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Subject: Agricultural Extension × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2016 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of kisan mobile advisory sevices in tikamgarh district of madhya pradesh
    (JNKVV, 2016) Bhatnagar, Shraddha; Bisht, Kamini
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effectiveness of communication channels on adoption of sesame production technology in block prathvipur district tikamgarh (M.P.)
    (JNKVV, 2016) Sinoriya, Prashant; Pyasi, V.K.
    ABSTRACT Sesame (Sesamum indicum L) is a very ancient and important annual oil seed crop in the world (Ashri, 1990) it is very important crop due to its edible oH, protein content protein quality, vitamins and amino acids. Sesame seeds have approximately 50 per cent oil and 25 per cent protein. Sesame is one of the most important oil seed crops of the world cultivated over an area of 7.8 million ha with a production of about 3.84 million metric tonnes of grains and the productivity of 0.48 tonnes per ha in 2010. It Is very high prized oil crop of India. Recently, India and China are the world's largest producer of sesame crop. In India sesame crop occupies an area of 1.82 million ha with production 0.62 million tonnes and its productivity is 0.34 tonnes per ha. Objectives of the study: To study the profile of sesame growers. To identify the communication channel in the process of adoption of new technology of sesame production. To determine the relationship between use of different communication channels with the profile of sesame growers. To determine the credibility of the various communication channels as perceived by the sesame growers. For this study, the multi-stage random sampling technique was used for selection of block, villages and respondents. The study was carried out in one block i.e. Prathvipur block of Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, which was selected purposively for the study on the basis of small area and less production of sesame crop. The total sample size was 120 sesame growers selected from 10 villages. The study was focused to know the adoption level of sesame growers in relation to socio-personal, psychological and communicational variables of the farmers i.e. age. education, total annual income, occupation, size of land holding, area under sesame crop, social participation, information source utilization, contact with extension agencies, mass media exposure, innovativeness, economic motivation and scientific orientation were selected as independent variables, while adoption of new technology of sesame production as dependent variable. The primary data were collected personalty by interviewing the selected respondents with the help of structural and pre-tested interview schedule. The secondary data were collected from various government departments, journals, publications and statistics department The data were analyzed through computer using frequency, percentage, chi-square test and association between dependent and independent variables. 1. Profile of sesame growers : It was observed that the majority of the farmers (58.33%) were formal educated. The majority of the farmers (78.33%) were formally educated. The higher percentages of the farmers (38.33%) had in low annual income category. The higher percentages of the formers (35.00%) had in Solely farming occupation category. The higher percentages of the farmers (43.33%) had in medium size of land holding category. The higher percentages of the formers (36.67%) had in medium area under sesame crop. The majority of the farmers (66.67%) were in low social participation category. The majority of the farmers (63.33) were in low information source utilization category. The majority of formers (58.33%) were in no contact with extension agencies category. The majority of formers (58.33%) were in low mass media exposure. More than half of the total farmers (63.33%) were in low cosmopoliteness category. The majority of farmers (61.67%) were in medium Scientific orientation category. 13. More than half of the total farmers (63.33) were in medium adoption level category. 2. Identify the communication channel in the process of adoption of new technology of sesame production: Maximum numbers of respondent who were using RAEOs as interpersonal channel at over 1all stages of adoption process was 28.67 per cent followed by 26.00 per cent were using neighbours and 25.00 percent were using progressive famers for adopting of new technology. In the mass media channels maximum numbers of respondent 11.60 per cent were used television followed by 05.70 per cent were used news papers and 03.50 per cent were used radio. 3. Association between independents and dependant variables: The association between various attributes of sesame growers like age, education, total annual income, occupation, area under sesame crop, social participation, information source utilization, contact with extension agencies, mass media exposure, cosmopoliteness and scientific orientation, were found to be significant with adoption of new technology of sesame production., whereas only size of land holding has showed nonsignificant association with adoption of new technology of sesame growers. 4. Credibility of the various communication channels as perceived by the sesame growers: The finding of the present investigation indicate that the credibility of the various communication channels as perceived by the growers in adoption of new technology of sesame production were the interpersonal communication channels at over all stages of adoption process was RAEOs (25.33%) was ranked 1st by the growers followed by progressive famers (25.00%) was ranked 2nd, neighbors (21.67%) was ranked 3rd. whereas regard to mass media communication channels the growers ranked television (15.00%) was ranked 1st followed by news papers (07.50%) was ranked 2ndand radio (05.50%) was ranked 3rd. Suggestions for further work: The present study was confined to ten villages only. Hence, the results may not be applicable to large area. In this study, the dependent and independent variables were limited and therefore, further studies may be taken up based on situational and infrastructure! variables. Replication of research may be planned for studying different sesame grown areas under various agro-climatic zones of the state. For appropriate generalization, similar work should be undertaken on a large scale in different categories of farmers. More intensive statistical techniques should be used for improving contribution of different variables which might be given more strength to the study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A study on technological gap in cultivation of cotton crop in kasrawad block of district khargone (M.P.)
