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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative assessment of the adaptive capacity of goat to the heat stress based on genotype and phenotype(Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Venkatesh, K.M.; Mishra, Chinmoy; Nayak, G.D.; Behera, K.; Mishra, S.R.; Pradhan, S.K.Melanogenesis is primarily mediated by the melanocortin receptor type 1 gene. The present study was carried out to study the effect of polymorphism on animal coat colour and its association with heat stress indicators such as rectal temperature, skin temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, and cortisol level in goats under study. The genotyping (Dideoxy Sanger sequencing) result of the present study revealed three SNPs each in the Ganjam and Keonjhar goat populations and combinedly made four SNPs at 183rd (Y), 332nd (S), 748th (K) and 801st (S) positions. A novel SNP was observed at 332th (S) position in the Keonjhar goat population. Two amino acid changes (F250V and C267W) were observed due to the missense variation of nucleotides. Eight haplotypes were constructed from the unphased nucleotide sequences using the algorithm. The association between coat colour and the recorded traits revealed that white animals with the "CCTC" haplotype had significantly (P<0.05) less rectal temperature, skin temperature, respiration rate, and cortisol values as compared to black and brown animals. The principal component analysis revealed that rectal temperature, skin temperature, respiration rate, and cortisol values were related to each other and contributed more to the variance components. The different gene flow and genetic differentiation parameters for the total population, Ganjam goat and Keonjhar goat populations were estimated. The histomorphology study of the skin of different coat-coloured goats supported the results of the present study that white animals were less heat-stressed as compared to black and brown goats. The presence of calcium ion, which plays a critical role in the ligand and receptor binding, doesn’t alter the confirmation and the complexes formed between the MC1R protein and α-MSH ligand during the docking study. In conclusion, according to the findings of the present study, the white coat colour of the animal may be the reason for the white animals' lower heat stress levels as compared to the black and brown coat colours of the animals. The haplotype CCTC, which was linked to the white coat colour of the animals, suggests an association between the haplotype and white animals' heat tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic polymorphism of GPR54 gene and its association with growth and reproductive traits in goats of Odisha(Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Mohanty, Biswajeet; Karna, D.K.; Nayak, G.D.; Sahoo, N.; Senapati, S.; Sahoo, G.R.; Mishra, C.This study was conducted to explore the genetic polymorphism in exon5 of GPR54 geneoin Ganjam goat and a local small-sized goat population of Baigani goat. The goats studied in the research are from three locations: Khallikote, Rambha, Chattrapur of Ganjam district. The genomic DNA was isolated from buccal swab samples. The target gene segment of partial exon 5 and 3’-UTR of GPR54 gene were precisely amplified using the specific primers designed for these loci of goat and 348bp PCR products were amplified respectively, which indicated the conservation of nucleotide sequence in the described target segments in goat. Each of the sampled goats were recorded for its body weight, morphometry & reproductive (quantitative traits) traits. PCR-RFLP using TaqI restriction enzyme yielded two variants in both the population. The variant T consisted of one restriction site and the variant C had no restriction recognition site. Out of the three genotypes identified Ganjam goat population had only TT, CT genotypes and CC genotype was found to be missing in Ganjam population. All the three genotypes were obtained from Baigani goat population. The frequencyoof alleles T and C were 0.88 and 0.12 inothe Ganjam goatopopulation and 0.65 and 0.35 in the Baigani goat population respectively. The genotypeofrequencies of TT, CT and CC genotype were 0.76, 0.24 and 0 in Ganjam goats whereas the same for Baigani goats were 0.55, 0.43 and 0.02 respectively. Baigani populationowasofound to be deviating from Hardy-WeinbergoEquilibrium due to heterozygous excess whereas Ganjam population was in equilibrium. The comparison of traits of both the breeds revealed Ganjam goat had significantly higher body size as compared to Baigani goats (PT) in nature changing the amino acid from proline (CCC) to leucine (CTC). The effect of three genotypes was found to be non-significant on body weight and morphometric traits except rump width where CT genotypes had significantly higher values. CT genotype also had lower age at sexual maturity, age at first kidding and higher twinning percentage than the other two genotypes (P<0.05). GPR54 protein structure consisted 378 amino acids with seven transmembrane domain and four extracelluar and cytoplasmic domain each. Interaction GPR54 protein with its ligand kisspeptin might have role in initiating HPG (Hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal) axis and subsequent GnRH hormone release.