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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF DEFENCE RELATED GENES IN RESPONSE TO DOWNY MILDEW (Peronospora plantaginis) INFECTION IN ISABGOL (Plantago ovata Forsk)(AAU, Anand, 2013) KUMAR, VINAY; Shukla, Y. M.Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk), a member of Plantaginaceae family is a crucial medicinal emd industrial crop cultivated in India, having a good foreign exchange in world market. In spite of its immense important, it faces constraints in productivity due to the prevalence of numerous biotic and abiotic stresses, downy mildew disease caused by an obligate fvmgal pathogen, Peronospora plantaginis being a major one causing an estimated yield loss of up to 73 per cent. In order to identify the defence response involved in isabgol-downy mildew interaction, transcriptome analysis of downy mildew resistant (EC 124345) and susceptible (Niharika) genotypes under downy mildew stress as well as control conditions was executed through 454 GS FLX Titanium Pyrosequencing, yielding 600.81 Mb data with an average read length of 434 bp. De novo transcriptome assembly of four samples viz. resistant inoculated; control and susceptible inoculated; control was performed using CLC Genomics Workbench producing 7246, 7650, 7390 and 9278 unigenes respectively. The Guanine: cytosine (GC) content in isabgol transcriptome varied from 51-52%. The unigenes were annotated to identify putative gene fimctions with the different databases like non redundant protein database. KEGG and IntreProscan and the highest GO terms were obtained from UniprotKB databases. The homology of isabgol tmigenes with the model plant species revealed the highest hits with Vitis vinifera followed by Glycine max, Populus trichocarpa, Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses revealed the over and under representation of GO terms by the up and down regulation of associated genes respectively. The genes encoding various types of enzymes and/or protein associated with the defence or stress related responses included pathogenesis related (PR) proteins, such as (PR-9) peroxidase, (PR-5) thaumatin like proteins, (PR-3, 4, 8, 11) a group of chitinases or endochitinases, (PR-2), P- 1, 3-glucanases, (PR-10) ribonuclease, (PR-13) thiordne, (PR-6) proteinase inhibitors and (PR-12), resistance genes NBS-LRR, CC-NBS-LRR, ser/threonine receptors kinase, LRR repeat type, MLO and Cf9 types of R genes were also foxmd. Transcription factors families viz. WRKY, zinc finger, leucine zipper, chitin-inducible gibberellin-responsive protein 1-like, dna binding, g-boxbinding factor 4, homeobox leucine zipper protein, myb family, nac domain containing, ERF were identified from the isabgol downy mildew interaction. The pathogenesis and defence related genes identified in isabgoldowny mildew interaction were validated through Real time quantitative PCR. In order to identify the most stable reference genes during downy mildew pathogen infection, the expression stabilities of the reference genes viz. elongation factor a, actin, tubulin, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase and 60S ribosomal protein were examined by the five algorithms and EF1a and ACT 7 were found to be the most stable reference genes. A total of 18 PR proteins, defence related enzymes/genes were used for validation through Real time-qPCR. The expression of peroxidase, spermine synthase, chitinases, ADP ribosylation factors, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase, 4-coumarate ligase and resistance gene CC-NBS-LRR were prominentiy enhanced in resistant inoculated samples suggesting that the defence related genes were induced during isabgol downy mildew interaction. Photosynthesis related genes like chlorophyll a-b binding protein, 14-3-3 were down regulated during downy mildew disease. The transcriptome data was mined for EST-SSR and identified the first set of genie SSRs markers. A total of 1440, and 1824 microsatellite repeats were identified from the EC 124345 and Niharika genotypes, respectively. The most frequently occurring di-nucleotide motifs were AG/CT followed by GA/TC and CA/TG and among the tri- nucleotide motifs, AGC/CTG was abundantiy present closely followed by AAG/CTT. The tri-nucleotide motifs coding for serine was highest (12%) followed by leucine (9%), while the methionine were least present (1%). A set of 34 EST-SSR was selected for validation on Plantago ovata genotypes. Out of the 34 primers, 28 primers (82%) produced their specific amplicon and four primers viz. ECSSR 4, ECSSR 9, ECSSR 14, ECSSR 31 were polymorphic within P. ovata genotypes. For cross species transferability, 24 primers out of 28 (85%) produced amplification in any of the six species tested viz. Plantago coronopus, P. lanceolata, P. indica, P. arenaria, P. syllium and P. serrena. The transcriptome data would serve as a resource for genomic studies such as identification and isolation of genes of economically important traits and disease resistance in isabgol. The newly developed first set of EST-SSR markers could be useful in identification of gene based or trait linked SSR markers for improvement of isabgol though conventional or molecular breeding approaches like marker- aided selection (MAS). This study generated for the very first time genomic resources for a highly valued medicinal plant using high throughput next generation sequencing approach and is expected to accelerate the field of functional genomics of isabgolThesisItem Open Access “DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS FOR DOWNY MILDEW (Sclerospora graminicola Sacc.) IN PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum L.)”