    (JNKVV, 2016) Patidar, Rahul; Chouhan, A.S.
    ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the most important and commercial fiber crop. Cotton, often referred to as the White Gold, is an important cash crop of India and it plays a key role in the Indian economy since it provides livelihood to more than 60 million people by way of support in agriculture, processing and use of cotton in textiles. India has largest area under the cotton in world but occupies third position in production with 37.50 million bales, which cover the 11.50 million hectare of land (Cotton Advisory Board, 2013-14). In India, cotton growing states are Gujrat, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Punjab, Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, cotton occupies 0.62 million hectare area, with total production of 1.83 million bales and 520 kg/hectare productivity (Cotton Advisory Board, 2013-14). In Khargone district, the cotton is grown over an area of 0.20 million hectare with total production of 0.97 million bales an average productivity of 818 kg/hectare. Thus, keeping in view the above point of references, the research problem entitled, “A study on technological gap in cultivation of cotton crop in Kasarawad block of Khargone District, Madhya Pradesh” was undertaken with the following objectives:- 1. To know the profile of cotton growers. 2. To determine the technological gap in different practices of cotton cultivation followed by cotton grower. 3. To find out the association between profile of cotton growers with technological gap. 4. To find out the constraints perceived by cotton growers in adoption of recommended cotton production technology and suggestion to overcome them. METHODOLOGY In order to achieve these objectives, the study area was conducted in Khargone district on the basis of maximum area of cotton crop than the other district of M.P. A descriptive research design was used in the investigation. Khargone district consists of 9 blocks namely Khargone, Gongava, Sengava, Bhagvanpura, Bhikangaon, Barwaha, Maheshwar, Jhiranya and Kasrawad. Out of which Kasrawad block of Khargone district was selected. Kasrawad block comprises of 120 villages, A list of cotton growing villages was prepared, out of which 10 villages were selected on the basis of maximum area covered under cotton crop. A list of farmers from each selected village growing cotton was prepared, out of which 12 farmers from each village were selected. Thus, total 120 farmers (12 farmers from each of 10 villages) were considered as sample size of the study. Variables and their measurement (i) Independent variabls Age, education, social participation, size of family, size of land holding, annual income, economic motivation, risk preference, knowledge level, mass media exposure, extension participation, scientific orientation and adoption level. (ii) Dependent variable Adoption behaviour in terms of technological gap of cotton production technology. The data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule. The collected data were analyzed through the statistical methods viz. frequency, percentage, mean and Chi-square test etc. I. Socio - personal – economic, psychological and communicational attributes of Cotton growers. 1. Higher percentage of cotton growers (46.67%) belonged to middle age group (36 to 50 years). 2. Higher percentage of them (30.00 %) was educated up to primary education. 3. Higher percentage of them had low social participation (55.00%). 4. majority of respondents (48.33%) belonged to small type of family 5. Majority of them (55.00%) had medium size (2.001 to 4 ha.) of land holding. 6. Majority of cotton growers (47.50%) had medium (Rs1,00,001 to 2,00,000/-) annual income. 7. The majority of cotton growers (52.50%) had medium economic motivation. 8. The majority of cotton growers (54.16%) had medium risk preference. 9. Higher percentage (51.67%) of growers had medium knowledge of cotton production practices. 10. Majority of cotton growers (53.33%) had low mass media exposure. 11. Majority cotton growers (49.16%) showed low extension participation in the extension activities. 12. Higher percentage of growers had medium scientific orientation (67.50%). 13. Higher percentage of growers had medium adoption level (55.83%). II. Technological gap of cotton production technology: 1. The majority of cotton growers (61.67%) showed medium to high technological gap of cotton cultivation practices. 2. The maximum mean technological gap was found in plant protection management (62.35%). 3. The minimum mean technological gap was found in picking management of cotton (25.47%). III. Association between independent variables with dependent variable. Education, land holding, annual income, economic motivation, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, knowledge of practices and adoption level had significant association with technological gap, while age, size of family, risk preference, social participation, and extension participation were found to have non-significant association with technological gap. IV. A. Constraints and suggestions reported by cotton growers: The major constraints reported by the cotton growers were improper supply of electricity , Lack of the knowledge about recommended doses of insecticides and fungicides, Lack of the knowledge about insect-pest and their control measures, Higher cost of inputs like seed, fertilizer and pesticides, Lack of labourers at the time of picking of cotton, of technical guidance from RAEOs, Lack of regular contact of RAEOs with farmer, Lack of Higher charges of labourers, Lack of the knowledge about seed treatment process B. Suggestions for further research work: 1. The present study was confined to ten village only. Hence, the result may not be applicable to a large area. For appropriate generalization similar work should be undertaken on a large scale. 