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic characterization of indigenous goats of Keonjhar district of Odisha(Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Sahoo, Pritiprasanna; Nayak, G.D.; Sahoo, N.; Sahoo, G.R.; Pradhan, S.K.; Karna, D.K.; Mishra, C.Data on different conformation, production and reproduction traits were collected from 120 indigenous Keonjhar goats after collecting weights and measurements of the body. The data that correspond were also collected from 120 Black Bengal and 120 Ganjam goats for comparison. The mean values of weight at birth in male Keonjhar, Black Bengal and Ganjam goats were 1.36±0.20, 1.41±0.20 and 2.68±0.22 kg, respectively. Correspondingf mean valuessin female goatsswere 1.28±0.22, 1.30±0.21 and 2.55±0.22 kg, respectively. At adult stage, the male Keonjhar, Black Bengal and Ganjam goats achieved 15.85±0.21, 24.40±0.23 and 41.39±0.20 kg of body weight, respectively. The values that correspond in case of female goats were found to be 14.90 ± 0.23, 22.31±0. 88 and 30.31±0.52 kg, respectively. All the body morphometric traits were positively correlated among each other in this study. Females of Keonjhar, Black Bengal and Ganjam goats came to heat at 229.18±1.88, 279.89±2.15 and 440.46±1.79 days, respectively and dropped their first kids at 395.25±1.45, 469.73±2.68 and 618.68±1.84 days, respectively. The average size of litter in female Keonjhar, Black Bengal and Ganjam goats were found as 1.77±0.47, 1.97±0.73 and 1.02±0.14, respectively. All the conformation and reproductive traits varied significantly (p<0.05) among the three goat populations. However, Keonjhar and Black Bengal goats didn’t show any significant difference with regard to tail length and gestation length. Keonjhar goats showed significantly lower estimates for all the conformation traits than other two goat populations with satisfactory reproductive performance. DNA isolation was carried out from the buccal swab samples of Keonjhar goats and the complete coding region of the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) gene was amplified using the specified primers. Sequence alignment with the reference sequence confirmed the presence of a synonymous mutation (C291A) in this population. The gene frequencies of C and A allele were found to be 0.74 and 0.26. The does with CA genotypes showed higher litter size than CC genotype (p<0.05). The findings indicate that NGF gene can be put to use as a candidate gene for the improvement of the size of the litter in these population of goat. The nucleotide sequence of NGF gene in goat is in close similarity with sheep, cattle, buffalo and wild yak. The value of theoretical isoelectric point (PI), instability index, aliphatic index and GRAVY value for NGF protein were predicted as 9.81, 45.73, 74.90 and -0.287, respectively. The secondary and tertiary structure of NGF protein were predicted as well. Ten putative interacting proteins of goat NGF protein were predicted.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Animal Husbandry Training Programs of KVKs on Farmers in Odisha(Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry and Extension(C.V.SC.&A.H.), OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2021) Vijiya; Kumari, Shweta; Swain, Pitambar; Dash, Susant Kumar; Das, Bhabesh ChandraThe present research study entitled “Impact of Animal Husbandry Training Programs of KVKs on farmers in Odisha” was conducted in Angul, Ganjam and Jharsuguda KVK of Odisha to analyze the impact of training on knowledge level, attitude and adoption behaviour of respondent towards animal husbandry practices. The study was conducted with a sample of 150 trainee farmers and 13 KVK personnel. The findings of the study indicate that majority of the trainee farmers were young (44.0%), male (76.0%), educated above high school level, having small family (up to 5 members) (63.3%) belonging to OBC category (78.7%) with low (up to 13 year) farming experience (53.3%) and small sized herd (up to 60 birds, 7 cattle and 24 goats, respectively). About half (53.3%) of the trainee farmers owned land upto 2.5 acres and practiced agriculture as their primary occupation (50.7%) and livestock rearing as secondary occupation (72.0%). Maximum (54.7%) of the trainee farmers belonged to medium annual income group (1-2 lakh) belonging to high material possession group (41.3%) and low mass media exposure (56.0%). Majority of the KVK personnel belonged to middle age group (61.53%) with master‟s degree (46.15%), specialized in agriculture (30.76%) and 46.16 per cent personnel having 10 to15 years of working as well as training experience. 