cotton Hybrid-10 was studied at Anand Campus of Gujarat Agricultural University and Patelna Muvada, village of Sabarkantha district during 1999-2000. Habitat manipulation included maize, Zea mays L. and senna. Cassia angustifolia Vahl. at Anand whereas at Patelna Muvada, besides maize, Cassia occidentalis Linn, was included. The results revealed that maize and senna when interspersed with cotton, resulted in significant reduction in sucking pests viz., Aptiis gossypii, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Bemisia tabaci, Thrips tabaci and bollworm, Earias vittella at Anand when compared with untreated control. Whereas it remained at par with insecticide treated plot. Maize and senna harboured ten and sixteen different species of arthropod natural enemies, respepctiyely which caused effective pest suppression in cotton. In presence of maize and senna, the cotton recorded thirty two species of natural enemies. The occurrence of Trichogramma chilonis in the eggs of Catopsilia pyranthe on senna was an important mortality factor in the £. vittella incidence. There was greater activity of Aleiodes {=Rogas) aligarhensis in the habitat manipulated plot as compared to insecticidal application. The females of Chrysoperla carnea were found to lay greater number of eggs and lived longer when fed on maize pollen and honey dew excretion by aphids on cotton leaves. Interestingly, C. carnea did not lay eggs when fed on cotton pollen alone. At Patelna Muvada, cotton grown with maize also proved effective in reducing sucking pests and bollworm E. vittella. As many as eight different species of arthropod natural enemies were found on maize. The cotton and Cassia occidentalis combination proved effective in reducing bollworm, E. vittella. A. aligarhensis also caused appreciable morjability in the larvae of E. vittella. The cotton yield data also revealed the differences amongst the different manipulation. The plot manipulated with maize and senna recorded 618 kg/ha higher yield than untreated control at Anand. The insecticide treated control plot recorded 2382 kg/ha. At Patelna Muvada, interspersing of maize with cotton (3:1) and (1:1) recorded 2769 and 2377 kg/ha yield as against 2036 kg/ha in untreated control. The yield in case of cotton and C. occidentalis combination was comparatively lesser (2253 kg/ha) than cotton and maize but was at par with insecticide treated control (2554 kg/ha). There was an additional gain in terms of maize grain (1030 kg/ha) and fodder (2537 kg/ha) at Anand. At Patelna Muvada, the grain and fodder yield was 715 and 1840 kg/ha, respectively in cotton and maize combination (3:1), whereas it was 1947 and 4574 kg/ha in cotton and maize combination (1:1). Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio in cotton with maize and senna was higher (1:11.26) as compared to insecticidal treatment (1:6.45) at Anand. It was higher (1:15.39) in combination of cotton and maize (3:1) than in insecticide treated plot (1:4.31) at Patelna Muvada. It was 1:11.76 and 1:6.25 in cotton and C. occidentalis combination and cotton with maize (1:1), respectively. Additional host plants which harbour arthropod natural enemies need to be identified and test verified to enhance natural biological control in the main crop.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOLOGY OF SPOTTED POD BORER, Maruca testulalis (Geyer), POPULATION DYNAMICS, VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND CHEMICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PEST COMPLEX OF COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (Linnaeus) Walpers]
    (AAU, Anand, 2000) PATEL, USHABEN G.; JHALA, R. C.
