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ThesisItem Open Access Management of Boron nutrition in rice-groundnut cropping system under medium land Inceptisols of Jajpur District, Odisha(Department of Soil Science, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-10-10) Dash, Subhashis; Nayak, Rabindra KumarRice and groundnut are important cereal and oil seed crops of Odisha. Rice- groundnut sequence is one of the predominant cropping systems. These two crops contribute immensely to the agricultural income of the farmers, but the productivity of groundnut is gradually declining in the coastal belt of Odisha including Jajpur. It is due to injudicious, imbalanced, unintigrated use of fertilizer and non application of micro nutrients. Among micronutrients Boron is most limiting PSD (73%) element in the soils of Jajpur (AICRP micronutrient, OUAT, 2018). It helps in sugar translocation, cell wall formation, fertilization and many bio chemical function of the plant. No systematic study on application of B to rice- groundnut cropping system was carried out in the area. Therefore in order to find out the suitable method of B application, a field experiment was taken to know its effect on yield, uptake, crop quality and sustainability along with the B status of Jajpur district. The experiment was laid out in RBD with eight treatments being replicated thrice taking rice (CV Sahabhagi dhan) and groundnut (CV Debi) as the test crop. The eight treatments were :T1-control,T2- Soil test dose(STD) (NPK),T3-STD (NPK) + B @ 1 kg.ha- 1(Rice), Groundnut- STD (NPK) + Residual B.T4-STD (NPK)(Rice)(B 0), Groundnut STD+B @ 1kg/ha.T5- STD (NPK)+ B @ 0.5 kg/ha (to both crops).T6-STD(NPK) B @ 1kg/ha (to both crops), T7- STD(NPK) + B @ 0.5 kg/ha (twice to both crops). T8- STD (NPK)+ Foliar application of Borax @0.25% (twice to both crops). The Boron status of surface soils in Jajpur district varied from 0.02 to 1.77 mg kg/ha with mean value of 0.44 mg/kg.(73.3%), B deficiency in different blocks of Jajpur varied from 33.3 to 86.6% minimum in Dharmasala and maximum in Badachana block respectively. Rice crop showed higher growth rate (9.4 mm day-1 ) than groundnut crop of 9.1 mm day-1. Soil application of B in split doses maintained higher growth rate than foliar spray irrespective of crops. Conversion of tillers to effective ear bearing tiller was 3 per cent higher with the supplementation of deficient nutrient B in rice crop. B fertilization to rice crop reduced chaffiness from 35% in no B fertilization to 15% in B applied in split doses. B supplementation increased test weight of rice grain by 3.9 % over 22.4 g due to lone STD practice. Earliness of 5 to 7 days was induced in groundnut crop due to B supplementation particularly when it was applied in split dose to soil for each crop. It also showed 15.6 % higher number of nodules than no B application in groundnut crop. B application increased dry matter production up to 15.4% with 1.4 % higher HI compared to no B. Soil application of B @1kg/ha to 1st crop of the rice-groundnut cropping system significantly increased the dry matter production and further increased when applied in two active stages in split doses(@0.5 kg B/ha) . Economic Yield produced in different mode of B application in rice-groundnut cropping system, the 2nd crop was influenced by 22.5% against 16.0% for the 1st crop. Supplementation of B improved the economic yield by 19.5%over no B application. Application of B@1kg ha-1 to each crops increased the economic yield by 8.7 % compared to its half rate application (0.5 kg ha-1). Split application of B@ 0.5 kg/ha at two growth stages was 15% superior to its foliar application. Again soil application in split doses (@ 0.5 kg B ha-1) to each o crops was superior to its soil application as basal @ 1kg B ha-1 by 5.6%. Based on rice-equivalent yields (REY) of rice-groundnut cropping system considering the performance of STD as 100,other practices followed the order: Split application(288)>Full dose basal(250)>Full dose B to groundnut(199)>Half dose B basal to each crop(188)>Full dose B to rice(186)= Foliar spray of B(186)>STD (100). The recovery of added N increased by (42.2%) when B was applied to 1st crop with full dose (53.5%), again it increased further by 60.8% when applied in split. B nutrition to rice-groundnut system influenced P uptake by 36.4% over no application. Its recovery was influenced more by when it was applied at full rate (47.4%) than half rate (35%),Further when applied in split to soil at active stages increase was(51.0%) and 33.1% by foliar spray .B nutrition increased K uptake in the cropping system by 48.4% compared to no B . Dose of B supplementation played significant role in uptake and recovery of K by 49.9% with 1kg B/ha and 32.9% with 0.5 kg B/ha to each crops. Split application of B helped recovery by 54.4 % of applied K against 34.7% with foliar spray method. Out of two crops studied, rice crop utilized more B