Loading...
Thesis
Browse
181 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and bio-chemical drought responsive mechanisms in rice genotypes(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021-07-30) Parida, Selukash; Swain, Padmini; Samal, K.C.; Panda, R.K.; Pradhan, S. K.Drought is a major abiotic threat that affects rice production. The experiment entitled “Physiological and bio-chemical drought responsive mechanisms in rice genotypes” was conducted during the dry season -2018 and dry season -2019 at Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India. Droughttolerance screening of 100 diversified rice genotypes including four controls (Sahabhagidhan,Vandana as tolerant control and IR 64, IR 20 as susceptible control) was conducted during the dry season -2018 at the vegetative stage based on physiological traits such as drought score (DS), drought recovery score (DRS), SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading (SCMR), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value, Relative Water Content (RWC) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in the field condition. After screening, 14 genotypes were selected for drought tolerance capacity viz., five genotypes (Parijata, IC 516313, IC 516130, ARC 10376 and IC 516008) as tolerant, four genotypes (IC 516149, Pathara, Lalat and IR 36) as moderately tolerant, two genotypes (Satabdi and Naveen) as moderately susceptible and Prasad as susceptible genotype including two controls (Sahabhagidhan and IR 64 as tolerant and susceptible control). These fourteen genotypes were further grown in pot experiment during dry season -2019 for detailed physiological, biochemical and molecular assessments under control and water stress conditions and all data were recorded at flowering stage. Simultaneously, these genotypes were grown in the field for evaluation for reproductive stage drought tolerance. The genotypes Parijata, IC 516130, IC 516008, IC 516149 and Sahahagidhan showed higher values of leaf area, total root length, specific root length (SRL), leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency (WUE), photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and membrane stability index compared to susceptible genotypes Prasad and IR 64. However, higher antioxidant activity (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POX)), higher proline accumulation with lesser malondialdehyde (MDA) content in tolerant genotypes was the well-adapted mechanism under water stress condition. Genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, such as OsCuSOD, OsFeSOD OsMnSOD, OsCATC, OsPOX1 and OsPOX2 had higher expression levels in the tolerant genotypes (IC 516130) compared to susceptible genotypes (Prasad) at flowering stage under water stress. At reproductive stage, the genotypes Parijata, IC 516130, IC 516008 and IC 516149 possessed the higher grain yield along with higher biomass accumulation, spikelet fertility percentage, panicle number per m2 with lesser relative yield reduction (below 50%) over susceptible genotypes. Based on these results, three genotypes Parijata, IC 516130 and IC 516008 were identified as tolerant to both vegetative and reproductive stage drought and can be used as parent donors in drought breeding programs of rice.ThesisItem Open Access Study of low light stress on molecular regulation and yield performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2022-11-05) Dash, Deepali; Baig, M.J; Rout, G.R.; Samal, K.C.; Panda, R.K.; Satapathy, M.K.Light has a significant role in the growth and development of plants because of its crucial role in photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis. To respond to various environmental stimuli, plants have evolved various morpho-physiological modifications. Different light signals have a huge influence on plant growth and development. If the amount of light intensity reaching the plants is less than the optimum level, plants suffer from low light stress, and crop production suffers as a result. Rice, the most important food crop, is extremely sensitive to low light stress, and a marked yield reduction have been observed in eastern and north eastern countries. The current experiment was titled "Study of low light stress on molecular regulation and yield performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.)" based on the facts stated above. The entire experiment was carried out in the Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry research plot at the National Rice Research Institute in Cuttack, India. During the Kharif (wet) seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21, the experiment was carried out in both the field and the net house. Initially, 50 long-duration rice genotypes were chosen for screening, and 11 of them were picked, along with susceptible and tolerant controls based on yield reduction, for further morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies. Three replications of selected genotypes were grown under normal light (100% light), 75% light, and 50% light treatments. Plant height, tiller number, and leaf area were measured during the vegetative stage, and stem dry weight, panicle dry weight, and plant dry weight were measured at 50% flowering, 7 days after 50% flowering, 14 days after 50% flowering, and harvest. Physiological and biochemical observations were made at the 50% flowering stage. Grain quality parameters such as head rice recovery, milling recovery, alkali spreading value, water uptake, kernel length after