2. In this study, the dependent and independent variable were limited and therefore, further studies may be taken up based on situational and infrastructural variable. 3. More intensive statistical techniques should be used for improving the contribution of different variables, so as to give more strength to the study. 4. A separate study on assessment to knowledge and adoption of components of cotton production practices. 5. A comparative study on assessment of technological gap in B.T. cotton and non B.T. cotton should be conducted. Conclusion 1. Majority of the respondent belong to middle age group, primary and higher secondery education, low social participation, small size of family, medium land holding, medium income group, medium economic motivation, medium risk preference, medium knowledge level, medium mass media exposure, medium extension participation, medium scientific orientation and medium adoption level. 2. Majority of the respondent (51%) had medium technological gap. 3. Education, social participation, size of land holding, annual income, economic motivation, knowledge level, mass media exposure, scientific orientation and adoption level had significant association with technological gap, while Age, size of family, risk preference and extension participation had non significant association with technological gap of cotton growers. 4. Majority of the respondents had supply of electricity problem and lack of the knowledge about recommended doses of insecticides and fungicides. **************
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Farmers perception about system of rice intensification (SRI) in rewa block of district rewa (M.P.)
    (JNKVV, 2016) Dharmendra; Chouhan, A.S.
    ABSTRACT In the last two decades, many socio-economic changes have been taken place among the people as well as environment due to pressure of population growth, increase in urbanization and industrialization and also intervention in technological development which causes the variability in the nature. Rice is life for millions of people in the world, particularly in developing countries. Rice is water intensive crop. Unfortunately in India, the productivity of rice is very low and area under rice cannot be increased further. Several management strategies have been tried to alleviate the crisis, but the yield potential could not be matched with that of irrigated transplanted rice. Therefore a more efficient and fundamental approach for reducing the water requirement is the need of the hour. In this context, System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was tried as an alternative practice to solve the water crisis. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI), developed in Madagascar is gaining increasing credence and momentum as the farmers are now using this method to raise their rice production while also reducing their use of external inputs and production costs. Though Madhya Pradesh is the state concentrating on large scale promotion of SRI, but no substantial increase in area could be achieved during the last few years. Even after 9-10 years of introduction of SRI technology in India, the pace of spread of technology is not rapid as to the expectations among the farmers of M.P. It has been observed that farmers perception and other psychological characterstics about SRI have significant contribution to their adoption. Keeping this in view the present study entitled as “Farmers perception about System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Rewa Block of district Rewa (M.P.)” will be undertaken with the following specific objectives:- Objectives:- 1. To know the socio economic and psychological attributes of paddy growers. 2. To study perception of paddy growers about SRI technology. 3. To find out association of perception on paddy growers on SRI technology and their attributes. 4. To identify the constraints perceived by paddy growers in adoption of SRI technology and suggest measures to overcome them. Methodology 1. Selection of the district The present study was conducted in Rewa district M.P. Rewa district was selected purposively, since presently it has larger area under SRI cultivation. 2. Selection of the block The study was conducted in Rewa block of Rewa district purposively because this block has been covered intensively through the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (ICAR), College of Agriculture Rewa. 3. Selection of the villages Ten village of Rewa block namely khajuha, Baisa , Padothar , Laxaman pur , Mahasan , Amiliki, Hardi, Orakhi, Rithi , Karhiya, were selected on the basis of larger area under SRI rice production for the present study. 4. Selection of the respondents A list of farmers from these villages who are practicing SRI was prepared. From this list, the farmers were selected from each village through proportionate random sampling method to make a sample of 120 SRI growers. Finally the sample was consisted of 120 respondents. . Independent variable Age, caste, education, social participation, farming experience, land holding, annual income, cosmopoliteness, source of information, achievement motivation, risk orientation and economic motivation. Dependent variable Perception pattern of the farmers in relation to agricultural management practices. MAIN FINDINGS The main findings of the study have been presented in line with the objectives of study. The findings are presented under the following sub-heads A) Socio - personal and psychological profile of the farmers - 1. Out of 120 respondents i.e. 42.50 percent were from middle age group. 