than groundnut, with its recovery of 18.3 and 14.2 % respectively. However, its utilization pattern was reverse for the major nutrients. Foliar spray helped more recovery of B (34.9%) than its soil application in split doses (13.1%). Protein content of the crops, and oil, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar content of groundnut crop were improved due to B supplementation further increased by higher rate of application and particularly by splitting the dose. The groundnut crop was remunerative than rice crop in rice-groundnut cropping system. Rupee earned per rupee invested was higher (2.3:1) with higher dose of B application, again increased when it was in split at two active growth stages (2.4:1) of the crops. In post harvest soil, pH was more acidic, available N,P and K in soil depleted, available B build up ,where supplemented otherwise depleted. In rice-groundnut cropping system split application of B@0.5 kg/ha to both crops at active growth stages improved the yield, uptake, crop quality and economic benefit was found superior over no or sub optimal dose of B application in a deficient medium land inceptisols of Jajpur district.ThesisItem Open Access Application of optimization in various mathematical models(Department of Mathematics, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-06-16) Dash, Jyotirmayee; Kuila, MamataToday, it is quite difficult to meet everyone's food needs. The cultivation of crops faces several real obstacles, which are quite significant. One of the elements is a soil analysis. Studies of soil based tests for various crops, primarily paddy crop tests, and testing stoichiometric tests on soil and for the specialized area of impact, balanced fertilizers and organic matter amelioration were advised to obtain targeted yield of paddy crop. It supports crop plant’s abundant and dynamic growth using the appropriate soil texture under different agro climatologies. Studying the need for certain nutrients (N and P) to increase the production of paddy crop through the use of specialized fertilizers that is structured as a mathematical model. Data pertaining to the percentage study of nutrients dictated the creation of a model through analysis algorithm, principles,methods, and quantification. The experimental design building blocks are supported by regression based investigations. Studies using experimental block casting and experiment findings produced an effective recommended fertiliser % to upgrade, fill the gap left by insufficient fertilisers for the paddy crop, and achieve our desired yield by applying Quasi Newton method and Marquardt method. Mathematical conditions were applied to the effort to determine how much fertiliser is truly needed for crop growth based on analytical trends and comparison experimentation sheets. In a similar vein, another extremely difficult and important issue is the lack of harvesting fields for the production of various sorts of crops throughout the year. The ideal strategy for eradicating and resolving the problem of land scarcity is to harvest multiple crops at once. Harvesting multiple crops at once on a same piece of land increases yield and allows for the simultaneous cultivation of several distinct crops. The targeted multi-crop pattern in the study, control, and treatment blocks places an emphasis on various crops or an integrated farming system in the same field at a change in the cropping season's timing. To achieve the desired productivity, balanced uptake fertilizers (N, P and K) are used in accordance with stoichiometric analysis. By implementing a successful agricultural Integrated Model and strategy for farming systems that place system intelligence, thought and technology at their core and emphasize simplicity. Multiple regression analysis and optimisation method (Approximated Solver method, Marquardt method,Quasi-Newton method) further give boost towards targeted yield productivity of integrated crops in contingency, feasibility and brisk growth, developmental choice models for thriving and succeeding in agriculture scenario continent. Many individuals depend on it to support their income. Most Asian nations have large fish eating populations. The main requirement in every food culture is both natural and artificial feed. It is a significant problem to meet market demand for fish in aquaculture (for both export and import) and to increase fish production to meet consumer demand and preferences in food. Today, technology is a key factor in improving cultural practises throughout most of the world. So, a massive amount of supplemental feed must be provided for fish species raised in aquaculture. The experimental design building blocks are supported by regression based investigations and nonlinear optimization with non-constraint equations. To meet our desired yield of fish production, studies using experimental design of blocks replication and experiment findings produced the most effective and efficient