cooking, water uptake, and gel consistency were measured on harvested seeds with less than 14% moisture content. To better understand the mechanism of the low light stress response, RT-PCR analysis was used to examine gene expression. Among the eleven genotypes, Nalini Sali and Nasati Sali, as well as the tolerant control variety Swarnaprabha, are the least affected by low light stress. Plant morphology is more affected under 75% light and 50% light stress, and yield is drastically reduced under 50% light intensity. Physiological parameters such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were found to be directly related to rice variety yield performance under stress conditions. Starch and photosynthesis genes like GBSS-I, ADPG, SS-III, Fru-1-6-BP, Sed-1-7-BP, and RuBisCo are directly regulated by light and thus downregulated in low light conditions However, the gene CAB-2 behaves differently because it is up regulated in response to low light stress. Because the Nalini Sali and Nasati Sali varieties performed better under low light stress, they are considered tolerant. At the same time, Kolabardhan and Na Sali were considered susceptible varieties due to their poor performance.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of soil and foliar application of boron with ethrel on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2022-05-04) Thanh, Nguyen Viet; Panda, R.K.; Samal, K.C.; Sahu, G. S.; Nayak, R.K.The present investigation was carried out in two sets of experiment. At first, a net house study was done to identify a suitable cucumber variety to female flower induction by foliar application of ethrel @300 mg l-1 and secondly, to study further the chosen variety’s performance to ethrel and boron application on field experiment to improve the yield and yield attributes. The net house experiment was conducted in October, 2019 in the department of plant physiology, college of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar with completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated twice with twenty numbers of cucumber varieties. It was found that spray application of ethrel had improved vine length (133.50 cm), maximum number of leaves per plant (24.53), maximum leaves area (166.43 cm2), a greater number of primary nodes per plant (18), percentage of fruit set per plant (88.56), number of female flowers per plant (17.50), number of fruits per vine (15.50) and highest yield per vine (2.98 kg) in cultivar Rohan F1 than control (water spray) compared to other cultivars. The field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years in Central Farm of OUAT during 2020 and 2021 to observe the impact of ethrel and boron as soil and frequencies of foliar spray on cultivar Rohan F1 for its growth, yield and yield attributes. Cultivar Rohan F1 was used as planting material and was sown in rings of experimentally randomized block designed (RBD). Ethrel @300mg l-1 was applied twice to the crops at two true leaf stage with a gap of 7 days on all the treatments viz. T1- RDF (150-75-75):: N:P:K kg.ha-1 with zero boron (Control), T2- RDF+B @1.0 kg soil application, T3- RDF+ FS @ 0.25% borax once, T4- RDF+ FS@ 0.5% borax once, T5- RDF+ FS@ 0.75% borax once, T6- RDF+ FS @ 1.0% borax once, T7- RDF+ FS@ 0.25% borax twice, T8- RDF+ FS@ 0.5% borax twice, T9- RDF+ FS @ 0.75% borax twice, and T10- RDF+ FS @ 1.0% borax twice and B was also foliar sprayed twice at 30th and 37th days after sowing as per treatment need. We found that T8- RDF+ FS@ 0.5% borax twice was highest pooled performance in leaf area character with an increase of 47.11% and 18.44% compared to the control (T1) and soil application (T2), increase in number of nodes per plant up to 21.7% over control and 15.7% over soil application; vine length increased up to 30.68% and 14.21 %; Leaf area index increased to 40.93% and 17.54%; number of fruits per plant increased to 39.56% and 15.45%; yield per ha increased to 57.22 % and 40.92% in control and soil application respectively, where boron plays an important role in transporting carbohydrates and manufactured organic materials in the leaves and accelerating their transmission and accumulation in the fruits. Which leads to an increase in its weight, and the increase in the number of female flowers increases the yield of one plant (4.01 kg) and then an increase in the total yield (55.14-ton ha-1). Notably, T8 FS 0.5% twice resulted in increased flowering and fruit formation and tissue Fe, P, K, Mn, Mg, Ca, Zn and Mo contents, indicating B deficiency and its deficiency affects the translocation of sugar, starches, N, P and the synthesis of amino acids and proteins as recorded in control plant. We suggest that foliar spray of boron has more advantageous than soil application as boron applied through foliage are absorbed right at the site where they are needed as quickly as possible and B can be transported from leaves to roots via phloem in this species. The translocation of foliar supplied B to the roots is affected by plant B status and the synthesis of photosynthetic assimilates.