    The investigations in cowpea on comparative biology and biometrics of spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) on flowers and pods; preference for host, pupation and oviposition by M. testulalis; population dynamics of pest complex in relation to weather parameters susceptibility of varieties/genotypes to various insect pests and evaluation of various insecticides for their efficacy against insect pests and toxicity to ladybird beetles were carried out during 1997-99 at Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand. The studies on comparative biology and biometrics indicated that the period of fifth instar (2.76 + 0.44 days) and total larval period (13.24 + 0.60 days) and total life cycle (30.44 /± 0.96 days) were significantly shorter in the culture reared on flowers as compared to the culture reared on pods. The growth index in the culture reared on flower (5.15) was also higher than in the culture reared on pod (4.57). The length and breadth of first instar larvae (2.99 + 0.16 mm and 0.72 ±0.01, respectively) and second instar larvae (4.72 + 0.06 mm and 0.87 + 0.01 mm), respectively; length of third instar larvae (9.26 + 0.13 mm); width of head capsule in second (0.38 + 0.01 mm), third (0.47 + 0.02 mm) and fifth (0.63 + 0.02 mm) instar larvae; breadth of male pupa (2.45 + 0.08 mm); length of female pupa (13.30 + 0.32 mm) and width of .female aduh (24.53 + 0.43 mm) were significantly more in the culture reared on flowers compared to the culture reared on pods. Two cultures did not differ significantly in respect of biometrics and period of rest.of the stages. The hatching percentage (85.24 + 1.88) was also significantly higher in the culture reared on flowers than that on pods (82.64 + 2.38), but two culture did not differ in fecundity. Cowpea was found most preferred host for feeding on flowers and pods compared to green gram, black gram, pigeonpea and Indian bean. Cowpea leaves were significantly more preferred for pupation than pods, flowers and soil. Cowpea was also most preferred host for oviposition compared to green gram and black gram. Flower was most preferred part for oviposition compared to pod and leaf in all the three hosts. The maximum and minimum population of aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.), leafhopper (Amrasca kerri Pruthi), whitefly [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)], thrips (Megaleurothrips sjostedti Trybom), leafminer [Acrocercops caerulea (Meyrick)] and ladybird beetles [Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) and Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus] was found in December and January, February and November, September and February, August and December, July and October and December and May sown crops, respectively. The maximum and niininuim per cent pod damage by pod borer, M. icslulalis was in August and October sown crops, respectively. The populations of aphid and ladybird beetles were found higher during winter season and lov/er during summer season. The population of thrips and leafminer as well as per cent pod damage by pod borer was found to be higher in kharif while it was lower during summer. Leafhopper and whitefly populations remained considerably higher during summer while it was lower during winter. The overall relationship between pest population (Y) and meteorological parameters (X) in the form of regression equation with coefficients of determination (R2 ) given in bracket was : Y = 91.3441 - 1.5608 X4 - 0.5103 X2 - 3.0824 X14 (R2 = 0.3802) for aphid, Y = -2.1656 + 0.1323 X2 - 0.1626 X14 (R2 = 0.2455) for leafhopper, Y = 0.7040 - 0.0230 X12 - 0.0252 X13 -0.0596 X14 (R2 = 0.3793) for whitefly, Y = 2.4997 + 0.3654 X12 - 1.2646 X14 (R2 = 0.2685) for thrips, Y = 0.0560 + 0.0169 X6 + 0.0038 X15 (R2 = 0.2978) for leafminer, and Y = 0.6416 - 0.0101 X12 + 0.0048 X16 (R2 = 0.6087) for ladybird beetles. For per cent pod damage by pod borer (Y), the regression equation with meteorological parameters (X) was: Y= 2.2804+2.1986X5 -2.2796X,2 (R2 =0.5223). In above equations, X2, X4, X5, Xe, X12, Xo, X14, X15 and X16 stand for maximum temperature, mean temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, evening vapour pressure deficit, mean vapour pressure deficit, wind speed, rainfall and aphid population, respectively. The chronological order of different cowpea varieties based on overall rank for their susceptibility against pest complex was : EC-244438 < EC- 244241 = VKP-4506 < IC-20683 < EC-241043 < IFC-8401 < EC-240887 < CS- 88 < B-2 = CS-39 = EC-241021 < B-1 = 82-1-B < GC-3 < M-lOO = A-1 = A-2 < GC-2 = GC-K Pusa Phalguni. Based on overall rank for the bio-efficacy against pest complex plus safety to ladybird beetles, the chronological order of various insecticides with green pod yield in kg/ha and incremental cost benefit ratio (expect for pymetrozine and difenthiuron), respectively given in bracket was : monocrotophos @ 0.04% (9210 and 1:103.14) > phosphamidon @ 0.03% (9062 and 1:150.62) = dimethoate @ 0.03% (8988 and 1:118.01) > methyl-o-demeton @ 0.03% (9240 and 1:111.29) > endosulfan @ 0.07% (7383 and 1:58.14) > chlorpyriphos @ 0.04% (7422 and 1:58.53) > quinalphos @ 0.05% (7141 and 1:47.30) > deltamethrin @ 0.0014% (6664 and 1:65.94) > cypermethrin @ 0.05% (6114 and 1:52.78) = pymetrozine @ 0.025% (6129 ) > Decidan, a mixture of deltamethrin + endosulfan @ 0.05% (5867 and 1:26.55) > difenthiuron 0.05% (6035 ) > Gronim, a neem based formulation @ 0.3% (4612 and 1:20.58) > neem oil@ 1% (4949 and 1:35.04).