recommended nutrition dose to enrich and fill the gap of insufficient nutrition (crude protein and carbohydrate).Taking optimum nutrients in fish feed to find more production (Yield) of fish. Mathematical concepts are crucial and straightforward in solving these issues. Multiple regression models, the Gradient-Descent approach, and the Marquardt method have been used in certain circumstances.We also accomplished the grade of steel quality to locate better steel and increase the strength of steel using optimization techniques (Trust-Region and Marquardt) and mathematical models. Steel’s strength is the most crucial component when constructing steel parts since it determines how durable a component will be. The strength of a substance determines its durability. Therefore, the yield of strength of steel grades is expressed here to determine the material's maximum load. The yield strength of various steel grades was precisely predicted by our intended model, which was based on the various chemical compositions (C, Si, and Fe) of steel. By understanding the chemical compositions present in various steel grades and enhancing them by applying mathematical models based on algorithms and optimization techniques, developed multiple regression formulae are applied to meet our prediction of the strength of various steel grades.ThesisItem Open Access Rationalization of nitrogen through crop residue and real time application in rice-rice cropping system(Department of Agronomy, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-11-03) Nayak, Priyanka; Rath, Bama ShankarA field experiment entitled “Rationalization of nitrogen through crop residue and real time application in rice-rice cropping system” was carried out for two consecutive years during 2020-21 and 2021-22 starting with kharif rice followed by rabi rice in the research farm of OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The experiment was carried out in a split plot design having 24 treatment combinations and 3 replications. In main plot, there were 6 treatments consist of rice residue management and those approaches for the system as a whole were laid out in such a way that it varies from residue removal to residue incorporation, C1= Rice residue removal, C2 = In-situ open burning of rice residues, C3 = In-situ soil incorporation of rice residues, C4 = C3 + 20 kg N ha-1 (starter), C5 = C3 + 20 kg N ha-1+ 20 kg P2O5 ha-1, C6 = C3 + Waste-decomposer (500 l ha-1). In sub-plot, there were 4 treatments consist of nitrogen management which approaches for the system comprised of N1 = Soil test-based nitrogen in splits as ¼ at basal, ½ at tillering and ¼ at PI, N2 = Basal dose + Leaf colour chart (LCC)-based N management N3 = Basal dose + Chlorophyll meter (SPAD meter)-based N management, N4 = Integrated nitrogen management (75% N through inorganic source + 25% N through FYM). In-situ incorporation of rice residues along with 20 kg N ha-1 and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in the maximum rice grain yield of 10.6 t ha-1, net monetary return of Rs.82,528 ha-1, system productivity of 29.17 kg ha-1day-1 and profitability of Rs.226 ha-1day-1 in rice-rice production system, whereas, integrated N management (75% inorganic + 25% of FYM) resulted in the maximum yield of 10.4 t ha-1, net monetary return of Rs.75,880 ha-1, system productivity of 28.53 kg ha-1day-1 and profitability of Rs.208 ha-1day-1. Soil bulk density reduced by 5.4%, but pH, OC, available N, P and K increased by 8.28%, 14.5%, 0.57%, 18.8% and 17.29% over the initial status of 1.47 g/cm3, 5.67, 0.48%, 228 kg ha-1, 18 kg ha-1and 122 kg ha-1, respectively due to in-situ incorporation of rice residues along with 20 kg N ha-1 and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1. Population of soil bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi increased by 67.7%, 109.7% and 141.6% over their initial count of 31.3 cfu/g 106, 18.6 cfu/g 104 and 16.8 cfu/g 103, in rice soil. In-situ incorporation of rice residues along with 20 kg N ha-1 and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in 17.32%, 56.82%, 91.75%, 44.4%, 43.03%, 12.86% increase in case of soil MBC, MBN, DHA, Urease, Acid-P and Alk-P activity respectively over the initial status of soil enzymatic activity, whereas, integrated N management (75% inorganic + 25% of FYM) resulted in 10.9%,31.27%, 36.91%, 31.81%, 27.83%, 11.14%increase in case of soil MBC, MBN, DHA, Urease, Acid-P and Alk-P activity respectively over the initial status of soil enzymatic activity.ThesisItem Open Access Bacterial Wilt of Chilli: Diversity, virulence, survival and management(Department of Plant Pathology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-11-22) Tripathy, Abhisek; Senapati, Akshaya KumarRecently due to a decline in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) production, India stands third in all over worlds’ production statistics. The decline in chilli production has been