2. More than one third of the respondents i.e. 35.00 percent were from OBC category. 3. The study revealed that 37.50 percent respondent belonged to up to middle level of education category. 4. It was found that i.e. 45.00 percent respondent had medium level of social participation. 5. The majority of the respondents i.e. 50.00 percent had medium farming experience. 6. Similarly higher percentage of respondent of the i.e. 46.67 percent had the medium size of landholding. 7. The higher percentage i.e. 44.16 of the respondents had medium annual income. 8. It was found that 43.33 percent respondents were having medium cosmopolitness. 9. The data revealed that 37.5 percent respondents were having medium level of source of information. 10. The higher percentage i.e. 46.66 the respondents had medium economic motivation. 11. It was found that 50.83 percent respondents belonged to the medium risk orientation group. 12. The higher percentage i.e. 46.66 of the respondents had medium achievement motivation. B) Perception about of paddy growers about SRI technology. Farmers mean perception about score of different aspects of the SRI technology as perceived by the respondents. It was found that the aspect economic viability (1.63) is highest mean perception about score followed by, insect and disease management (1.51), nutrient management (1.48), transplanting (1.39), nursery management (1.33), seed management (1.25), mortality (1.13), labour requirement (1.07), water management (1.06) and lowest mean perception about score weed management (0.98) SRI Technology. The study out of 120 respondents 45.84 percent showed high perception about, 32.50 per cent of respondents indicated medium perception about where as 21.66 percent depicted low perception about about SRI technology. C) Association between independent and dependent variables 1. It was found that the age had non significant association with the perception about SRI technology. 2. Caste of the respondents had non-significant association with perception about SRI technology. 3. Education had significant association with the perception about SRI technology. 4. The social participation had non significant relationship with the perception about SRI technology. 5. It was found that the farming experience had significant association with the perception about SRI technology. 6. It was found that the size of land holding had significant association with the perception about SRI technology. 7. As far as annual income is concerned, it was found to be significantly associated with the perception about SRI technology. 8. Cosmopolitness of the respondents had shown significant association with the perception about SRI technology. 9. Source of information was also found to have significant association with the perception about SRI technology. 10. The economic motivation was significantly associated with the perception about SRI technology. 11. As regards risk orientation holds a significant association with the perception about SRI technology. 12. The achievement motivation it hold a significant association with the perception about SRI technology. The data also indicated that the attributes of respondents namely education, size of land holding, annual income, farming experience cosmopolitness, source of information, achievement motivation, economic motivation, risk orientation had significant relationship with the perception about SRI technology at 0.05 level of probability. On the contrary the respondent’s age, caste, social participation, did not establish significant relationship with the perception about SRI technology. D) a. Constraints perceived by the farmers perception about SRI technology The respondents faced several barriers in application of SRI technology. The major barriers identified were as lack of training (81.66%), shortage of agricultural labour (76.66%) and low governments support price (72.59%), unavailable of technological inputs viz. seed, fertilizers, and bio fertilizers etc(70.83%), hybrid seed is costely (67.50%), non-availability of cono-weeder and marker (62.50%), lack of technical information about application in this technology (59.16%), difficulty in preparation of raised seed bed (50.00%), un availability of electricity (46.66%) and maintaining water during puddling field for transplanting (41.66%). b. Suggestions for enhancement of the perception about SRI technology The majority of the respondents suggested as conducting research and procurement of produce should be made at reasonable price by society (78.33%), agriculture scientist should visit one in week (74.16%), availability of good quality seed at reasonable rate (70.00%), government should provide more knowledge about high yielding varieties (68.33%), government should provide cono-weeder & marker (65.83%), knowledge & skill oriented training should be imparted at village level (65.00%), the price of hybrid rice seeds should be low (55.50%), fertilizer should be made available at subsidized rate (53.33%), timely availability of seeds and fertilizers should be maintained (45.83%) and trained labour should be available on low wage cost (45.00%).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of integrated watershed management programme on sustainable rural livelihood of beneficiary farmers in district sidhi (M.P.)
