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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Total phenolic and flavonoid content in different parts of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. and its variation with storage of bark
    (Department of Forest Products and Utilisation, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2022-04-25) Sahoo, Amulya Ratna; Nayak, Saswat
    The present investigation entitled โ€œTotal phenolic and flavonoid content in different parts of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. and its variation with storage of barkโ€ was carried out in the laboratory of College of Forestry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during the period 2021-2022. The main objective of the study was: (i) Assessment of total Flavonoid and total Phenolic content in various plant parts of different sizes. (ii) To study the change in total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in bark with storage. In the first experiment, Leaves, fruit and bark of Terminalia arjuna were collected from the trees raised under the urban plantation of Bhubaneswar during the last week of January 2021. Plant samples of different plant parts like different sizes of Leaves (large, medium and small), matured uniform fruit of different Colour (Green, Reddish tint and Dried brown) and bark of different thickness (Thick, Medium thickness and Thin) were collected and different morphometric observations were recorded. The oven dried materials were then finely powdered and 3 gm of each sample were extracted with methanol which was further analysed for Total Phenol content (%) on basis of Gallic acid equivalent by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and for Total Flavonoid content (%) on basis of spectrometric method using quercetin as standard. In case of leaves, the average total phenol content (GAE in mg/g of methanolic extract) of Terminalia arjuna was found to be for small leaves (554.10 mg GAE/g of extract), medium leaves (300.68 mg GAE/g of extract) and large leaves (290.28 mg GAE/g of extract) whereas the mean total phenol content of all three sizes recorded to be 381.69 mg GAE/g of extract. The average percentage of total phenol content (GAE) in oven dried leaves was found to be for small leaves (8.22 %), medium leaves (4.26 %) and large leaves (3.64 %) whereas the mean percentage of total phenol content of all three sizes recorded to be 5.28 %. The average total flavonoid content (QE in mg/g of methanolic extract) of Terminalia arjuna was found to be for small leaves (312.99 mg QE/g of extract), medium leaves (113.71 mg QE/g of extract) and large leaves (172.10 mg QE/g of extract) whereas the mean total flavonoid content of all three sizes recorded to be 199.60 mg QE/g of extract. The average percentage of total Flavonoid content (QE) in oven dried leaves was found to be for small leaves (4.64 %), medium leaves (1.51 %) and large leaves (2.16 %) whereas the mean percentage of total Flavonoid content of all three sizes recorded to be 2.77 %. In case of fruit, the average total phenol content (GAE in mg/g of methanolic extract) of Terminalia arjuna was found to be for green fruit (471.91 mg GAE/g of extract), reddish tint (482.45 mg GAE/g of extract) and dried brown (461.51 mg GAE/g of extract) whereas the mean total phenol content of all three sizes recorded to be 471.95 mg GAE/g of extract. The average percentage of total phenol content (GAE) in oven dried fruits was found to be for green fruit (4.98 %) reddish tint (3.96 %) and dried brown (3.13 %) whereas the mean percentage of total phenol content of all three sizes recorded to be 4.02 %. The average total flavonoid content (QE in mg/g of methanolic extract) of Terminalia arjuna was found to be for green fruit (293.26 mg QE/g of extract), reddish tint (377.76 mg QE/g of extract) and dried brown (321.56 mg QE/g of extract) whereas the mean total flavonoid content of all three sizes recorded to be 330.86 mg QE/g of extract. The average percentage of total Flavonoid content (QE) in oven dried fruits was found to be for green fruit (3.09 %), reddish tint (3.09 %) and dried brown (2.18 %) whereas the mean percentage of total Flavonoid content of all three sizes recorded to be 2.79 %. In case of bark, the average total phenol content (GAE in mg/g of methanolic extract) of Terminalia arjuna was found to be for thin bark (671.62 mg GAE/g of extract), medium thick bark (636.44 mg GAE/g of extract) and thick bark (574.33 mg GAE/g of extract) whereas the mean total phenol content of all three sizes recorded to be 627.46 mg GAE/g of extract. The average percentage of total phenol content (GAE) in oven dried bark was found to be for thin bark (8.97 %), medium thick bark (8.28 %) and thick bark (12.61 %) whereas the mean percentage of total phenol content of all three sizes recorded to be 9.95 %. The average total flavonoid content (QE in mg/g of methanolic extract) of Terminalia arjuna was found to be for thin bark (497.13 mg QE/g of extract), medium thick bark (823.55 mg QE/g of extract) and thick bark (855.44 mg QE/g of