(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) KRISHNABAHEN C. PATADIYA; Dr. Y. M. ShuklaPearl millet (Pennisetum glauccum (L.) R. Br.) is an annual, cross pollinating, monocot crop belonging to the family Poaceae and sub family Penicedae. It is the sixth most important cereal of the world and has critical value as food security in some of the world’s hottest and driest cultivated areas of Africa and Asia. However, the crop faces constraints to the productivity which includes the prevalence of different biotic and abiotic stresses. Among them, the major biotic constraint in pearl millet production is downy mildew disease caused by the pathogen Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) which has a great negative impact on the Indian economy with an estimated yield loss of up to 40–60%. The present work was carried out with an aim to find out the candidate genes responsible for resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew and comparison of gene expression between control and infected (different time interval) tissues within susceptible and resistant genotypes through RT-PCR. The current study helped to understandThesisItem Open Access “MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF RED RICE GENOTYPES (Oryza sativa L.)”(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2012) DESAI AMRUTA S.; Dr. Subhash N.Rice is one of the most important staple foods for a larger part of the world’s population. Among the major micronutrient problems common in rice-consuming countries, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are highly predominant. Red rice is traditional pigmented rice grown in Southeast Asia. It is considered highly nutritive and medicinal as it possesses antioxidant properties and also has a higher content of important micronutrient like Fe and Zn. Hence it is utilized as an objective in breeding programs for the nutritional improvement of cultivated varieties. The present study focuses on approach to characterizeThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES USING EST-SSRs AMONG CULTIVARS OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)(AAU, Anand, 2013) ARUN RAMCHANDRAN; Dr. N. SasidharanMaize (Zea mays L) is one of the most important cereals of the world and provides more human food than any other cereal. Maize is grown across all the states in India and in many states; it is one of the important staple foods. Genetic diversity of maize plays a key role in maize breeding. Knowledge of the amount and the distribution of genetic variation within and among maize landraces will provide a guide for predicting the degree of inheritance, variation, and level of heterosis that are essential for maize breeding. In the present study, 28 Maize genotypes were analyzed by 12 EST-derived SSR markers dispersed on 5 of the 10 chromosomes to check genetic diversity among them. The analysis was carried out as per the standard protocol. Twelve primer pairs derived from maize genome produced a total of 76 alleles with an average of 5.91 alleles per primer pair. The dendrogram generated on the principle of Unweighted Pair Wise Method Using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) was constructed and the genotypes were grouped in to clusters. All the entries of CML series and CM lines clustered into their respective groups. In subcluster A1, GWH-9902 grouped with GWL-1. This is due to the fact that GWH-9902 is one of the parents of GWL-1. The clustering pattern of the A1 sub-cluster revealed that accessions namely GYC-9006 and GYH-9842 clustered along with GWL series accessions. This may be due to accidental mixture of seeds. Also the genotype, Amber grouped separately in this cluster A indicating its aversion from the other lines. Madhuri clustered separately in the second cluster which suggested it is highly diverse from this group of maize lines. The study revealed that EST-derived SSR markers can be efficiently utilized for bringing out the latent diversity existing in maize germplasm belonging to different geographical and agroclimatic regions. Diversity also was observed for maize endosperm colorations which were obscured in some cases, due to admixtures.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION IN AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.) THROUGH RAPD, ISSR AND SSR MOLECULAR MARKERS(AAU, Anand, 2014) FUNDE, SAMBHAJI MAHADEO; Dr. Subhash N.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food crop in the world which is cultivated in flooded conditions. In the present scenario, water scarcity and drought are serious threats to traditional rice cultivation practices in several parts of the world including India. Hencefourth, in the present study an attempt was made to assess genetic diversity among low land, upland and aerobic rice genotypes adapted to local conditions. The present investigation involved molecular characterisation of 30 rice genotype with three marker systems viz., RAPD, ISSR and SSR.ThesisItem Open Access EXPRESSION PROFILING OF DIFFERENT GENES RELATED TO UPTAKE, TRANSPORT AND REMOBILIZATION OF IRON AND ZINC IN RICE (Oryza Sativa L.) GENOTYPES(AAU, Anand, 2014) DHARA K. SAVSANI; Dr. N. SasidharanRice (Oryza sativa L.) is nutritionally, one of the most important staple food crops for approximately half of the world population. It