69.23% KVK personnel used either discussion or TNA for identifying the training area, 69.33% used TNA method or livelihood analysis method to select the trainees.92.30% of the KVK personnel gave priority to the field of specialization for selecting the trainers and 76.92% analyzed the need or task of the training for developing the curriculum. 100% KVK personnel used demonstration and lecture as training method and white board as the aids during training. All the training personnel imparted on-campus training of 1 day or 2-5 days. 46.15% KVK personnel allotted 2 hours for a class and76.92% practiced impact evaluation to assess the training and prepared the report training-wise immediately for further compilation of the reports. With respect to training impact, overall knowledge of trainee farmers was medium with maximum and high level knowledge in housing practices followed by high level knowledge in breeding, health care and management practices, and medium in feeding and marketing practices, respectively. As the overall knowledge of trainee farmers was least contributed by the marketing knowledge in general and feeding practice knowledge in poultry farmers, marketing knowledge in dairy and goat farmers in particular, this information may be kept in backdrop for farming strategy towards development of knowledge level of livestock farmers to achieve desired results. The overall attitude of farmers in general as well as poultry, dairy and goat farmers in particular was favourable and differ non-significantly between the three KVKs under study indicating a good scope of utilizing the KVKs for strengthening the technical know-how and their adoption by the livestock farmers. The overall adoption level of farmers was medium with maximum and high level adoption in health care practices followed by high level adoption in housing, feeding and breeding practices, and low level in marketing practices, respectively. The least contribution by marketing component in the overall adoption level of trainee farmers in general and poultry, dairy and goat trainee farmers in particular revealed marketing component to be taken care off for benefitting the livestock farming community. All the socio-economic variables except mass media exposure were non significantly correlated with the adoption level of trainees. Age was found to have negative correlation with adoption level whereas; education, farming experience, herd/flock size, land holding and annual income had positive correlation. Among training modalities used by the KVKs, training area, training curriculum, training methods, the trainer‟s field of specialization, AV aids used, and the training evaluation and assessment methods used were significantly correlated with adoption level of the trainees whereas, trainer‟s experience in training and training tools used were non-significantly correlated. Therefore, mass media may be used for making the farmers aware about the benefits of trainings and scientific knowledge of livestock rearing. Also before planning training programmes, different training determinants should be considered systematically for a successful training in terms of enhanced knowledge and adoption level in the trainee farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization of GRP78 gene in goats(Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics(CVSc&AH), OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Supriya, Sushree; Mishra, Chinmoy; Nayak, Gangadhar; Sahoo, Pravas Ranjan; Behera, Kumaresh; Pradhan, Sukanta KumarIn the changing climatic scenario, animals may subjected to different types of stress. Out of which, heat stress is alarming in present situation due to skyrocket rise in global temperature. Climate change is one of the serious long run threat having disastrous impact faced by worldwide livestock keepers of small ruminants. Thermal stress leads to lots of problems in animals such as poor milk yield, depressed growth rate, reduced reproducing capacity as well as low disease resistant capacity which proves to be disastrous for the health of animals making them vulnerable to fatal diseases. This may result in huge monetary depreciation which seeks attention of the owner to improve the health condition of animals in order to minimize loss. The capability of goats to adapt well with changing environment and stress management without hampering their health condition and yielding capacity is of great importance. GRP78/BiP is one of the important endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) chaperon protein which is