extract) whereas the mean total flavonoid content of all three sizes recorded to be 725.37 mg QE/g of extract. The average percentage of total Flavonoid content (QE) in oven dried bark was found to be for thin bark (6.64 %), medium thick bark (10.72 %) and thick bark (18.77 %) whereas the mean percentage of total Flavonoid content of all three sizes recorded to be 12.04 %. In the second experiment, the barks collected from the tree during the 3rd week of September 2021 were cleaned, and then dried (7 days) under partial shade. The partially dried barks were then dried in the oven at 55ยฐC (48 hrs). The oven dried bark was then finely powdered and 3 gm are stored for each treatment combination, then the methanol extract of the bark was further analysed for Total Phenol content (%) on basis of Gallic acid equivalent by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method as described in material method. The total Phenol content and total Flavonoid content both were found to have increased at 90 days of storage from their respective content at the initial storage irrespective of storage condition. After 90 days of storage, maximum total Phenol content (9.795 %) as well as total Flavonoid content (8.230 %) found in the dried bark powder stored in open polythene bag kept in dark which was 65.09 % and 25.84% higher than the Total Phenol content and total flavonoid content respectively from the initial storage. Irrespective of storage conditions and durations, it was found that increase in total phenol content (15.18%) and total flavonoid content (18.81%) in stored powdered fruit pericarp after 90 days of storage was minimum when exposed to light whereas increase in phenol content was found maximum (43.34 %) and total flavonoid content (24.01%) in dark condition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Joint forest management: a case study in Keonjhar district of Odisha
    (Department of Forest Business Management, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2022-06-29) Sethi, Amiya Kumar; Nayak, Hiranmayee
    In keeping view the importance of JFM study, a systematic research was taken in Telkoi and Banspal Block of Keonjhar district of Odisha, which entitled โ€œJoint Forest Management: A Case Study in Keonjhar District of Odishaโ€ during 2021-22. For this research different objectives were taken i.e. to study the structure and function of JFM committee of Keonjhar District, to find out livelihood dependency of JFM villages and to study the socio-economic status of JFM based villages. A total of 100 respondents were chosen randomly from two blocks and ten villages to participate in the experiment. Pre-structured questionnaires, personal interviews, secondary information and group discussions with villagers were used to collect data and statistically analysis done. The study area revealed that the JFM committee member ranges between 15-20 among them at least half of the member were women. A Forester or a Forest guard must serve as secretary of this committee. The forest department formed VSS with the collaboration of forest fringe villagers for implementation of JFM programme and perform various responsibilities to ensure sustainable forest management as well as to address their daily needs in order to maintain their livelihood. In the research area, it was found that majority of respondents were between the ages of 18 to 40 (44%) indicating that young people of most of the families were involved in NTFPs collection. From this the schedule tribe involvement was highest since they live in close proximity to the forest and rely on the forest for their survival and livelihood. Agriculture is the most important activity followed by NTFPs collection and livestock rearing for their livelihood as majority of the people owned their own farm land and during off season they depends on the forest and worked as labour in JFM activities as well. People living around the forest worked 211 days in a year in various income generating activities like agriculture, NTFPs collection, labour (wage earning), family occupation etc. More than half of the people have kutcha and semi-pucca house due to their poor financial condition in the study area most of the respondent had nuclear family (64%) due to fact that tribal people prefer nuclear family as they have lower income. Factors influencing the share on NTFP income were determined by correlation and regression analysis. Agriculture provided most employment i.e. 30.81% followed by NTFPs collection (25.12%), labour (wage earning) (22.27%), family occupation (9.01%), livestock rearing (5.68%) and others like service (7.11%). Agriculture (Rs 12749.18) contributed the most to the overall income of the respondents followed by NTFPs collecting (Rs 8370.50), labour (Rs 4038.63), family occupation (Rs 1390.34), livestock rearing (Rs 1917.12) and other sector (Rs 3814.10). The largest net return obtained from the NTFPs like sal leaves (Rs 2542/-) followed by siali leaves (Rs 1820/-), Cane culm (Rs 1592.50/-), mahua (Rs 190/-), honey (Rs 378/-), sal seeds (Rs 384/-), mushroom (Rs 180/-), amla (Rs 250/-), harida (Rs 157/-) tamarind (Rs 270/-), char (Rs 270/-) and bahada (Rs 82.50/-). The percentage contribution of various NTFPs to net return are Sal leaves generated 30.37 % followed by siali leaves (21.74 %), cane culms (19.02 %), mahua (2.26 %), honey (4.52 %), sal seeds (4.58 %), mushroom (2.15 %), amla (2.98 %), harida (1.88 %), bahada (1.00 %), tamarind (6.28%) and char (3.22%). Interpretation of correlation showed that age is significantly and positively correlated with marital status (0.506**), livelihood (0.270*). Marital status was found to be significant and positively correlated with employment status (0.225*) and negatively correlated with literacy (-0.234*), family type (-0.455**) and family member (-0.248*) respectively. literacy was found to be statistically and positively correlated with family type (0.293*), family member (0.446**),employment status (0.205*) and livelihood (0.241*). Likewise family type was found to be positively correlated with family member (0.212*), land holding (0.264**) and marketing (0.222*) respectively. Family member is positively associated with land holding (0.243*) and land holding is also positively correlated with house type (0.253*). The correlation value between house type and employment status was found to be 0.486** which was found to be statistically significant. Livelihood is significantly and positively correlated with annual income (0.319**) and employment status (0.533**).Regression analysis showed that annual income was mainly affected by socio-economic variables like livelihood. The R Square value i.e. 0.456 of the model summery represented that overall contribution of socio economic variable to the annual income is 45.60% which concluded that various factors i.e. illiteracy, exhaustive work, lack of support from Govt. and awareness prevented them to participate in JFM programme.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Economics of kendu leaf production in Bolangir KL circle, Odisha
    (Department of Forest Policy and Law, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2022-06-27) Bhoi, Naibedya Kumar; Mishra, Sarba Narayan
    Odisha produces more than 5 lakh quintals of kendu leaves each year, out of which Bolangir kendu leaf circle contribute about 25% of the total produce. In 2021, the sale of these leaves earned a total of Rs. 259.10 crore in Bolangir KL circle. Study was conducted on โ€žEconomics of kendu leaf production in Bolangir KL circle, Odishaโ€Ÿ during the year 2021. The study was done to find out how the marketing of the kendu leaves is carried out and what the trend of kendu leaf production is in the circle. The study was also focused on the problems faced by the kendu leaf workers in the circle and what solutions might work. Eight phadi were chosen by taking a random sample from two kendu leaf divisions. In these phadi, about 30% of workers were chosen at random and both primary and secondary data were collected. Statistics like compound growth rate and the Garrets ranking techniques were used to analyse the data. According to the study, the majority of workers (49.579%) are in their middle age, with female workers dominating with 57.74%. Study found that 48.86% of workers were illiterate and very few of them had passed class 12th. About 49.79% of respondents belonged to small family sizesand among the respondents, 36.82% were engaged in kendu leaves collection, agriculture and labour work. About 71.97% of respondents belong to the marginal landholding category. Among the respondents 65.69% of respondents earn between Rs. 45,001 and Rs. 75,000, with the majority earning between Rs. 1500 and Rs. 3000 from kendu leaves. Two channel of kendu leaf trade were seen: Channel I: Collectors-OFDC-Trader-Bidi manufacturer-retailer-consumers; and Channel II: cultivator-private trader-plate maker-consumers. The second one doesn't get as high a price and isn't as good at marketing. In the circle, grades I and II dominate. Both processed and phal leaves were traded in the circle. The growth rate was found to be -4.77 for the production of kendu leaves and 2.82 for revenue generation for the period of 2012-2021. Various problems and issues were analysed and it was found that low wages are the main issue, followed by minimum benefits. The study also suggests that value addition should be done to generate more income, which will benefit and attract workers and more revenue could be generated through value addition in kendu leaves.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Productivity and quality of mango + pineapple agroforestry system under nutrient and irrigation management practices
    (Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2022-06-08) Mishra, Pujashree; Behera, Sasmita