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and bio-chemical drought responsive mechanisms in rice genotypes(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021-07-30) Parida, Selukash; Swain, Padmini; Samal, K.C.; Panda, R.K.; Pradhan, S. K.Drought is a major abiotic threat that affects rice production. The experiment entitled “Physiological and bio-chemical drought responsive mechanisms in rice genotypes” was conducted during the dry season -2018 and dry season -2019 at Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India. Droughttolerance screening of 100 diversified rice genotypes including four controls (Sahabhagidhan,Vandana as tolerant control and IR 64, IR 20 as susceptible control) was conducted during the dry season -2018 at the vegetative stage based on physiological traits such as drought score (DS), drought recovery score (DRS), SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading (SCMR), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value, Relative Water Content (RWC) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in the field condition. After screening, 14 genotypes were selected for drought tolerance capacity viz., five genotypes (Parijata, IC 516313, IC 516130, ARC 10376 and IC 516008) as tolerant, four genotypes (IC 516149, Pathara, Lalat and IR 36) as moderately tolerant, two genotypes (Satabdi and Naveen) as moderately susceptible and Prasad as susceptible genotype including two controls (Sahabhagidhan and IR 64 as tolerant and susceptible control). These fourteen genotypes were further grown in pot experiment during dry season -2019 for detailed physiological, biochemical and molecular assessments under control and water stress conditions and all data were recorded at flowering stage. Simultaneously, these genotypes were grown in the field for evaluation for reproductive stage drought tolerance. The genotypes Parijata, IC 516130, IC 516008, IC 516149 and Sahahagidhan showed higher values of leaf area, total root length, specific root length (SRL), leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency (WUE), photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and membrane stability index compared to susceptible genotypes Prasad and IR 64. However, higher antioxidant activity (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POX)), higher proline accumulation with lesser malondialdehyde (MDA) content in tolerant genotypes was the well-adapted mechanism under water stress condition. Genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, such as OsCuSOD, OsFeSOD OsMnSOD, OsCATC, OsPOX1 and OsPOX2 had higher expression levels in the tolerant genotypes (IC 516130) compared to susceptible genotypes (Prasad) at flowering stage under water stress. At reproductive stage, the genotypes Parijata, IC 516130, IC 516008 and IC 516149 possessed the higher grain yield along with higher biomass accumulation, spikelet fertility percentage, panicle number per m2 with lesser relative yield reduction (below 50%) over susceptible genotypes. Based on these results, three genotypes Parijata, IC 516130 and IC 516008 were identified as tolerant to both vegetative and reproductive stage drought and can be used as parent donors in drought breeding programs of rice.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological basis of growth and yield of low land rice cultivars grown under low light environment(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021-11-15) Dey, Prajjal; Baig, M.J; Rout, G.R.; Samal, K.C.; Panda, R.K.; Pradhan, S.K.Rice is the major food crop in the world. It ensures livelihood security of millions of people around the world especially in economically weaker section people of Asia. Abiotic stress including salinity, drought, high and low temperature, high and low light majorly affect the yield of rice in plants. Among the abiotic stresses affecting rice productivity, low light stress is one of the most persistent in India, mostly in Eastern and North Eastern states, where it has a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Low light conditions damage rice production and strongly influences not only duration but physiological and agronomic traits of rice. Keeping in view the increasing threat, efforts have been made to understand the mechanism (molecular, biochemical and physiological) underlying low light stress. Against this background, the present investigation entitled “Physiological basis of growth and yield of low land rice cultivars grown under low light environment” was carried out with the major objectives of screening and characterization (physiological, biochemical and molecular) of rice genotypes under low light stress. The entire experiment was conducted at the National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design. Ten rice genotypes were selected out of the fifty genotypes screened in a previous experiment (Kharif 2016 and 2017) of the same lab under NASF funded project. Selected genotypes were grown during Kharif 2018 and 2019. Experiment was conducted with three replications during Kharif season under Normal Light, 75% light intensity (25% light cut off) and 50% light intensity (50% light cut off). The low light treatment was imposed by putting agro-shade net of different light intensities mounted on a hardwood frame. The treatment was imposed at 30 DAT. Swarnaprabha and IR-8 were used as tolerant and susceptible checks respectively. The observations for agronomic and morphological traits i.e. tiller m-2 , panicle m-2 , specific leaf area (SLA). Specific leaf weight (SLW), root length, root weight, plant height, shoot weight, yield attributing parameters were recorded during flowering and harvest stages. Correspondingly, physiological parameters (Net assimilation Rate, Stomatal Conductance, Transpiration rate, Fv/Fm, A/Ci, WUE) and biochemical parameters (total chlorophyll content, chl a, chl b, starch content, total Soluble Sugar content, Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, Peroxidase) were