    (JNKVV, 2016) Rathore, Pradeep; Singh, Sanjay
    ABSTRACT Introduction Agriculture and allied activities support livelihoods of nearly 70 per cent of India’s rural population. In recent years, land based livelihoods of small and marginal farmers are increasingly becoming unsustainable, since their land has not been able to support the family’s food requirements and fodder for their cattle. As a result, rural households are forced to look at alternative means for supplementing their livelihoods. Rural men and women, especially in poor households engage in diverse and multiple activities to improve their livelihoods by maximizing income generating activities, while minimizing vulnerability and risk and achieving other household objectives (improved health, nutrition and education etc.). Livelihoods are the means people use to support themselves, to survive, and to prosper. Livelihoods are an outcome of how and why people organize to transform the environment to meet their needs through technology, labour, power, knowledge, and social relations. Livelihoods are also shaped by the broader economic and political systems within which they operate. Sustainable livelihood concepts are increasingly being used by governments and international organizations, such as the World Bank through its Community- Drive Development approach and its Rural Development Strategy (2002), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) through its Rural Poverty Report (2001) and FAO, through its strategic framework 2005-2015. Evaluation studies on Integrated Watershed Development Programme have shown that the impact of the programme in terms of production, consumption, income and employment generation was found to be satisfactory to a minimum extent. Hence it is worthwhile to study the changes occurred in livelihood activities of farmers beneficiaries of Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWMP). Keeping important role of watershed programme in agricultural activities of farmers and its impact on livelihood, in view the present study will be designed with the following objectives. Objectives: 1. To determine the personal, socio economic and psychological profile of watershed project beneficiaries involved in agricultural activities. 2. To study the impact of agricultural activities on rural livelihoods of watershed project beneficiaries. 3. To ascertain the association between personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics and sustainable rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries. 4. To enlist the problems and suggestions in sustaining the rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries. Materials and Methods 1. Selection of block: The present study was conducted in Sidhi district. In Sidhi district, there are six Integrated Watershed Management Programme are running since the year 2009-10 by the Department of Panchayat and Rural development in five blocks. The maximum number of villages i.e. seven has been covered under IWMP-1 Sidhi. Hence IWMP-1 of Sidhi block was considered for the study. 2. Selection of villages: From the total villages covered under this watershed 50% villages i.e. four in which the higher number of watershed management activities have been under taken during the last three years were selected. From these selected villages a list of the farmers who have participated in IWMP Sidhi was prepared. 3. Selection of the respondents: From this list the participating farmers of IWMP was selected through proportionate random sampling method to make a sample of 120 respondents. Hence finally the sample was consisted of 120 respondents. Results:- (a) Personal, socio economic and psychological profiles of watershed project beneficiaries involved in agricultural activities. 1. Out of 120 respondents 53.33 percent belonged to middle age group. 2. About one third of the total respondent’s i.e. 29.17 percent were illiterate. 3. As regards cast group 45.83 percent respondents belonged to medium family education. 4. Out of 120 respondents higher proportion of the respondents had small size of land holding. 5. It was found that 44.17 percent respondents had medium family size. 6. It was found that 39.17 percent respondents had medium annual income. 7. As regards cast group 42.50 percent respondents belonged to low material possession. 8. Out of 120 respondents 48.33 percent respondents had medium social participation. 9. With respect to extension agencies 52.50 percent respondents had medium project benefit. 10. The data revealed that higher number of respondents had medium decision making pattern. 11. It was found that 50 percent respondents had medium economic motivation. 12. Out of total respondents 47.50 percent respondents had medium organizational participation. 13. It was found that 43.33 percent respondents received had low training participation. 14. Out of total respondents. 