    Fruit based agroforestry system is a highly sustainable, self-reliant and most adoptive system. Now-a-days the land areas are expanding under fruit based agroforestry system. It is a promising strategy for enhancement of productivity of the land and to encounter the needs of the growing population by producing more nutritious food. In this context the present field experiment entitled โ€œProductivity and quality of mango + pineapple agroforestry system under nutrient and irrigation management practicesโ€ was conducted at the experimental site of AICRP on Agroforestry Research Farm, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during May 2020 to June 2021 with an objective to study the effect of irrigation on nutrient management of mango with pineapple agroforestry system. The experiment comprised of three main plots including three irrigation systems i.e., sprinkler, drip & ridge furrow and four subplots including nutrient management such as organic [FYM + Dry leaf mulch + biofertilizer (Azotobacter: Azospirillium: PSB in 1:1:1){4 kg each/ha}], recommended dose of fertilization (RDF) (75%) + FYM, RDF (100%) + FYM, RDF (125%) + FYM. The treatments were replicated thrice and the experiment was carried out in split plot design. The mango trees were placed at a distance of 6 x 6 m2 and spacing between the pineapple plants was 75 x 60 cm2. The pineapple plants were planted in between the interspaces of 20 years old mango trees. During the investigation period the growth parameters of mango trees such as tree height (9.5 m), basal girth (1.11 m), crown height (7.7.m), crown spread (7.6 m) and number of branches (9.8) were recorded highest with RDF (125%) + FYM. Drip irrigation recorded highest growth parameters of mango trees irrespective of its nutrient management practices. The biometric observation of pineapple such as D-leaf length (67.3 cm), plant height (93.9 cm), crown spread (151.7 cm) and number of leaves (49.3) were observed highest with RDF (125%) + FYM and similar trend also followed in pineapple with drip irrigation system. Organic nutrient application recorded highest Total Soluble Solid (17.34 0brix and 17.12 0brix), acidity (0.62 & 0.14), reducing (5.01 & 7.97) and non-reducing sugar (5.79 & 9.49) of pineapple and mango fruit respectively among the four nutrient treatments, while RDF (125%) + FYM recorded the lowest. Among the application of four recommended dose of fertilization, RDF (125%) + FYM found to be the best & this resulted the highest yield of mango and pineapple (72.39 q ha-1 and 93.82 q ha- 1) with highest gross return of Rs 5.65 lakhs per year per ha, net return of Rs 4.02 lakhs per year per ha and BCR 3.46. Similarly, among water supply systems, drip system resulted in utmost gross return, net return and BCR values were noted down i.e. Rs 5.20 lakhs per year per ha, Rs 3.62 lakhs per year per ha and 3.19 in comparison to sprinkler and ridge furrow method of irrigation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Socio-Economic analysis of different Agroforestry Systems in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha
    (Department of Forest Policy and Law, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2022-06-29) Nayak, Hiranmayee; Nayak, Hiranmayee
    In Shyamakhunta and Badasahi Block of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, the present study entitled โ€œA Study on Socio-economic Analysis of Different Agroforestry Systems in Mayurbhanj District, Odishaโ€ was conducted during 2020-21 with the objectives 1. To analyse economics of different Agroforestry Systems in Mayurbhanj district 2. To study different Agroforestry systems adopted by villagers 3. To assess the socio-economic characters of farmers From the study it was found that mainly seven major agroforestry practices adopted in the area including Silvi-horti, Agri-Horti, Agri- Silvi-Horti, Bund Plantation, Agrisilviculture, Homestead and Block Plantation. Among the selected agroforestry systems, it had been found that Blockplantation system was most profitable having BCR of 5.38 followed by > Agrisilviculture (2.04) > Bund Plantation (2.01) >Homestead (1.92) > Silvihorti (1.48) >Agri Horti (1.40) > Agri Silvi Horti (1.27). The study also revealed that the highest economic benefit, as well as resource conservation was possible when tree crops are in monoculture or with associated with different crop species along with NPV of Homestead (Rs10,75,637/-) morethan Blockplantation (Rs 9,99,013/-) followed by AgriHorti (Rs5,46,080/-), Agrisilviculture (Rs 3,20,812/-), Silvihorti (Rs2,64,959/-), Bund Plantation(Rs 2,04,413/-) and AgriSilvi Horti (Rs84,572/-). The IRR of different systems were calculated maximum for Homestead (84.32%) followed by Bund plantation (61.76%) > Block plantation (58.15%) > Agri silvi (49.86%) > Agri silvi horti(48.75%) > Silvi horti (48.52%) and least for Agri horti (45%). The most preferred forest tree species was Acacia sp, Teak (Tectona grandis), Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) etc while the most preferred fruit tree species adopted by farmers were Mango (Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava), Banana (Musa paradisiaca ), Papaya (Carica papaya). Various inter crops were grown mostly Cowpea, Ragi and horticultural crops like Turmeric, Ginger , Mango ginger , Garlic etc mostly preferred by farmers in the study area. As far as land area under farming practices observed in the study field, around 22 ha under Agrihorti followed by