is rich in carbohydrate and the predominant dietary energy source for Asia, North and South America and Africa, re iterating its importance to human welfare. The important micronutrients present in rice grain are lost during processing of rice grain for consumption and also due to non scientific storage practices. In this context, biofortification of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is of primary importance not only because it is consumed widely all over the world but also as a cheap source of energy if it can be enhanced with micronutrient such as Fe, Zn and vitamin A. The present study was carried out with an aim to study the molecular diversity existing in 26 rice genotypes (red and white) and also to study the effect of different metal homeostasis related genes (showing high iron and zinc content) at two developmental stages R3 (Panicle emergence) and R5 (Grain filling) when subjected to different foliar applications of Fe and Zn content. The molecular markers assay included 13 SSR markers. The DNA was extracted from 15 days old seedlings with CTAB method.ThesisItem Open Access PCR validation of genome sequence retrieved SSR markers among some important varieties and elite mutant lines of Plantago ovata and their transferability in allied species(AAU, Anand, 2014) MUKESH KUMAR; Dr. R. S. FougatThe major part of the arable land in our country is used to raise food, fibre and oil seed crops. However, in the recent past the demand for medicinal plants in the International market has increased. Therefore, we need to consider cultivating this group of plants also as India is having diverse weather and soil conditions and a large number of medicinal plants grow as compared to any other country. This will not only facilitate in maintaining the biodiversity but also improve the income of poor farmers. Therefore, the importance of medicinal plants is very high in agricultural sector in India (Anonymous, 2001), and isabgol is one of the most important crop among them.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES USING EST-SSRs AMONG CULTIVARS OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)(AAU, Anand, 2013) ARUN RAMCHANDRAN; Dr. N. SasidharanMaize (Zea mays L) is one of the most important cereals of the world and provides more human food than any other cereal. Maize is grown across all the states in India and in many states; it is one of the important staple foods. Genetic diversity of maize plays a key role in maize breeding. Knowledge of the amount and the distribution of genetic variation within and among maize landraces will provide a guide for predicting the degree of inheritance, variation, and level of heterosis that are essential for maize breeding. In the present study, 28 Maize genotypes were analyzed by 12 EST-derived SSR markers dispersed on 5 of the 10 chromosomes to check genetic diversity among them. The analysis was carried out as per the standard protocol. Twelve primer pairs derived from maize genome produced a total of 76 alleles with an average of 5.91 alleles per primer pair. The dendrogram generated on the principle of Unweighted Pair Wise Method Using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) was constructed and the genotypes were grouped in to clusters. All the entries of CML series and CM lines clustered into their respective groups. In subcluster A1, GWH-9902 grouped with GWL-1. This is due to the fact that GWH-9902 is one of the parents of GWL-1. The clustering pattern of the A1 sub-cluster revealed that accessions namely GYC-9006 and GYH-9842 clustered along with GWL series accessions. This may be due to accidental mixture of seeds. Also the genotype, Amber grouped separately in this cluster A indicating its aversion from the other lines. Madhuri clustered separately in the second cluster which suggested it is highly diverse from this group of maize lines. The study revealed that EST-derived SSR markers can be efficiently utilized for bringing out the latent diversity existing in maize germplasm belonging to different geographical and agroclimatic regions. Diversity also was observed for maize endosperm colorations which were obscured in some cases, due to admixtures.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Genotypes(AAU, Anand, 2013) Kinjal Kulshrestha; Dr. J.G. TalatiCastor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important non-edible oil seed crop of Euphorbiaceae family. Castor is mainly grown in arid and semiarid regions. India, Brazil and China are major castor growing countries in the world. India ranks first in castor production. Gujarat is the largest castor producing state of our country. Mehsana and Banaskatha are the largest castor producing districts of Gujarat. Castor is grown for dry land farming. Castor is non-edible crop because of the presence of toxin named ricin. The present study focuses on the approach to characterize castor genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. In the study, seventeen castor genotypes were evaluated. Sixteen morphological traits, thirteen SSR primers and 8 ISSR primers were used to characterize the genotypes. Proximate composition was also studied for the different castor genotypes. SDS-PAGE analysis was done to study the protein banding. For SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacryalamide gel electrophoresis) analysis, 7DAG (Days after germination) seedlings were used to extract protein. For molecular analysis, DNA was extracted from young leaves of the standing crop.