recorded. Among the ten rice genotypes, Panindra, PS-3 along with Swarnaprabha performed better and were found to be tolerant than other genotypes for low light conditions. Swarnaprabha and Panindra performed better for yield attributing traits (grain yield, thousand grain weight, Harvest Index) among all the varieties. For studying the possible mechanism behind, we targeted and studied the expression of genes responsible for photosynthesis and starch synthesis i.e “SourceSink concept”. The expression analysis revealed non-significant down regulation of selected genes in Panindra and PS-3 along with Swarnaprabha whereas susceptible genotypes HKR-126 and IR-8 reported significant down regulation under low light stress. These results clearly indicate the light modulated activity of photosynthetic and starch biosynthetic genes. Though the exact pathway underlying is not clearly understood, the results indicate the potential of exploring the selected tolerant genotypes (Panindra, PS-3 and Swarnaprabha) as model plant for understanding low light stress in crop plants.ThesisItem Open Access Climate smart approaches for the water and nitrogen management in sweet corn(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Kodihalli, Sachin C; Panda, Rajendra Kumar; Samal, Kailash Chandra; Garnayk, Lalita Mohan; Mishra, Kshitendra NarayanA field experiment on “Climate smart approaches for the water and nitrogen management in sweet corn” was conducted during rabi season-2021 at Agronomy experimental field, Central farm, College of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar. The experimental field was laid out in strip-plot design with sixteen treatments (four main plots and four sub plots) and was replicated thrice. Four irrigation methods namely, each furrow irrigation (I1), each furrow irrigation with paddy straw mulching (I2), alternate furrow irrigation (I3) and broad bed & furrow irrigation (I4) and four nutrient management practices such as, organic manures (N1), 25% organic plus 75% STBNR (N2), 100% STBNR (N3) and only recommended doses of fertilizer (RDF) (N4) were allotted to the main plots and sub plots respectively. The soil was deficit in available nitrogen and phosphorous and the crop was irrigated three times within a gap of 30 days after sowing. Among the different irrigation and nitrogen management methods, the combination of each furrow irrigation with paddy straw mulching method (I2) plus 100% STBNR (N3) resulted in increased plant height (170.30 cm), total number leaves per plant (15), leaf area (394.15 cm2 ), LAI (5.73 m2m 2 ), CGR (14.77 g.m-2 day-1 ), total biomass accumulation (115.86 g/plant), cob yield (26.14 t/ha), green stalk yield (49.82 t/ha) and harvest index (36.04%). Therefore, a suitable climate smart approach of sweet corn cultivation might be each furrow irrigation with paddy straw mulching plus 100% soil test based nitrogen recommendation (STBNR) method with three irrigation time within a gap of 30 days after sowing.ThesisItem Open Access Study of physiological and biochemical changes in Rice (Oryza sativa ) during seedling establishment under water stress condition(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Pungati, David Raju; Sahoo, Chittranjan; Samal, Kailash Chandra; Das, Swarnlata; Mohanty, SimantaRice (Oryza sativa) is the world's largest cereal crop and a common staple food that feeds almost 3 billion people, accounting for nearly 80% of their daily calorie consumption. It requires a larger amount of water throughout its life cycle as compared to other crops. Hence, water-related stress causes a severe threat to rice production. Drought is a major challenge limiting rice production. About 2500 litres of water is needed for the production of 1 kg rice. It has been reported that seed germination and early seedling growth are potentially the most critical stages for water stress. To minimize the effects analysis was carried out on 'Physiological and biochemical changes in Rice (Oryza sativa) during seedling establishment under water stress conditions” in laboratory conditions at Dr P C Parichha laboratory of Department of Plant Physiology and laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomised Block Design, with three replications. Seeds of eight paddy varieties each equal numbers of early cultivars like Khandagiri (V1), Mandakini (V2), Pathara (V3) and Parijat(V4) and the late medium cultivars like Ramchandi (V5), Hasant (V6), Mrunalini (V7) and Ranidhan (V8) were collected. Water stress at the laboratory was induced through PEG 6000. The optimum stress levels were maintained at -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa by altering the concentration of PEG 6000, with a control (no stress). Under water stress conditions, all growth and physiological responses of rice genotypes were affected to varying degrees. Germination in all genotypes decreased from 92.8 percent in the control to 5.81 percent at the highest stress level of -1.2 MPa (20 percent). With increasing water stress, shoot length, root length, and dry weight decreased in all rice genotypes. Cultivar Pratikshya(V5) has shown a mean SVI-I 15.45. whereas a highest mean seedling vigour index II of 5.20 in Pathara. The results of physiological attributes revealed that as concentration increased, relative water content and chlorophyll were significantly reduced in leaves. Drought stress caused significant increases in proline accumulation in rice in the current study. The highest chlorophyll content of 3.73 mg g-1 FW in Parijat under treatment of -0.3 MPa whereas 72.36 mg g-1 FW under treatment of -0.9 MPa. Based on the results, the early duration cultivar Parijat proved to be best followed by Pathara, Mandakini, Khandagiri respectively while in late medium duration cultivars the performance trend found to be in the order Pratikshya followed by Ranidhan, Hasant, Mrunalini respectively with overall the variety Parijat identified to have better performance under water stress.