Homestead (19.1 ha), Bund plantation (18.5 ha), agrisilviculture (17 ha), Agri silvi horti (16.1 ha), Silvihorti (15 ha) and Block plantation (14.6 ha) and it shown the adoption of different systems by the farmers in the study area. The findings of the study revealed the importance of socio-economic factor while designing agroforestry models for the study area. The existing agroforestry practices also need improvement by incorporating more high yielding fruit, fodder and timber trees as per farmersโ€™ choice. Through multi-stage randomized selections, the agroforestry practices and socioeconomic aspects were surveyed for 116 households in the two selected blocks. The present research was designed to examine the significance of agroforestry through agroforestry interventions for the socio-economic upliftment of rural households. The data was collectedthrough a structured interview schedule by personal interviews of the respondents along with through a farm visit, data on current agroforestry practices was collected. Demographic details of the villages were analyzed, including details of the family structure of the households, occupational profile, income, livestock status and poultry rearing. In the study area, the majority of respondents were middle-aged (37.9%) of 30-40 yrs age, illiterate (71.6%), unemployed (49.1%) and low-income(31%), married(87.1%). Most of them belonged to the Scheduled Tribe (57.8%) and all of the land were fully irrigated (100%) because of Govt. Scheme โ€œPradhan Mantri Jal Sinchai Yojanaโ€ Majority of people lived in thatched house (52.6%). The main sources of livelihood were agriculture and livestock rearing. Most of the farmers were either small (35.3%) or marginal farmers (27.6%). Agriculture was the primary occupation for their livelihood and revenue generation followed by agroforestry. From the correlation study of different socio-economic variables of the respondents found that marital status is positively correlated with literacy as well as employment status and literacy is positively correlated with types of family, household type was only significantly correlated with employment status and employment status is also significantly correlated with income and employment status is the only contributing variable for the income generation of the respondents. It was evident that there is only 17% contribution to the income generation of the respondents. The R square value i.e. 0.170 and it represented the overall contribution of socioeconomic variables to the annual income i.e. 17% . From the objective third it was found a strong link between the socioeconomic factors that were looked at and the adoption of agroforestry and these socioeconomic factors play an important role in the adoption of agroforestry activities.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) as phytogenic feed additive on sperm quality of Pekin drakes
    (Department of Veterinary Physiology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2022-03-24) Deshmukh, Sourabh; Dalai, N.
    Infertility is one of the most common disorders in farm animals, with males accounting for roughly 30% of the difficulties. A wide range of plant-derived products are currently being used in traditional medicine because of their therapeutic properties in treating with infertility. The purpose of this study was to see how garlic as phytogenic feed additive affected the quality of Pekin drakes' sperm. A total of 21 Pekin drakes aged 8-9 months were assigned to three groups as Control, Treatment 1 and Treatment 2. Control group fed on basal diet, Treatment 1 fed on basal diet with 2.5 percent garlic and Treatment 2 fed on basal diet with 5 percent garlic. The study's goal was to see how garlic supplementation affected the semen quality measures of Pekin drakes. Semen was collected using a manual dorsoabdominal massage technique. Semen parameters like pH, volume, colour, mass motility, individual motility %, live and dead spermatozoa %, sperm concentration (n 109/ ml), total quantity of spermatozoa per ejaculate (n 109/ml), sperm abnormalities, different form of abnormalities, and HOST % were evaluated. There was a significant (p<0.01) increase in pH, volume, colour, mass motility, individual motility, sperm liveability, sperm concentration, total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate and HOST percent but a significant (p 0.01) decrease in dead spermatozoa and sperm abnormalities in Treatments group as compared to that of Control. As a result of the findings presented here, it indicates that birds would gain practically from garlic supplementation in terms of improving their sperm health parameters and as a result improving their reproductive efficiency.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic studies for morpho-physiological and yield attributing traits in french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
    (Department of Vegetable Science, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-08-11) Pramanik, Kartik; Sahu, Gouri Shankar
