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ThesisItem Open Access SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY OF MANCOZEB ALONE AND IN-COMBINATION WITH ARSENIC IN WISTAR RAT(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-09-19) Yousuf, Rasia; Verma, Pawan KumarThe aim of present study was to determine the impact of toxic interaction between Mancozeb (MZ) and arsenic (As) on erythrocytes, brain, liver, kidney and testicular tissue of rats and to compare ameliorative potential of quercetin and catechin against the induced toxicity. Sixty adult male rats were randomly allocated into 10 groups with 6 animals in each. Group I served as control, group II was exposed with MZ (800 mg/kg, b. wt, PO). Group III, IV and V were exposed with drinking water containing sodium arsenite at the rate of 10, 50 and 100 ppb continue for 28 days, respectively. Group VI, VII and VIII were treated with sodium arsenite containing drinking water at 10, 50 and 100 ppb respectively along with MZ for 28 days. Group IX and X were given sodium arsenite in drinking water at 100 ppb and MZ at 800 mg/kg, b. wt. PO along with quercetin and catechin at the same dose (50 mg/kg), respectively. A significant (p0.05) alteration was seen in hepatic, renal biomarkers along with alterations in the tissue antioxidant status in different tissues of MZ treated rats in comparison to control. Exposure to different doses of arsenic (10, 50, 100ppb) also produced a dose dependent effect on these biomarkers. Co-exposure of toxicants potentiated the toxic effects exhibited by biochemical, oxidative and histopathological alterations in different tissues. In contrast, administration of toxicants along with quercetin or catechin markedly attenuated the alterations in biochemical, oxidative biomarkers and histopathological alterations.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY INDUCED BY CONCURRENT EXPOSURE OF DIMETHOATE AND FLUORIDE AND ITS AMELIORATION BY ZINGIBER OFFICINALE(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-04-19) Sharma, Priyanka; Sharma, Priyanka; Verma, Dr. Pawan Kumar; Verma, Dr. Pawan KumarPresent study was aimed to determine type of toxic interaction between Dimethoate (DM) and fluoride (F) and their amelioration with rhizome extract of Zingiber officinale (ZO) in Wistar rats. The study was conducted in two phases viz. toxicant interaction phase and ameliorative phase. Analysis of hydro-alcoholic extract of ZO showed presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, Lycopene, ß-carotene, curcumin and quercetin. Rhizome extract showed scavenging activity against nitric oxide, superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals and high reducing power. After F administration, dose dependent significant rise in fluoride levels was observed in plasma, liver, brain, intestine, kidney, heart and bones but the highest fluoride levels were observed in brain (wet basis) and bones (% dry ash basis) and the lowest were seen in testis. Repeated oral administration of DM and F alone and in-combination significantly (P<0.05) elevated the levels of biochemical and antioxidant biomarkers in plasma, erythrocytes, kidney, liver and brain in a dose dependent manner however, these changes were more severe in combination groups. Also, the histopathological alterations were more severe in co-exposed groups as compared to either toxicant exposed group. Repeated administration of ZO extract (300 mg/kg) in individual toxicant administered rats and in combination groups attenuated the changes in plasma biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes. The observations of present study indicated that synergistic toxicity was induced by repeated co-exposure of fluoride and DM in erythrocytes, brain, liver and kidney but co-administration of Z. officinale along with toxicants protected against toxic effects induced after individual as well as simultaneous administration of F and DM.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation and Quantification of antimicrobial residue in poultry meat available in and around Jammu region(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2022-01-14) Manhas, Lenesha; Pankaj, Nrip KishoreThe antimicrobials like sulphaquinoxaline (SQX) and amprolium (AMP) are used indiscriminately in the poultry sector in Jammu region, J&K (UT). Therefore, the present study was conducted to quantitate SQX and AMP residue status in chicken tissue. Altogether, 20 samples each, collected from Jammu, Kathua, Reasi, Samba, Udhampur for residue analysis of SQX and 15 samples each from all except Udhampur for AMP residues estimation. Each sample included liver, kidney, and muscles. The RP HPLC UV method was used to estimate SQX and AMP residues at 266 and 263nm, respectively. The mobile phase was 0.01M ammonium acetate (pH 4.6), acetonitrile (43:57), flow at 