45.00 percent respondents had medium local institutional participation. (b) The impact of agricultural activities on rural livelihoods of watershed project beneficiaries. The results revealed that sustainable livelihood index of beneficiaries after IWMP in relation to different indicators may be arranged in descending order as human capital (44.63), physical capital (41.13), financial capital (37.23), food security (34.32) and social capital (26.36). Whereas sustainable livelihood index was found to be highest before the IWMP with respect to the indicator physical capital (23.75 followed by human capital (22.24), social capital (18.27), food security (18.25) and financial capital (15.81). Overall mean sustainable livelihood index after IWMP and before the IWMP was 36.74 and 19.66 respectively. Out of these five indicators, the increase in sustainable livelihood of beneficiaries was found to be highest in case of indicator financial capital (100.67%). On the contrary, it was least in social capital (44.28%). It may be inferred that all the indicators of sustainable livelihood of beneficiaries after IWMP viz, human capital, physical capital, social capital, financial capital and food security were significantly higher than that of before IWMP because calculated “t” value in each case were found to be higher than respective tabulated “t” value. The data revealed that 48.33 percent respondents indicated medium sustainable rural livelihood, 30.00 percent respondents low sustainable rural livelihood, and remaining 21.67 percent exhibited high sustainable rural livelihood. (c) Association between personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics and sustainable rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries 1. The results exhibited that that the characteristics namely education, annual income, size of land holding, annual income, material possession, project benefit, decision making, economic motivation, organizational participation, training participation, local institution participation established significant association with sustainable rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries at 5% level of significance. The result also depict that age, family size and social participation of the farmers did not establish significant association with sustainable rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries. 2. The study also revealed that the characteristics namely education, annual income, size of land holding, annual income, material possession, project benefit, decision making, economic motivation, organizational participation, training participation, local institution participation had significant relationship with sustainable rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries. at 5% level of significance at 5% level of significance. The result also depict that age, family size and social participation of the farmers did not hold significant relationship with sustainable rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries. (d) Problems and suggestions in sustaining the rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries (a) Problems in sustaining the rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries The respondents faced several problems s regarding sustainable rural livelihood through watershed project as difficult to mobilize people (89.17%,) uneven distribution of activities (76.66%), low participation of people (46.67%), demand for big bunds (45.00%), lack of awareness about IWMP (40.83 %), lack of flexibility (35.00), caste and political involvement (32.50 %), less knowledge about natural resources and its management (30.83 %), unavailability of technological inputs (26.67 %) and by laws and acts are not acceptable to all (22.50 %). (b) Suggestions in sustaining the rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries It was found that the majority of the respondents offered important suggestions in sustaining the rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries as creating awareness among the people towards IWMP (89.17%), exposure visits of the farmers (88.83%), frequent training and visit of specialists (60.00%), involvement of only active members (59.17%), involvement of the village leaders (55.83%), farmer to farmer education (50.00%), involvement of village representative (44.16%) and use of local and familiar behavior to the farmers (37.50%). CONCLUSION It may be concluded that all the indicators of sustainable livelihood after IWMP of beneficiaries after IWMP viz, human capital, physical capital, social capital, financial capital and food security were significantly higher than that of before IWMP because calculated “t” value in each case were found to be higher than respective tabulated “t” value. It shows the promising impact of IWMP. The study also revealed that the characteristics namely education, annual income, size of land holding, annual income, material possession, project benefit, decision making, economic motivation, organizational participation, training participation, local institution participation influenced sustainable rural livelihood of watershed project beneficiaries. Hence these attributes may be given due consideration in implementing any watershed management programme, Some important suggestions offered by the watershed project beneficiaries for enhancing the sustainable livelihood viz. creating awareness among the people towards IWMP, exposure visits of the farmers, frequent training and visit of specialists, involvement of only active members and village leaders etc, should also be considered by policy makers and implementing agencies of watershed management programme. Suggestions for Further Research Work 1. The study was conducted in only one project. Hence, it is worthwhile to have studies on other projects of IWMP in order to generalize the results. 2. A more detailed research work on individual income generating activities, livelihood diversification and sustainable rural livelihood management with larger sample may be conducted. 3. The study was limited to a few variables other variables apart from those that are studied in the present investigation may be identified and their influence on sustainable rural livelihoods may also be studied.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A study on adoption of eco-friendly farming practices among rice growers of hanumana block of rewa district (M.P.)