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Boron application on growth and yield of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Soren, Nutan Kumar; Bhol, Rajkumari; Samal, Kailash Chandra; Nayak, R.K.; Dash, AbhiramThe present research work entitled “Effect of Boron application on growth and yield of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)” was conducted in AICRP on micronutrient at central farm of OUAT, Bhubaneswar during Rabi 2020-2021 the experiment was carried out in open field condition with ten numbers of treatments with recommended dose of fertilizers fitted in randomized block design with 3 replication watermelon cultivar Augusta was grown in plots and treated with soil application of B @ 1.0 kg/ha and different frequencies of foliar application with 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% in the form of borax as once and twice at mid and late crop growth stages. The variations among the different morpho-physiological, biochemical parameters in watermelon were recorded after 45 DAS till harvesting and quality parameters after harvesting of fruit. The effect of boron on different forms and concentrations on morphological, growth parameters, biochemical changes, quality parameters and yield, yield attributing characters were statistically analyzed and the results are discussed and concluding in remarks. The results revealed that the maximum values of Morphatic characters such as plant height (172.97 cm), no of branches per plant (9.69), no of leaves per plant (55.48), leaf area (73.12 cm2 ) were recorded in T8 (FS@ 0.5% borax twice) than T2 soil application (@1 kg B/ha) and other foliar spray. No. of days to 1st flowering and fruiting was earliest (45.48) and (65.61) respectively in T8, FS@ 0.5% borax twice and more number of days is taking in control plot (52.00) and (72.96) respectively. Biochemical parameter like chlorophyll (1.360 mg/g FW) and quality parameters like lycopene (3.84 mg/100g) increased in its accumulation in FS@ 0.5% borax twice than rest of the treatments. The effect of growth parameters like CGR (1.11 g m-2 day-1 ), RGR (0.67 g m-2 day-1 ), total biomass (48.88 g) and yield, yield attributing characters like no of flower per plant (10.20), no of fruits per plant (7.14), fruit weight (2.85 kg ) and HI (86,78%) showed highest significance in FS @0.5% borax twice than soil application and foliar application. The plant nutrient content N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B was influenced considerably by different forms and concentration of boron in treated plants. The above findings of present study suggest that foliage application of boron showed more effect to all the parameters of watermelon crop than soil application of B because application of boron on foliage is utilized directly at needed site of plants where B acts quite quickly, efficiently and require less time for assimilation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of organic package of practices on physiological parameters of tomato(Department of Plant Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Mallick, Ashutosh; Bhol, Rajkumari; Samal, K.C.; Dash, Rabiratha; Mohanty, SimantaA field experiment entitled “Effect of organic package of practices on physiological parameters of tomato” was carried at the block of AICRP on weed management, Central Farm, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during rabi, 2020-21,to analyse the influence of various organic manure and biofertilizer on crop growth with its physiology, micro flora population, quality indices, and yield of treatments.The test crop was taken as tomato variety "BT-2" under irrigated conditions. Five Treatments were applied with doses of 1/3rd N each as FYM (Farm yard Manure), vermicompost, NEO ( Non edible oil cakes) alongwith azotobacter and PSB(Phosphate solubilizing bacteria) and 50 % N as RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer) accordingly. the results of the current experiment are given, along with tables and other data as needed. Treatment 4 that was applied with 1/3rd N as FYM (Farm yard Manure),vermicompost,NEO ( Non edible oil cakes) with one mechanical and one hand weeding showed highest result in morpho-physiological characters such as plant height (70.29 cm),Number of branches (9.77),Leaves (76.33),internodes (20.19) etc.likewise, in case of biochemical parameters such as total chlorophyll content T4 showed maximum value (0.86 mg/g).The characters like fruit quality like Ascorbic acid (23.10 mg/100g) content ,Lycopene content (5.35mg/100g) etc.Were found to be high in T4.In case of yield characters and growth parameter results were superior in T4 over all other treatments.T4 had the highest yield (2.11 kg/plant).however, the treatment 5 which was applied with 1/3rd N as FYM, vermicompost, NEO alongwith residue recycling showed loweat value in all parameters .The above findings suggest that application of organic manures and biofertilizers with suitable management helps to enhance the growth and development of tomato crop.