1ml/minutes, peak Rt at 3.813 min. Recoveries of SQX from the liver, muscle, and kidney of chicken, spiked at 0.3 µg/g were 77.484 0.313, 86.838 0.050 and 78.900 0.134%, respectively. LOD and LOQ for SQX were 15.427 ng/ml and 46.749 ng/ml, respectively. The value for r2 was 0.999, showed good linearity. AMP was analyzed using phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (30:70; v/v) as mobile phase with peak Rt at 2.663min. Recoveries of AMP from the liver, muscle, and kidney of chicken, spiked at 400 ng/g were 72.1560.704, 71.0290.575, 68.3161.495%, respectively. LOD and LOQ for amprolium were 145 ng/ml and 441 ng/ml, respectively. The r2=0.999 exhibited good linearity. Out of the samples collected, 70% of the liver, 10% of kidney, and 25% of muscles from district Jammu had residue levels beyond established MRL. All the liver samples from Udhampur had deposition of SQX beyond the established MRL. Most tissue samples were positive; however, 50%, 25%, and 45% of the liver samples from Samba, Reasi, and Kathua, respectively, were found SQX residue beyond the prescribed MRL. Most of the tissue samples collected from various districts of Jammu were positive; however, none of the tissues exhibited values beyond established international MRL for AMP residue.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Wound Healing Potential of Bergenia ciliata Rhizome(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu-180009, 2019-10-28) Kour, Harpreet; Raina, Dr. RajinderThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of rhizome of Bergenia ciliata on excision wound model. Rats weighing 150-200g divided into four groups of 10 animals each were subjected to various treatment regimens for 14 days to determine the effect of extract incorporated ointments on wound healing. Blood and tissue samples were collected after 7th and 14th days following daily topical application of simple, Povidone iodine and extract (5 & 10% w/w) ointments. Wound contraction was relatively quicker and higher with 10% extract ointment. Significant (P<0.05) increase in tissue hydroxyproline levels after application of extract or Povidone iodine ointments was observed. Glucosamine levels were restored to normal after 14 days of treatment after application of extract or Povidone iodine ointments. Total protein of blood treated with 10% extract and Povidone iodine ointment increased significantly (P<0.05) after 14 days of treatment. Significantly (P<0.05) increased SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, GST & TTH levels in the blood of animals treated with 10% extract ointment was observed. AST and ALT levels decreased in all the treatment groups as compared to control. Higher decline in LDH levels was observed in Povidone iodine ointment group as compared to extract group. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) levels were significantly (P<0.05) reduced after treatment with both 10% extract as well as Povidone iodine ointment. Histopathological studies on extract treated wounds revealed increased collagenation and re-epithelialization. These findings point towards the potential of ethanolic rhizome extract of B.ciliata in management of wounds.ThesisItem Open Access “Bioprospection of Bergenia ciliata for Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Hepato and Nephro Protective effects”(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2018-04-24) Bhat, Dr. Makhmoor Ahmad; Raina, Dr. RajinderThe studies on anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and nephro-protective potential of ethanolic extract of rhizome of B. ciliata were undertaken after determining therapeutically important phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant potential of the extract of the plant. Total phenols, flavonoids, tannin, lycopene and β-carotene were found to be present in the ethanolic rhizome extract of the B. ciliata. Daily oral administration of the extract for 21 days in diabetic rats significantly attenuated altered mean blood glucose (MBG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), creatinine (CR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), proteins, hepatic biomarkers (SGPT, SGOT, ALP and GGT) and antioxidant biomarkers (SOD, GST, G6PDH, MDA, TTH and GPx). Histopathological studies revealed regeneration of β –cells of islets of langerhans with daily administration of extract for 21 days. Such attenuating effect was superior after daily administration of 300mg/kg BW dose of extract as compared to lower dose of extract or decoction at either doses. Pre- and post-treatment with extract in acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats restored the elevated enzymatic hepatic biomarkers and altered antioxidant parameters in the blood as well as hepatic and renal tissues but such attenuation was found to be better at higher administered dose (300mg/kg BW). Histopathological studies also revealed higher administered dose restoring most of the hepatic cellular architecture excepting mild vacuolar degeneration. Pre- and post- treatment with plant extract at 300 mg/kg BW restored majority of the renal biomarkers in blood excepting total protein and globulin. Histopathological studies revealed both administered doses of extract failed to completely reverse the cDDP induced tubular nephrosis and glomerular congestion which indicates the poor nephroprotective potential of the extract of B. ciliata.