    The present investigation entitled โ€œGenetic studies for morpho-physiological and yield attributing traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)โ€ was conducted at Central Horticulture Experiment Station, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, from the period rabi 2019 to 2022. The objective was to study the DUS characterization, nature and extent of genetic variability, genetic divergence, heterosis, stability analysis and identification of transgressive segregants for yield and yield attributes. Twenty seven genotypes for divergence study and stability analysis were evaluated by RBD with three replications, three parents for reciprocal crosses, 145 F2 for identification transgressive segregants were used. The genotypes were evaluated for 13 parameters including, seed traits, plant growth, flowering, pod yield and yield attributing as well as pod quality traits. All recommended management practices were followed to raise a good crop. The analysis of variance revealed that significant variations among the bush type and pole type French bean genotypes for qualitative and quantitative traits which showed existence of sufficient variability among them. The genotype IC 632961 witnessed maximum plant height (313.35 cm), leaf area (157.38 cm2), number of seeds pod-1(9.95), average pod weight (18.45 g), protein content (1.28g100-1), pod yield plant-1 (323.13 g) under pole type category and variety Arka Arjun recorded plant height (42.58 cm), minimum days to 50% flowering (36.28), days to 1st harvest (50.25), number of inflorescence plant-1 (16.13), pod length (17.75 cm), number of seeds pod-1 (7.75), average pod weight (14.8 g), pod yield plant-1 (261.48 g) under bush type category. Leaf area, number of inflorescence plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, number of pods plant-1, pod length, average pod weight and pod yield plant-1 had high GCV, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean exhibiting effect of additive genes. Pod yield plant-1 had positive association with plant height, leaf area, number of inflorescence plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1, number of pods plant-1, average pod weight. Number of pods plant-1 and average pod weight had the maximum positive direct effect on pod yield plant-1. Nineteen poletype and eight bush type French bean genotypes grouped into four and three divergent clusters which had high inter-cluster D2 values, ranged from 0 to 270.67 and 0 to 242.21 respectively.For pole bean, cluster I contains one, II (2), III (8), IV (8) and for bush bean cluster I contains (one), II (3), III (4) genotypes. Crosses involving genotypes form bush bean (Arka Arjun) and pole bean (IC 632961) can be used in hybridization programme for achieving higher heterosis due to high genetic divergence. Analysis of stability revealed that the genotypes; IC 632961 was found most stable for yield and associated traits. Arka Sukomal and Arka Arjun had higher yield and positive interaction indicating that these genotypes could be good for specific adaptation. October and December sowing form two mega environment with significant interaction which can be considered for stability analysis and recommending appropriate variety (s) and sowing time of French bean. Based on per se performance, heterotic response (better parent and standard check), the three crosses viz., IC 632961 X Arka Sukomal (37.71%, 32.59%), Arka Arjun X IC 632961 (55.27%, 56.62%), IC 632961 X Arka Arjun (78.09%, 79.61%) for pod yield plant-1 appeared to be most suitable for exploitation in practical plant breeding programme. Such combinations are expected to throw better segregants for pod yield and yield components in the subsequent generations which can be exploited effectively for improvement of French bean. Maximum transgressive segregants were identified for leaf area, number of pods plant-1, pod length and pod yield plant-1 in F2 derived from the three crosses IC 632961 X Arka Sukomal, Arka Arjun X IC 632961, IC 632961 X Arka Arjun due to additive and complementary gene action.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Nutritional requirement and feed formulation of Mystus gulio fry
    (Department of Zoology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-06-01) Khatua, Rooprekha; Pattanayak, Rojalin
    Three different experiments of 90 days duration each were conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein and lipid requirement (Experiment 1), dietary carbohydrate level (Experiment 2) and formulation and evaluation of practical diets based on the nutrient requirement (protein, lipid and carbohydrate) in long whiskers catfish, Mystus gulio fry (Experiment 3). For the Experiment 1, nine semi-purified diets containing three levels of protein (35.0%, 40.0% and 45.0%) and three levels of lipid (8.0%, 12.0% and 16.0%) were prepared. The prepared experimental diets were fed ad libitum to M. gulio fry (0.16 ยฑ 0.00 g) in triplicate groups 20 fish/replicate in 27 flow-through fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks with 50 L of water. Fish were batch-weighed in every 15 days interval to determine growth and general health status