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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Bioaccumulation of heavy metals on Anabas Testudineus of fly ash filled pond of NTPC, Talcher, Odisha(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Murmu, Sangeeta; Pattanayak, Rojalin; Mishra, C.S.K; Mohanty, Chandra SekharAnabas testudineus fishes were collected from the fly ash filled pond near NTPC, Talcher. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate heavy metal concentration in various tissue. The above specimen accumulated heavy metals such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Co, As, Cd, Ba . The effect of these heavy metals were further confirmed by morphological, hematological and histological analyses. Concentration of heavy metals were more in kidney than in liver. The concentration of Fe in the tissue is more among all measured heavy metalsThesisItem Open Access Antioxidants in organic manures can facilitate Exoenzyme activities in soil treated with the herbicide Pretilachlor(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Naik, Priyadarshani; Mishra, C.S.K.; Dash, Ashis Kumar; Pattnaik, S.T.Soil is an essential part of life. Soil provides structural support and is the source of water and nutrients for plants. Herbicides are used to control weeds in agricultural fields with an objective to increase agricultural production. Consistent use of these chemicals affect soil biota adversely. The present study reports the effects of the herbicide Pretilachlor at a recommended dose on pH, organic carbon (OC), exoenzyme activities (amylase, cellulose, invertase) with respect to the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of unamended soil relative to soils amended with farm yard manure (FYM), poultry farm (PM) and vermimanure (VM) over an experimental period of 168h. The results indicated that pH in control (6.62±0.18) increased to (6.89±1.04) at 120h, then decreased (6.24±0.02) at 168h. The variation in pH over the days of experiment was not significant. The highest soil %OC of was found with FYM (2.63±0.02), followed by VM (2.28±0.06) and PM (0.72±0.03) at 120h The highest amylase activity was observed with VM (0.27±0.02 mg glucose /g soil) with cellulase (0.13±0.008 mg glucose /g soil) and invertase activities (0.39±0.03 mg glucose /g soil) at 168h. The highest soil TAC was found with VM (1.03±0.006 Mm Trolox /cm³/g soil) at 168h. ANOVA indicated significant variation (P<0.05 and P<0.01) in %OC, TAC and exoenzyme (amylase, cellulose, invertase) activities between treatment and incubation period. A significant positive correlation was observed between %OC, exoenzyme activities and TAC. The result of this study indicated that Pretilachlor impacts soil exoenzyme activities at recommended dose in soil deficient in organic matter and antioxidants. VM with highest TAC was the most prominent stimulator of enzyme activity. Invertase and TAC proved to be the most responsive markers.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of herbicide Pretilachlor on the Morpho-histology of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg) with respect to soil total antioxidant capacity(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Subhadarshini, Asima; Mishra, C.S.K.; Dash, Ashish Kumar; Pattnaik, S.T.Modern agricultural practices involve the use of insecticides and herbicides in the field which could adversely impact useful soil fauna like earthworms. Pretilachlor is a common herbicide used to control weeds in the agricultural fields in India. The earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae although is a native African species but now a day’s available in agricultural fields of India and is likely to be exposed to the herbicide. The present experiment was designed to study the effects of this herbicide at recommended dose on morpho-histology of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae in soil amended with manures such as farmyard manure(FYM), poultry manure(PM) and vermi manure(VM) relative to un amended soil over an exposure period of 168hours. Morphological anomalies such as body constriction, fragmentations, clitellar swelling etc were observed in un amended soil. These anomalies were significantly low in the earthworms from soil amended with organics, vermi manure giving the best result. Sections of the postclitellar region indicated higher degree of cellular debris, disintegration of muscle layers, damaged epithelium and cuticle and cellular vacuolation in animals from un amended soil. Electron microscopy of the dermis showed the shortened and damaged setae, increase in inter segmental gap in animals from un amended soil. Earthworms from amended soils showed negligible anomalies indicating that organic manures, rich in antioxidants could substantially reduce damages related to oxidative stress in earthworms.ThesisItem Open Access Snake venom phospholipase A2: A review of its medical significance, mechanism of toxicity and their inhibitors from natural sources.