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF TOXICITY MANIFESTATIONS ON VITAL ORGANS FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURE OF INDOXACARB ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH CADMIUM(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2017) Thoker, Aabid Hussain; Pankaj, N. K.This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the hepatic and renal oxidative damage due to sub-acute exposure of indoxacarb alone and the effect of cadmium in modulating indoxacarb induced damage in Wistar rats. 36 male Wistar rats weighing 150-180g were randomly divided into six groups with six rats in each. Group I served as control and group II (indoxacarb @173mg/kg b.wt.), III (indoxacarb @346mg/kg), IV (cadmium @ 100ppm), V (indoxacarb @ 173mg/kg plus cadmium @ 100ppm) and VI (indoxacarb @ 346mg/kg plus cadmium @100ppm) served as respective toxicant exposed groups during this 28 days study. Indoxacarb administered @ 173mg/kg daily for 28 days reduced protein level but elevated biochemical indices like phosphatases (ACP & ALP), aminotransferases (AST & ALT) in plasma. At 346mg/kg dose it enhanced plasma aminotransferases and ALP. Indoxacarb in both selected doses was capable of inducing peroxidation of RBC with decline in its glutathione levels. Decrease in the activities of other oxidative stress enzymatic components like SOD, GPx, was observed at higher dose of indoxacarb. These oxidative changes got more pronounced in blood, when coexposed with cadmium. The results revealed that indoxacarb is capable of producing hepatotoxicity, which is evidenced by alteration in its oxidative stress parameters. Such changes were more pronounced when rats were co-exposed to cadmium and indoxacarb. Blood biomarkers of renal function viz BUN & creatinine was also altered with indoxacarb and cadmium individually, but such alterations were more prominent in the groups coexposed to indoxacarb and cadmium. Enzymatic antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxidation in renal tissues were altered in indoxacarb alone and in combination with cadmium indicating oxidative damage to renal tissues. It can be concluded from the study that cadmium has a potentiating effect on the toxicity of indoxacarb in rats. This study will help in determining the suitability of indoxacarb in cadmium endemic areas.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF RANDIA SPINOSA BARKS EXTRACT FOR ITS ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL IN WISTAR RATS(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2017) Singh, Gurpreet; Pankaj, Nrip KishoreThe present study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of hydroalcoholic-extract (HAE) of Randia spinosa on streptozotocin-induced-diabetes in Wistar rats. The study was conducted in two phases of 28 days each simultaneously. First part included apparently healthy Wistar rats of either sex, weighing 150-160g, divided into three groups having six animals in each. Group-I served as normal control received carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC-0.1%) and Group-II and III were given the hydroalcoholic extract of R. spinosa bark extract at a dose of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively. Four groups of randomly divided streptozotocin-induced-diabetic Wistar rats were considered for second phase, it included Group-IV (diabetic control) received (CMC 0.1%), Group-V and VI (diabetic) rats received R. spinosa HAE at a dose of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively. Group-VII rats received glibenclamide (5mg/kg b.wt. P.O./day). A significant decrease in blood glucose and improvement in lipid and protein profile and liver function tests were observed in Group-V and Group-VI diabetic rats. Further, significant decrease in lipid-peroxidation and increase in oxidative stress indicators viz. Super oxide dismutase, Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione-S-transferase and Blood glutathione were observed. Pancreas exhibited mild congestion of intralobular blood vessels with normal architecture in Group VI which indicated repair of acini in dose dependent manner. The anti diabetic activity may be attributed to the phytochemicals viz. Total flavonoids and phenolic content. Therefore, conclusive finding of the study is