of fish. Results of the experiment showed that the fish fed diet containing 40.0% protein and 12.0% lipid resulted in significantly higher (P <0.05) weight gain (4.62 g), specific growth rate (SGR; 3.77%/day), protein efficiency ratio (PER;1.52), protein productive value (PPV; 23.39%), energy productive value (EPV; 64.74%) and lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.64). However, the lipid productive value (LPV; 30.56%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 40.0% protein and 8.0% lipid. The whole body protein (15.28%) and lipid contents (5.33%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed diets containing 40.0% protein and 12.0% lipid diet and 35.0% protein and 16.0% lipid diet, respectively. Second-order polynomial regression analysis of weight gain and FCR against the optimum dietary protein and lipid requirement of M. gulio fry is 40.9-41.1% protein diet and 12.2-12.6% lipid diet, respectively. For Experiment 2, five iso-proteinous (40.0%) and iso-lipidic (12.0%) semi-purified diets with 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0 and 30.0% carbohydrate level were prepared. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum to M. gulio fry (0.33 ยฑ 0.004 g) in triplicates 10 fish/replicates using 15 FRP tanks (50 L). At the end of the feeding period, the diet containing 20.0% carbohydrate diet had significantly higher (P < 0.05) weight gain (8.39 g), SGR (3.62%/day), PER (1.52), PPV (24.08%), LPV (27.13%), EPV (66.89%) and lower (P < 0.05) FCR (1.65) as compared to other diet fed groups. The fish fed with carbohydrate beyond 20.0% diet had significantly higher (P < 0.05) hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index than the lower carbohydrate fed groups. While the whole body protein (15.79%) content is significantly (P < 0.05) higher in 20.0% carbohydrate diet and the lipid content (5.77%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 30.0% carbohydrate diet. Second order polynomial regression analysis of weight gain FCR, PPV, PER and SGR against the dietary carbohydrate had showed that the optimum dietary carbohydrate requirement of M. gulio fry is 19.78-20.73%. For Experiment 3, six fish meal: oil cake: bran based practical diets were formulated were formulated in which 40.0% crude protein and 12.0% lipid were maintained as per the nutrient requirement of the M. gulio fry studied earlier (Experiment 1). Diets were designated as groundnut oil cake (GNOC; D-1), soybean meal (SBM;D-2), mustard oil cake (MOC; D-3), sesame oil cake (SOC; D-4), mahua oil cake (MAOC; D-5) and Mixed (combination of all oil cakes; D-6) based on the main oil cakes used as plant protein source. The formulated diets were fed ad libitum to M. gulio fry (0.33 ยฑ 0.004 g) in triplicates 10 fish/replicate in 18 FRP tanks (50 L). At the end of the experiment, the diet containing soybean meal (SBM) had significantly better (P < 0.05) weight gain (5.22 g), SGR (3.11%/day), PER (1.43), PPV (22.16%), LPV (27.09%), EPV (73.35%) and lower (P < 0.05) FCR (1.68) as compared to other fed groups. The whole body protein (15.49%) and lipid (5.26%) content is significantly better (P < 0.05) in SBM diets. Hence, the fish meal: soybean meal: bran based diet (D-2) is suggested to use in rearing of M. gulio fry.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Mixed convection nanofluid flow over a wedge
    (Department of Physics, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2023-07-26) Mishra, Priyanka; Acharya, Manas Ranjan
    The present thesis examines boundary layer nanofluid flow over a wedge. The analytical results, which based on the assumption that the pressure gradient term is negligible in comparison to inertia and friction applies to the case of flat wall or surface parallel to uniform stream. In the case the wall or surface makes an angle ๐›ฝ๐œ‹โ„2 with the free stream,and then the free stream is accelerated along the x-axis which is measured from the tip of the surface. The flow which sweeps over so as to completely surround the surface making an angle ฮฒฯ€ is treated as inviscid (Velocity in the external flow changes so slow that viscous stresses are negligibly compared to surface shear stress). This type of flow is known as wedge flow. The inviscid flow outside the boundary layer is controlled by the balance between inertia and pressure gradient. The wedge can be a stationary wedge or non-stationary wedge. The study of many fluids over a stationary or non-stationary wedge is of the important research area in the field of fluid dynamics. The colloidal study past wedge geometry cannot be overlooked due to its extensive applications in many industrial, engineering zones. These comprised in thermal insulation, geothermal engineering, heat exchangers, and extraction of crude oil, etc. The flow of regular liquids or nanofluids over wedge geometry unlocks a new window for researchers and scientists. Therefore, researchers and scientists focused in this direction and extended the model day by day with new advances. At the outset we proposed a mathematical model for nanofluid flow over a wedge