(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Siuli, Rakesh; Upadhyaya, Netaji; Pradhan, Sukant Kumar; Mishra, C.S.KDeath due to snake bite envenomation is a medically significant problem in several parts of the world, especially in under-developed and developing nations including in the Indian Sub continent. In contrast to developed regions, where medical intervention by administration of anti venom is usually available to prevent death, in poor countries, many people die annually due to lack of availability of proper anti-venom serum therapy. Snake venom is an incredibly complex cocktail of toxic molecules exhibiting diverse pathopharmaclological properties. Out of several toxic compounds found in snake venom, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the most medically significant one due to its wide variety of pharmacological properties and its presence in all major venomous snakes associated with human fatalities. These toxins have different tissue targets, membrane receptors and mechanisms of alteration of the cell plasma membrane. Two of the most commonly induced effects by venom PLA2 are neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. Traditional serum therapy effectively neutralizes the systemic effects induced by these PLA2 toxins, but there are some limitations in reversing the local symptoms induced by PLA2. However, there are many naturally occurring molecules from different sources like plants, marine animals and snake blood which have been known to inhibit the toxic effects of PLA2 thereby reducing several pathological effects associated with these toxins. The sources of such PLA2 inhibitors can also be used as an alternative treatment for snake bite victims lacking proper access to anti-venom therapy. Such sources can also be studied to develop additional snake bite treatment methodologies and to reduce the devastating consequences associated with snake bite, saving many lives. In this review paper, we are going to discuss about the various mechanism of PLA2 toxicity and their potential inhibitors which can be used for developing snake bite treatment methodologies.ThesisItem Open Access Bovine Mastitis: A Review(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Mishra, Pratikshya; Mohanty, Ashis Kumar; Sahoo, Niranjan; Mishra, C.S.KMastitis is believed to be the most costly disease in the dairy industry. Although various control strategies are used to prevent the disease, still the treatment methods are not 100% successful. Usage of antibiotics has been rapidly increasing in order to escape unusual deaths but without the disease being stopped, it creates other destructive pathways which impacts both animals as well as dairy consumers. For so many years researchers worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. Also the other pathogens involve in mastitis were previously unidentified. This review paper deals with all the aspects of bovine mastitis including the types of mastitis, pathogens involved in the disease, toxins produced by the disease causing bacteria, various diagnostic approaches, controlling ways, treatment techniques, bacteriocins for the disease and also the global situation regarding the disease. It provided an overview of all the lacunas which causes an obstruction in the elimination of the disease. Development of new techniques in diagnosis and treatment has resulted in control of the disease upto some extent. This paper has highly emphasised on the complexity behind the causative bacterial pathogens of mastitis including their host interactions, toxins and the easy and cost effective ways to diagnose and treat the disease. Important thing discusses is about bacteriocins which are modern day alternatives to the antibiotics and are safe to use.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of Pd-Cu SOD mimicking molecule on SOD activity in Pila globosa(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Pradhan, Aishwari Ankita; Paital, Biswaranjan; Mishra, C.S.K; Pattanaik, S.T.Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the important redox regulatory enzyme and act as the front line first defence enzyme to protect against superoxide radical induced cellular damages. Superoxide radical is considered as one of the potent free radicals which has clinical as well as industrial significance. Therefore, removing superoxide radicals from a chemical or biochemical reactions mixture is of paramount importance. However, study on SOD mimicking compounds that are stable unlike the SOD enzyme is a major research gap. The present study was therefore was under taken to study the effects of the Pd-Cu SOD mimicking compound on SOD activity in Pila globosa. Under a dose dependent manner injection of Pd-Cu compound was found to significantly modulate the SOD activity in the snail but in a tissue specific manner. Both the hepatopancreas and foot muscle of the snail have experienced a decrease in the enzyme level as a function the treatment of the compound. Therefore, an extensive study is suggested whether Pd-Cu act as a stress inducer or reliever, and it will be understood by assaying the other oxidative stress physiology parametersThesisItem Open Access Effects of Bioaccumulation of heavy metals on Channa Striata of fly ash filled pond of