that hydro-alcoholic bark extract of Randia spinosa has anti-hyperglycemic and hpyocholesterolemic activities. Further, it also improved the protein profile and liver function parameters. In addition, it also exhibited antioxidant activity owing to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic contents.ThesisItem Open Access ALTERATIONS IN BIOCHEMICAL AND OXIDATIVE BIOMARKERS IN SUBACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF IMIDACLOPRID ALONE AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH ARSENIC IN WISTAR RATS(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2017) Mahajan, Lakshay; Verma, Pawan KumarThe present study was aimed to evaluate the alterations in biochemical and oxidative biomarkers indicating hepatic, renal, testicular damage induced by the subacute exposure of imidacloprid and arsenic in male wistar rats. Rats (180-200 g) were divided into eight groups of six rats each and were subjected to various daily oral administrations for 28 days. Group I served as control, group II received imidacloprid @ 16.9 mg/kg b.wt by oral gavage, group III, IV and V received arsenic @ 50, 100 and 150 ppb orally in drinking water whereas group VI, VII and VIII received both imidacloprid and arsenic at different dose levels respectively. Total plasma proteins and albumin levels revealed a significant (P<0.05) fall in higher doses of arsenic as well as in combination groups while SGOT, SGPT, ACP, ALP, BUN and CR levels were increased significantly (P<0.05) in all treated groups as compared to the control. IMI and arsenic caused significant (P<0.05) elevation in MDA and AOPP whereas significant (P<0.05) decrease in TTH, GST, GR, GPx, SOD and CAT activities were observed in the blood, liver, kidney and testicular tissues. These finding were further confirmed by histological alterations in these tissues. In liver, mild to moderate degenerative changes were observed in IMI and arsenic administered rats. Arsenic administrations produce mild degenerative changes of renal tubular epithelium in a dose dependent manner. Microscopic examination of testes presented mild edematous fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces in the IMI administered group and arsenic exposure demonstrated mild degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules with the increasing doses of arsenic. Co-administration of IMI and arsenic produced more severe biochemical, antioxidant alterations in blood, liver, kidney and testes as compared to the individual administration of either toxicant in the wistar rats.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICO-BIOCHEMICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY REPEATED ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF METALAXYL IN WISTAR RATS(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2013) Naseem, Sania; Sultana, MudasirThe present study was designed to evaluate haemato-biochemical alterations, oxidative stress parameters, hepatotoxicity and reproductive abnormalities induced by the chronic exposure of metalaxyl fungicide in Wistar rats of both sexes. Rats of 100-200 g body weight (b.wt) were divided into four groups of twenty animals each and were subjected to various daily oral treatment regimes for 98 days. Group I and group II served as control male and female respectively, receiving only distilled water orally, whereas group III and IV received metalaxyl @ 75 mg/kg b.wt daily in distilled water. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in Hb, TEC, TLC, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC and neutrophil count was observed in metalaxyl exposed group, whereas, lymphocyte counts and ESR values of were significantly (P<0.05) increased. Total serum proteins, albumin and globulin levels revealed a significant decrease while AST, ALT, ALP, ACP, Serum creatinine, BUN, cholesterol and triglycerides were increased significantly (P<0.05) in the treatment groups as compared to the controls. Metalaxyl caused marked elevation in malondialdehyde and GST whereas, a significant decrease in SOD, glutathione, GPx and catalase activities were observed. A significant decrease was observed in sperm count, viability and motility. Further live pups per litter and pup weights were also decreased significantly in exposed groups. Histopathologically, liver revealed congested central vein with bridging fibrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration. Kidneys also revealed congested glomerular capillaries. Ovaries and uterus showed architectural distortion and atresia of follicles, degeneration and necrosis of endometrium. Testes also showed architectural distortion mainly of developing sperms, inter-epithelial edema in epididymis and seminal vesiculitis represented by leukocytic infiltration. Keywords: Metalaxyl, Haemato-biochemical, Hepatotoxicity, Oxidative stress Reproductive.