to study heat and mas transfer in presence of variable magnetic field, chemical reaction and temperature dependent heat source. Normally researcher use internal heat generation in fluid flow analysis. In this investigation internal heat generation, which is an explicit function of local temperature in the boundary layer is taken into account. The study is completely theoretical and proposed model includes Brownian motion and thermophoresis to represent nanofluid flow. The partial differential equations relating to the flow under consideration are non-linear and hence are numerically solved after transforming them into ordinary differential equations using similarity variables. The outcome of analysis is first of all validated with previously published scientific work. The result shows an excellent agreement. The effects of physical parameters are depicted graphically. It is found that nanofluid flow along the surface of the wedge is accelerated by enhancing the Falkner-Skan parameter. The study further reveals that magnetic field has an improved effect on velocity of flow. Brownian motion has increasing effect on temperature and thermophoresis decreases concentration of nanofluid flow. Heat transfer results are interpreted physically considering the effect of temperature dependent heat source in the boundary layer. The effects are separately discussed for positive ๐›ฟ and negative ๐›ฟ. For positive ๐›ฟ there is a heat source in the boundary layer provided wall temperature is less than ambient and heat sink, when wall temperature exceeds the ambient temperature. This implies recombination and dissociation process in the boundary layer. In our second phase of investigation, we considered unsteady flow of viscous nanofluid over a wedge. This proposes model include combined effect of electric and magnetic field with time dependent chemical reaction. Interesting part of study is that the electrical conductivity of the medium is a power law function, which enables calculation of boundary layer thickness. Nanofluid flow includes Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Local similarity transformation is used to convert controlling partial differential equations into coupled higher order non-linear ordinary differential equations. These equations are numerically solved using an ODE boundary value solver. The results obtained are validated with previously published results and found an excellent agreement. The characteristics of physically interest quantities are depicted graphically. The quantities of technological interest are tabulated. A grid convergent test is performed to find the optimum grid size, which helps to achieve accurate results with minimum computational time. The simulation result reveals that maximum drop in the boundary layer thickness has occurred when power law index is zero. In the third phase of investigation the thermodynamical aspect of viscous nanofluid flow over a non-isothermal wedge including the effects of non-linear radiation and activation energy is considered. Besides this the model incorporates Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Effects of thermodynamically important parameters like entropy generation number, Bejan number and augmentation entropy generation number have been discussed in great detail. This work discusses physical interpretation of heat transfer irreversibility and pressure drop irreversibility. The results are numerically computed using implicit Keller โ€“Box method and depicted graphically. The mathematical formulation for thermal conductivity and viscosity are considered for augmentation entropy generation number in case of ๐ด๐‘™2๐‘œ3 โˆ’ ๐ธ๐บnanofluid. We observed that adding nanoparticles tend to enhance augmentation entropy generation number. Again adding nanoparticles to the base fluid is effective only when the contribution of heat transfer irreversibility is more than fluid friction irreversibility. The last phase of investigation describes significance of multiple slip with non-linear thermal radiation for a nanofluid flowing over a wedge. Normally liquid molecules slip at the solid surface for a length scale less than the mean free path of the molecules. Therefore, slip boundary conditions are useful to investigate fluid flow in nanoscale level. We have considered 1st and 2nd order slip conditions for velocity, temperature and concentration. Transport equations are converted into third order ODE and solved numerically using RungeKutta method. Velocity increases due to 1st order slip parameter but higher order slip parameter causes reduction in velocity. Both slip parameters tend to reduce volume fraction. Moreover, local heat transfer coefficient falls due to impact of higher order slip parameters.We have given emphasis to study nanofluid flow over a wedge with various physical quantities having applications in industry and technology. Nanofluid flows over wedge is applied in aerodynamics, power plants etc. This study finds wide applications in different cooling systems for effective heat removal. Further study can be discussed by considering hybrid nanofluid flow.