attributed to the diseases linked with plants like bacterial wilt causing the major share of crop loss. Year by year chilli production in Odisha is reducing for several plant diseases attack from which bacterial wilt holds a higher position. Bacterial wilt of chilli caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a very disparaging disease in the coastal vegetable belt of Odisha. The disease is complicated and many cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods have been tried to control it without much success. Moreover, the bacterial wilt resistant varieties of chilli are failing to control the disease due to unknown reason specific to the abovesaid part of Odisha. This study is targeted to find out the diversity among the various isolates, its survival and virulence factors as well as management which can be implicated in the farmer’s field. Here in the study five isolates were collected from the coastal vegetable belt of Odisha. All isolates were named as RS-1, RS-2, RS-3, RS-4 and RS-5 respectively. Further they were tested for the diversity studies which include morphological, cultural, biochemical as well as molecular variability among them. They all were tested in different growth media for the colony growth and found that TZC media and CPG media were the best media for the growth of the bacteria respectively. All are gram - ve isolates, starch hydrolysis -ve, catalase test +ve, oxidase test + and KOH test +ve. Based on carbohydrate utilization test it is found that the Ralstonia solanacearum belongs to race 1 biovar 3. From the host range studies, we came to know that all the hosts which are taken up produces same symptom across the plants. The virulent isolate produced swimming, swarming and twitching motility and produced EPS in the plates. To find out what is the correlation between weather parameter and disease incidence an experiment was designed to examine where significant positive correlation was observed for maximum temperature, minimum temperature, bright sunshine hours, morning humidity, rainfall and evaporation on wilting while evening relative humidity was negatively correlated. For the bacterial growth pH 6.5 and temperature 300 c is the most suitable. In the management practices we have taken from a wide range of botanicals to bioagents to chemicals. Among the botanicals, Neem leaf extract was found significantly superior than rest of the plant extracts. The antagonistic microorganism P. fluorescens showed maximum inhibition of the R. solanacearum which was found significantly superior over other treatments. Among different chemicals and their combinations, streptocycline showed the highest inhibition followed by copper oxychloride. Integration of different amendments and bioagents to manage the disease revealed that combination Neem cake + T. harzianum+ P. fluorescens+ Streptocycline + Copper oxychloride resulted lowest wilt incidence.ThesisItem Open Access Organic nutrient management in finger millet-toria sequence under system of finger millet intensification(Department of Agronomy, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-02-20) Bandita, Subhashree; Tripathy, SuchismitaA field experiment on “Organic nutrient management in finger millet-toria sequence under system of finger millet intensification” was carried out during kharif and rabi seasons in 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The soil characteristics were sandy loam, acidic in reaction (pH 4.64), low in organic carbon (4.24 g kg), medium in available nitrogen (298.1 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (17.6 kg ha-1) and low in available potassium (95 kg ha1). The treatments comprised of 2 methods of plant establishment viz. line transplanting (20 cm x 10 cm) and SFMI (25 cm x 25 cm ) in main plot with 4 organic sources of nutrients viz.FYM @ 100% RDN (basal), FYM @ 50% RDN (basal) + Vermicompost @ 50% RDN (basal), FYM @ 50% RDN (basal) + Vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing) and FYM @ 25% RDN (basal) + toria oil cake @ 25% RDN (basal) + Vermicompost @ 50 % RDN (topdressing) allotted to sub plot in finger millet during Kharif season and 3 organic sources of nutrients viz. Control, FYM @ 50% RDN and FYM @ 100% RDN applied to toria in sub-sub plots during rabi season in a split-split plot design with 3 replications. Pooled analysis revealed that during kharif season, SFMI recorded the maximum plant height and yield attributes which, in turn, resulted in the highest grain yield (2051 kg ha-1) and harvest index (41.42 %). It was observed that seed yield (2028 kg ha-1) and harvest index (41.47 %) recorded due to FYM @ 50% RDN (basal) + Vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing) were highest but were at par with FYM @25 % (basal) + toria oil cake @ 25% RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing). In toria, FYM @ 100% RDN recorded higher seed yield (865 kg/ha) and oil yield (339 kg/ha) but, those were at