essential for controlling the quantity and quality of protein production and functioning of ER-trans membrane signalling molecules. It plays several significant functions such as winding up and gathering of proteins in the ER, it recognizes incorrectly wind up proteins and forces them to degrade or disintegrate, it also aids in dissolving proteins clubbed due to aggregation of incorrectly folded proteins at the time of stress and it regulates the functioning of ER trans-membrane sensors of stress. Upon activation of gene like GRP78, calcium is activated to travel through several barriers connected to several channels present on membrane that are having calcium intake and release pumps. In this study, the GRP78 gene was amplified and searched for polymorphism in 3 different breeds of goats (i.e. Black Bengal, Ganjam and Raighar goats). The result indicated alteration in nucleotide at 3 specific places that are at 631st (T>G) in Capra- hircus_BB_HL-2, at 792nd (T>G) in Capra hircus_GN_HL-2, at 826th (T>G) in Capra- hircus_BB_HL-2 and Capra-hircus_GN_HL-2 and subsequent amino acid change at 211th (Gly>Cys), 264th (Met>Ile) and 276th (Gly>Cys) positions of the protein. In silico structural analysis showed minor changes (5%) in mutant and normal GRP78 protein structures. However, any functional variation could not be identified with respect to the calcium ligand and open pore state. But an alteration of calcium binding site was found due to the nucleotide changes. The ultimate goal of this research is to use the molecular markers to select individuals with high heat tolerance capacity for efficient use in breeding programmes with the objective of combining molecular marker and heat tolerance traits for sustainable survivability and productivity.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic study of Chilika Buffalo(Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics(CVSc&AH), OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2020) Satapathy, Bibhu Prasad; Nayak, Gangadhar; Karna, D.K.; Sahoo, G.R.; Senapati, S.K.Chilika Buffalo is having the most unique germplasm which is resistant to most of the diseases and it can resist high environmental temperature upto 450C to 480C and it can adopt in hot and humid environment, particularly nearer to Chilika Lake. The gene for heat tolerance i.e. PPARα1 gene is also identified in this unique germplasm of Chilika Buffalo. Through path coefficient analysis the effect of different physiological parameters on heat tolerance shows the effect of respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, haemoglobin and PCV%. The AST and ALT value has absolutely having very less significant effect on heat tolerance. So by observing the physiological parameters like respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, haemoglobin and PCV%, a veterinarian or a farmer can easily access the heat tolerance level of the animal at its door step with very low investment. Further research is needed for the presence of PPARα1 gene (related to heat stress) to enhance the process of selection of Chilika Buffalo for breeding purpose. Finally this rare Chilika breed should be conserved in its native tract.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular, biochemical and haematological analysis of Khodia chicken population found in Northern districts of Odisha(Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, OUAT, Bhubaneswer, 2020) Sahu, Ayusman; Nayak, Gangadhar; Mishra, C.; Das, B.C.; Sahoo, G.; Senapati, S.K.HSPs are the protein molecules that govern a prominent role in regulation and protection of intercellular organs functions. Several cell activities such as programmed cell death, protein misfolding, regulation of immune response and control of cell signaling are affected by this protein. Aim of the present study is to amplify the HSP 70 gene and to evaluate haemato- biochemical parameters of Khodia chicken population. The blood samples were randomly collected from 50 birds. Separation of DNA was performed by utilizing salting out method with slight modification and a 372 bp length of HSP70 gene was amplified by PCR. Some physiological traits were also measured during research work to evaluate the effect of haemato-biochemical parameters on them under normal and thermal stress environment. To establish the cause and effect relationship between physiological traits and haemato-biochemical traits path coefficient analysis was performed. Through path coefficient analysis it was found that ALT and Hb had major indirect effect on heart rate and rectal temperature during normal environmental condition but in thermal stress environment AST and PCV had significant direct effect on physiological traits (HR and Hb). The direct effects of ALT and Hb are not significant and hence these two parameters should be removed during any