NTPC, Talcher, Odisha(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Mohanty, Ashrita; Pattanayak, Rojalin; Mishra, C.S.K; Pandey, VivekGlobal pollution is increasing due to variation in natural and anthropogenic activities, leading to contamination in various aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem with heavy metals, organic and inorganic chemical compounds. Heavy metals accumulate in the water bodies and elevate through food chains and fishes are badly affected as they are usually the top consumer in aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this work was to analyze heavy metals accumulation in the target organs (liver and kidney) of fish Channa striata of fly ash filled pond of NTPC, Talcher and the effect of these heavy metals on its morpho-histology. The heavy metals concentration in the tissue samples were found in the order Fe> Zn> Mn> Cu> Cr> Ni> Pb> Co> As> Cd> Ba. The concentration of metals were more in the kidney as compared to liver. The concentration of Fe in the tissues was maximum among all the measured heavy metals. Morphological deformities and pathological changes in the blood cells, liver and kidney of the fish samples were also observed.ThesisItem Open Access Histological alterations in Carps due to aquatic pesticide contamination- A review(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Ghosal, Sonali; Patnaik, S. T.; Mishra, C.S.K; Sundaray, J. K.Throughout the world pesticides are widely employed in agriculture sector in order to elevate crops yield with low labour and efforts. Pesticides exposure leads to toxicity in many non-target organisms. Agricultural run-off is the major source of exposure to this pesticide for aquatic organisms. Fish being one of the most prominent among these. Different sub-lethal concentrations of various pesticide result in histological alterations in carps, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Cyprinus carpio. The changes exposed to fish such as (gills, liver, kidneys, intestine, heart and brain). Alteration in gill showed epithelial hyperplasia with lamellar fusion, epithelial hypertrophy, telangiectasia, edema, general necrosis, increased mucous production and degeneration of primary and secondary gill lamellae. Liver with swelling, hydropic vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and necrosis. Kidney characterized by karyorrhexis and karyolysis at the nuclei of the affected cells, hypertrophied epithelial cells of renal tubules, expansion of space inside the bowman’s space and contraction of the glomerulus. Atrophy of epithelial cells, desquamation of mucosal epithelium and infiltration of lymphocytes into the lamina propria were detected in intestine tissues of fish. Treated fish heart showed healthy cardiomyocytes with scattered fibrocytes. Anomalies in brain were severe necrosis of neuronal cells of cerebrum, which indicated loss of nissel substance and hypermia in the vessels of cerebellum. Thus it was concluded from the present study that pesticide could adversely impact the tissue histology. All these indicate a high level of histological alterations on this edible fish which could impact its survival and nutritive values.ThesisItem Open Access Changes in certain vital biochemical parameters of freshwater fish in response to aquatic contamination due to pesticides – A Review(Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Aishwarya, Kondyarpu; Patnaik, S.T.; Mishra, C.S.K; Sundaray, J.K.Aquatic contamination due to pesticides is a well-known fact. It definitely affects various non-target organisms. One amongst them being fish, a dominant aquatic biota. This review focuses on the various changes induced in the vital biochemical parameters of freshwater fish due to aquatic contamination by pesticides. The biochemical parameters considered are the levels of protein (tissue or serum), the activities or levels of various vital enzymes like cholinesterases [acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)], phosphatases (acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase) and various enzymes used as biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidase).Tissues used in different studies include brain, muscle, liver, gills, intestine, kidney and blood serum.. Most findings reveal that due to the effect of pesticides there is a decline in the levels of protein, increase in the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level indicating presence of oxidative stress due to production of reactive oxygen species (or ROS). Increase in acid phosphatase and transaminase levels indicating increased levels of protein catabolism due to pesticide intoxication. Catalase activity increased in most cases pointing to formation of reactive oxygen species inducer, hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity showed an increase in most pesticides. Cholinesterases (AChE and BuChE) exhibited significant reduction in their levels and were even inhibited by some pesticides. Thus the pesticides in aquatic freshwater habitats do affect the normal physiological metabolism and behavior of fish due to stress, and in some cases including cellar or tissue damage.