par with FYM @ 50% RDN. In finger millet, protein yield, crude fibre, vit E, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn content were more in SFMI. FYM @ 50% RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing) recorded higher crude fibre and vit E content. However, those were at par with the values under FYM @ 25% RDN(basal) + toria oil cake @ 25% RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing). The protein yield, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn content of finger millet grains were recorded highest with application of FYM @ 50% RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing). Organic carbon, population of microorganisms were higher at the end of 2 years trial in SFMI. These parameters were higher with application of FYM @ 50%RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing) but were at par with FYM @ 25% RDN (basal) + toria oil cake @ 25% RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing). In toria, application of FYM @ 50% RDN and FYM @ 100% RDN had similar microbial and organic carbon status. Energy profitability was higher in SFMI (8.65) than line transplanting. It was higher (8.63) with application of FYM @ 50% RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing) but was at par with FYM @ 25% RDN (basal) + toria oil cake @ 25% RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing). The energy profitability was highest (8.12) when FYM @ 50% RDN was applied to toria. The B: C ratio was higher in SFMI (2.05) and with application of FYM @ 50% RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50% RDN (top dressing) to finger millet (2.0). The B: C ratio was higher with application of FYM @ 50% RDN to toria (1.89).ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of heterosis and combining ability in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using half diallel analysis(Department of Vegetable Science, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-04-18) Rani Veera Usha; Sahu, Gouri ShankarThe present investigation entitled “Assessment of heterosis and combining ability in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using half diallel analysis” was carried out at Department of Vegetable Science, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during rabi season of 2019 and 2020 followed by 2021. The objective of the study was the nature and extent of genetic variability, genetic divergence, heterosis and combining ability for yield and yield attributes. 32 genotypes for divergence study, thirty seven genotypes involving eight parents (Tejas, Barsha, Green long S-82, Shubra, Swarn Sheetal, Green long, Adimata and Basumathi) with check variety Pusa Sanyog and 28 F1s were evaluated by RBD with three replications. The genotypes were evaluated for 12 parameters including, vegetative growth, flowering, fruit yield and yield attributing as well as fruit quality parameters. All timely management practices were followed to raise a good crop. The Analysis of variance revealed that significant variations among the genotypes for most of the characters except vine length, fruit diameter and fruit yield per vine which showed existence of sufficient variability among them. The genotype Green long S-82 (2.27 kg), Green long (2.27 kg) and Tejas (2.23 kg) produced the highest fruit yield/plant and had the long fruit length, tolerant to downy mildew disease along with minimum days to first fruit setting. The characters yield per plant, average fruit weight, vine length, total soluble solids and severity of downy mildew percentage had high GCV, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean exhibiting effect of additive genes. Fruit yield per vine has positive association with fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. Fruit diameter had the maximum positive direct effect on yield per plant. Thirty two genotypes of cucumber could be grouped into five divergent clusters which had high intra and inter-cluster D2 values, ranged from 0.00 to 133.68. Cluster I with 25 genotypes, Cluster III with 4 genotypes and remaining clusters II, IV and V had only one genotype. Out of five clusters, it can be concluded that, crosses involving genotypes of cluster I (Swarn Sheetal, Barsha, Adimata, Shubra), cluster II (Basumathi) and cluster III (Green long), Cluster IV (Green long S-82) and cluster V (Tejas) can be used in hybridization programme for achieving higher heterosis due to high genetic divergence. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that variance due to gca and sca was significant for all the characters studied. Considering gca effects, two parents namely, Green long S-82 and Tejas were identified as good general combiners for characters yield per plant (g), fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), average fruit weight (g), number of fruits per vine, node at which first female flower appears, days to first female flower production, days to first harvest, severity of downy mildew percentage, shelf life and TSS (0B) of fruit for future use in breedingprogramme. Highly significant positive sca effect for yield per plant was observed in the cross P3 × P8 (Green long S-82 x Basumathi) followed by P3 × P6 (Green long S-82 x Green long), P1 × P4 (Tejas x Shubra), P1 × P2 (Tejas x Barsha), P5 × P8 (Swarn Shettal x Basumathi) and P1 × P3 (Tejas × Green long S-82). For days to first harvest, P1 x P4 (Tejas x Shubra), had significantly negative sca effect followed by P1 x P2 ( Tejas x Barsha), P3 × P5 (Green long S-82 x Swarn Sheetal). As regards significant sca effects for TSS and shelf life of fruit, the cross P3 × P6 (Green long S-82 x Green long) was the best followed by P3 × P4 (Green long S-82 × Shubra). As regards significant sca effects for severity of downy mildew percentage, the cross P3 × P8 (Green long S-82 x Basumathi) was the best followed by P1 × P2 (Tejas × Barsha) respectively. On the basis of per se performance, heterotic response (over mid parent, better parent and standard check), combining ability estimates, the three crosses viz., Green long S-82 x Green long (58.14 %, 51.96 % and 33.33 %), Green long S-82 x Basumathi (79.23 %, 41.21 % and 14.22 %) and Tejas x Green long S-82 (41.24 %, 27.18 % and 28.43 %) appeared to be most suitable for exploitation in practical plant breeding programme. Such combinations are expected to throw better segregants for fruit yield and yield components in the subsequent generations which can be exploited effectively for improvement of cucumber.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Salicylic Acid and Humic Acid on Growth, Flowering, Bulb Production and Postharvest Management of Lilium Hybrids(Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, OUAT, Bhuabneswar, 2022-08-03) Pahare, Pooja; Beura, SashikalaA thesis entitled “Impact of Salicylic Acid and Humic Acid on Growth, Flowering,Bulb Production and Postharvest Management of Lilium Hybrids” was conducted with the objectives to study the effect of SA and HA on growth, flowering, bulb production and postharvest of flower and bulb. Observations were recorded accordingly after one month of planting of bulbs. LA hybrid cv.-Nashville, Merente and Asiatic hybrid Tresor were grown during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, in winter and rainy season under the poly shade net structure of RKVY project, Dept. of Floriculture & Landscaping at Biotechnology-cum-Tissue Culture Centre, O.U.A.T. Bhubaneswar. The trial was conducted separately for each cultivar with fourteen treatments comprised of foliar application of various concentration of HA and SA and water spray in Control (T1), T2 (250ppm Humic Acid), T3 (500ppm HA), T4 (750ppm HA), T5 (1000ppm HA), T6 (1250 ppm HA), T7 (1500ppm HA), T8 (50ppm Salicylic Acid), T9 ( 75 ppm SA), T10 (100ppm SA), T11 (125ppm SA), T12 (150ppm SA), T13 (175ppm SA), T14 (200ppm SA). The whole experiment was carried out following Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications per treatment. The result revealed that foliar spray of salicylic acid at all concentration i.e. 75, 100, 125, 150,175 and 200 ppm significantly increased all vegetative parameter, flower bud parameter flower growth parameter, bulb yield and post harvest flower and after storage bulbs growth in comparison to humic acid at all concentration (i.e. 250,500,750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ppm) and control during the year 2018-19 & 2019-20 in both winter &rainy seasons.Maximum plant heightof lilium LA hybrids cv.Nashville, Merente and Asiatic hybrid Tresor in year 2018-19 and 2019-20 were 90.37cm, 83.89cm, 76.14cm &74.17cm, 74.17cm, 74.16cm in winter and rainy season respectively with 200ppm SA. Number of leaves per plant 77.85, 70.45, 88.44 & 69.90, 69.90, 98.79, leaf length 15.85 cm, 14.46cm, 9.35cm & 14.29cm, 14.57cm, 9.82cm, leaf breadth 1.63cm, 2.75cm, 1.46cm &1.60cm, 2.12cm, 1.23cm, leaf Area 27.01 cm2, 32.15 cm2, 14.22 cm2 & 23.18 cm2, 20.80cm2, 11.07 cm2 ,leaf area index 0.62 cm, 0.62cm, 0.64cm &0.41cm, 0.40cm, 0.37cm, total chlorophyll content 92.70g, 84.28g, 79.43g, & 86.70g, 81.75g, 88.82g, basal stem diameter 2.40cm, 2.22cm, 2.03cm, & 2.35cm, 2.12cm,1.79cm and Stalk length 76.49cm, 68.16cm, 69.73cm, & 63.44cm, 65.39cm, 62.02cm, and minimum days to appearance flower bud37.50, 43.63, 39.06 & 37.33, 40.22, 39.02, days to colour visibility in bud, 43.83, 39.63, 47.20 & 41.85, 45.28, 43.98, days to bud break 52.15, 54.57, 51.90 & 53.63, 55.19, 53.47, days from bud appearance to bud break 14.65, 10.94, 12.84 & 16.30, 14.97, 14.45 and maximum number of flower buds per plant 4.87,5.03,4.64 & 4.83, 5.04,4.60, Flower bud length 15.79cm, 17.93cm, 12.89cm & 17.33cm, 18.33cm, 11.74cm, Flower bud width 3.83cm,3.56cm, 1.79cm & 3.19cm, 4.32cm, 1.91cm and initial weight of bud 15.26g, 12.26g,10.52g &14.71g, 12.26g, 10.71g were observed in lilium LA hybrids cv. Nashville, Merente and