selection process of heat resistant Khodia chicken. Selecting with lower AST concentration during heat stress would impact positively on the RT of the indigenous Khodia chicken. So by observing the physiological parameters and haemato-biochemical parameters like heart rate, rectal temperature, haemoglobin and PCV%, a veterinarian or a researcher can easily select the best individual which are resistant to high ambient temperature. Further research is needed on HSP70 gene (related to heat stress) to enhance the process of selection of Khodia chicken for breeding purpose.ThesisItem Open Access Identification and computational analysis of caprine DNAJB3 gene(Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, OUAT, Bhubaneswer, 2020) Mohanty, Liyasmin; Mishra, Chinmoy; Nayak, Gangadhar; Sahoo, Pravas Ranjan; Mishra, Smruti Ranjan; Pradhan, Sukanta KumarDNAJB3 acts as cochaperon and stimulates ATPase activity of HSP family genes through its J domain. It also naturally inhibits c-Jun amino-terminal kinase JNK stress kinase and the inhibitor of kappa B (IKKβ) inflammatory kinase which restricts improper expression and discharge of inflammatory mediators, facilitates phosphorylation of IRS-1 and transfer of Glut-4 to cell membrane. In this study, the DNAJB3 gene was amplified and searched for polymorphism in three different goat populace (i.e Black Bengal, Ganjam and Raighar goats). The result indicated one nucleotide substitution i.e.140th position in the amplified region of the gene resulting in change of amino acids (Ala>Glu). In silico structural analysis showed minor changes (7%) in mutant and normal DNAJB3 protein structures. The inter protein interactions with JNK stress kinase, HSP72, IKKβ stress kinase were investigated using software. Site of interactions varies from normal type (Ganjam/Blackbengal) to mutant (Raighar) DNAJB3.It has been found that mutant type DNAJB3 interacts only with A chain of JNK stress kinase and both the variant of DNAJB3 interact with A and B chain of hexamer IKKβ stress kinase. The ultimate goal of this research is to utilize the molecular markers to select individuals with high thermal tolerance traits for efficacious use in breeding programs with the objective of combining molecular marker and heat tolerance traits for sustainable survivability and productivity.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies on improvement of meat production potential of local goats in different agro climatic zones of northern Odisha(Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 2016) Ray, Sukhendu; Nayak, G.D.The data for the present study were collected from 1655 goats sired by 12 bucks from Balasore (Zone 1, 455 goats), 15 bucks from Keonjhar (Zone 2, 653 goats) and 15 bucks from Deogarh (Zone 3, 547 goats) district among 234 farm families of 42 small villages/hamlets over a period from 2013-2016.. The mixed model least-squares analysis technique (Harvey, 1996) was used for estimation of genetic parameters. Fixed effect model analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, 2007) for evaluation of all environmental effects. The single trait animal model was considered for estimation of breeding values using WOMBAT software (Meyer, 2012). The overall birth weights of kids were found to be 1.046±0.009, 1.067±0.007 and 1.224±0.009 kg among the kids of Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3, respectively. The corresponding yearling weight were observed to be 11.765±0.064, 12.319±0.047and 13.916±0.077kg.The average height at wither, body length, heart girth and paunch girth at 12 month age were observed as 52.899±0.126, 50.339±0.098, 52.791±0.129 and 54.523±0.149 cm among the goats in Zone 1. The corresponding values for Zone 2 were 53.502±0.125, 51.044±0.118, 51.044±0.118 and 56.273±0.108 cm and that for Zone 3 were 57.119±0.150, 51.969±0.113, 56.011±0.127 and 58.134±0.125 cm, respectively. The present study revealed that the overall age at sexual maturity, age at first kidding, kidding interval and gestation length among all goats belonging to three zones were 248.674±0.977, 410.912±1.114, 216.854±0.441 and 147.883±0.101 days, respectively. The heritability estimates for growth traits were observed to be moderate to high in the present study ranging from 0.160 to 0.468, for body measurement traits ranging from 0.041 to 0.620 and that for most of the reproductive traits were low to moderate ranging from 0.104 to 0.441.The genetic correlation between different traits is high and positive for most of the traits and phenotypic correlation moderate to high and positive. The estimated breeding values ranged from 0.4993 to -0.7423 kg for 12 month body weight, -8.6070 to 6.2968 days for age at sexual maturity and -2.8443 to 2.2491 days for kidding interval among all the bucks served over all the three zones in the present study.