Asiatic hybrid Tresor in years 2018-19 & 2019-20 in winter & rainy seasons respectively. Minimum Days for opening of first flower 54.15, 57.39, 53.90 & 55.63, 57.59, 57.25, days taken for opening of first flower from appearance of bud 14.65, 17.17, 14.84, &16.30, 17.37,18.23, day to 50 percent flowering 64.15, 66.89, 63.90, & 65.63, 67.39, 65.45 and maximum Number of flowers per plant 4.87, 5.03, 4.64 & 4.83, 5.04, 4.60, flower weight 13.58 g, 17.31g, 12.53g, & 14.27g, 12.52g, 10.98g, flower width 24.41 cm, 20.39cm, 14.53cm &16.84cm, 21.19cm, 13.00cm, length of flower 13.48 cm, 17.93cm, 11.28cm & 17.33cm, 17.93cm, 10.72cm; Pedicel length 10.93 cm, 12.93cm, 7.03cm & 10.91cm, 10.22cm, 6.87cm, & 3.76, 4.21, 5.02, days to bloom life of individual flower 12.55,12.14, 9.48 & 10.93, 12.13, 9.05 and bloom life of whole spike 16.60, 15.60, 14.57 & 15.95, 13.35, 14.50, minimum Days taken for harvesting of flower 76.15, 75.89, 71.90 & 75.63, 76.39, 73.95 and maximum initial diameter of bud at harvesting stage 3.21cm, 4.25cm, 2.85cm &3.25cm,4.05cm,2.89cm, vase life 13.48, 16.50, 9.20 & 12.80, 14.04, 9.20, flower length in vase 12.40cm, 17.09cm, 10.67cm & 11.08cm, 17.98cm, 10.67cm, flower width in vase 20.96cm, 25.08cm, 13.33cm & 19.94cm, 22.59cm, 13.61cm, final weight of flower 11.42g, 12.36g, 11.75g & 11.16g, 12.48g, 12.41g, initial weight of flower 16.59g, 21.10g, 19.06g & 18.05g, 15.99g, 18.92g, water uptake 10.48g, 15.31g, 8.62g & 26.56g, 23.83g, 26.59g, water balance 46.27g, 85.99g, 92.61g & 66.30g, 78.94g, 67.46g, water loss 90.25g, 45.70g, 45.77g & 52.34g, 44.23g ,52.95g, bulb yield per plot 345.99g, 364.54g, 410.42g & 375.25g, 340.76g, 385.15g, bulb lets yield per plot 68.02g, 62.49g, 43.91g & 62.74g, 68.15g, 73.66g, diameter of daughter bulbs 1.83cm, 1.77cm, 1.74cm & 1.76cm, 1.10cm, 1.71cm, circumference of bulb 15.36cm, 13.89cm, 13.68cm & 14.44cm, 10.71cm,13.32cm, number of effective roots 14.75, 9.57, 12.63 & 12.75, 10.11, 12.00 and length of effective roots 9.15cm, 8.74cm, 8.38cm & 8.98cm,7.86cm,8.46cm, weight of bulb 39.09g, 36.34g, 32.26g & 35.43g, 36.59g, 33.34g, shoot length of bulb 11.89cm, 11.22cm, 9.85cm & 10.91cm, 6.91cm , 9.07cm, scale size 1.82cm, 1.75cm, 1.53cm & 1.78cm, 1.04cm, 1.53cm, and root length of bulb 10.08cm, 9.50cm, 8.13cm & 10.01cm,6.00cm,7.96cm and minimum days to shoot emergenc of bulb 55.11, 57.89, 56.72 & 68.18, 67.53,61.69 were observed in lilium LA hybrids cv.Nashville, Merente and Asiatic hybrid Tresor in years 2018-19 & 2019-20 in winter & rainy seasons respectively with 200ppm SA.ThesisItem Open Access A gender based study on adaptation of climate resilient agricultural practices in Odisha(Department of Extension Education, OUAT, Bhubanewar, 2023-03-21) Patro, Angelina; Mohapatra, B.P.Globally, climate change has become a major threat and India’s agrarian-based economy largely depends on the onset of the monsoon and its further behaviour, which is adversely influenced by the consequences of climatic changes. Keeping these challenges in view, climate resilient agricultural practices are the approach to use the existing natural resources in order to achieve long-term higher productivity and farm income under climatic variabilities giving opportunities for gender involvement and understanding their perception in adapting the situation. Considering the above context, the study entitled “A gender based study on adaptation of climate-resilient agricultural practices in Odisha” was conducted purposively in two villages namely Chikarada and Sasanpadar of Ganjam District of Odisha with a sample of 100 farmers and 100 farm women selected randomly making a total of 200 respondents. Mean score, gap percentage, ranking, correlation and t-test were used to analyze the data. From the study, it was evinced that farmers (MS=2.89) and farm women (MS=2.82) were aware about the prolonged drought and crop failures as the major effects of climate change. Among all the climate resilient agricultural practices, farmers were aware about INM (MS=2.93), AWD method (MS=2.89), line sowing and transplanting (MS=2.94) and application of neem oil (MS=2.90) while the farm women were aware about the green manuring (MS=2.90), AWD method (MS=2.92), alterations in planting time (MS=2.90) and seed treatment (MS=2.90). Further, it was observed that farmers were mostly involved in formation of graded bunding (MS=2.84), altering the planting time (MS=2.90), and setting up pheromone traps (MS=2.90) whereas farm women were involved in water recycling (MS=2.85), line sowing and transplanting (MS=2.92) and application of neem oil (MS=2.92) among all the climate resilient agricultural practices. The adoption index revealed that the crop management practices were highly adopted by both the farmers (46.50%) and the farm women (38.55%) while the pest and disease management practices were least adopted among them. The farmers and farm women had adopted INM (MS=2.88), AWD method (MS=2.70), line sowing and transplanting (MS=2.93) and green manuring (MS=2.83) among all the CRA practices. Overall, the risk orientation among both farmers and farm women were found to be at medium level for all the CRA practices, but for crop management practices the farmers experienced low risk while farm women experienced high risk for pest and disease management practices. The farmers faced constraints about adequate and timely information on weather forecasts (MS=2.80) and poor information on pest and disease management (MS=2.90) but the farm women faced problems on unavailability of good quality seeds in planting season (MS=2.88) and lack of storage (MS=2.92). Overall, the correlation findings indicated that if we emphasize on the farming experience, participation in training, social participation, contact with development agents, information source utilization of both the farmers and farm women then this would boost the awareness, participation and adoption of the climate resilient agricultural practices.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of various pest management modules for insect pest complex in okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench(Department of Entomology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-02-20) Mohapatra , Swapnalisha; Padhi, JayarajField and laboratory experiments on “Evaluation of various pest management modules for insect pest complex in okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench” was conducted in the premises of Central Research Station, Department of Entomology and different laboratories of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during kharif 2019, 2020 and summer, 2021. Okra crop was found to be attacked severely by sucking pests like leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov. during the early crop growth stages in the present study whereas, the shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius) and two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch dominated during mid and later crop growth stages. Among the natural enemies, four species of ladybird beetles i.e., Coccinella transversalis (Fab.), Micraspis discolor (Fab.), Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fab.) and Brumoides suturalis (Fab.) and mixed population of spiders were found associated with their prey. Efficacy of three pest management modules along with untreated control was tested against major insect pests of okra, their effect on natural enemies population, incidence and intensity of vector borne viral diseases and on fruit quality was studied. Both integrated module comprising of seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 9 ml/kg seed + yellow sticky trap (@ 20/ ha) at 25 DAS + pheromone trap (@ 5/ ha) at 30 DAS + azadirachtin0.03 % @ 5 ml/l after 30 DAS + flonicamid 50WG @ 0.4 g/l at 10 DAFiS + spinetoram 11.7 % SC @ 0.5 ml/l at10 DASS and chemical module (Seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 9ml/kg seed + flonicamid 50WG @ 0.4 g/l after pest appearance + diafenthuron 50 WP @ 1 g/l at 10 DAFiS + spiromesifen 22.9 SC @ 1.25 ml/l at 10 DASS + emamectin benzoate 5 % SG @ 0.4 g/l at10 DATS) were found superior in managing A. biguttula biguttula, B. tabaci and A. gossypii during all the three seasons of study. Integrated module was superior with highest percent reduction over control in fruit damage both in number and weight basis. The population of coccinellids and spider were significantly lower in chemical module compared to good number of these natural enemies witnessed in other pest management modules and untreated control. Among several viral diseases, okra yellow vein mosaic disease was prevalent in all three seasons. The lowest incidence and intensity of yellow vein mosaic virus was also recorded in integrated and chemical module with the highest incidence being recorded in bio-intensive module. Molecular characterization of both yellow vein mosaic virus and whiteflies collected from virus infected plants were also done by conducting PCR followed by gel electrophoresis of isolated DNA samples which revealed that the whiteflies from Bhubaneswar grouped phylogenetically with the whitefly isolates from Indonesia, Thailand and China. In case of viruses, okra enation leaf curl virus from Bhubaneswar clustered with Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) from Raichur and Hyderabad. The effect of pest management modules on fruit quality viz., total soluble solids, sugar, ascorbic acid, phenol, crude fibre and dry matter content revealed that none of the module had any significant effect on fruit quality during all the three seasons. Integrated module recorded the highest yield with maximum avoidable yield loss which was followed by chemical module. Among the pest management modules evaluated against major insect pests of okra, integrated module was found to be highly cost effective with highest incremental cost benefit ratio during all the three seasons.