    (JNKVV, 2016) Rane, Satish; Singh, Sanjay
    ABSTRACT Eco-friendly farming practices is the agricultural system which aims at cultivation of land in such a ways that the soil is kept dynamic with its living activities in good health and at the same time keeping the environment clean, maintaining ecological balance and providing stability to production level without polluting the soil, water and area. In this system and use of chemicals is kept at minimum level. Compared to modern farming practices which are heavily dependent on the use of chemicals and fertilizers, eco-friendly farming relies more on biological inputs. Considering the sustainability issues of agricultural production systems “Marth Kiley-Worthington” (1993) defines ecological agriculture as the establishment and maintenance of an ecologically self-sustaining low input economically variable, small farming system managed to maximize net production without causing large or long term change to the environment, or being ethically or aesthetically unacceptable. Eco friendly farming is nothing new to India, but the need of the hour is the chalking out of a definite nationwide strategy on this issue and the linking of the sources of production to the market for the same. A intensive effort on part of the government in the policy level, active participation of the private sector (for effectively bringing out the commercial face of the concept) and participation of the farmers. Farmers are needed to popularize ecofriendly farming with requisite economic and structural backup should be fulfilled for increasing the utilization and marketability in relation to eco-friendly farming.. The success of eco-friendly farm approach totally depends on awareness of the approach supported by the authentic sources of inputs and knowledge from technical persons. Therefore, it is essential to judge the depth of perception of the concerned formers on it which is a prerequisite to develop a strategy for successful implementation of eco-friendly farming practices proggramme in a particular farming community Keeping this in view the present study entitled as “Adaptation of Eco-friendly Farming Practices among Rice Growers of Hanumana Block of Rewa District (M.P)” will be undertaken with the following specific objectives:- Objectives:- 1. To study the socio economic, communicational and psychological characteristics of the farmers 2. To determine the extent of adaptation pattern regarding the eco-friendly farming practices among the farmers. 3. To explore the relationship between the adaptation of eco-friendly practices among the farmers and their attributes. 4. To study the constraints perceived by farmers in using eco-friendly farming practices. Methodology 1. Selection of district The present study was entirely concerned with the farmers of adopted villages of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Rewa. A number of training programmes have been conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra Rewa in the field of eco-friendly practices regarding environmental conditions. Hence, Rewa district was selected purposively for the study. 2. Selection of block The study was conducted purposively in Rewa district .The district comprises 9 blocks namely Jawa, Teonthar, Sirmour, Gangev, Hanumana, Naigarhi, Rewa and Raipur. Out of which Hanumana block of Rewa District is selected purposively since it has largest area under rice production as compared to other blocks. 3. Selection of the villages A list of villages where training and other awareness activities on organic farming or eco-friendly farming practices conducted was prepared.Ten villages were selected purposively on the basis of numbers of beneficiaries of eco friendly farming programmes. 4. Selection of the respondents A village wise list of beneficiary farmers of such programme of organic farming or eco-friendly practices was prepared. They were considered as respondents. The beneficiary farmer from each village was selected by proportionate random sampling method to make a sample size of 120. Thus, the total sample was consisted of 120 farmers spread over in ten selected villages. Independent variable Age, caste, education, social participation, size of land holding, farm experience, source of information, mass media exposure, market orientation, and economic motivation, risk orientation and decision making. Dependent variable Extent of adaptation of the farmers towards ecofriendly farming practices. MAIN FINDINGS The main findings of the study have been presented in line with the objectives of study. The findings are presented under the following sub-heads A) Socio - personal and psychological profile of the farmers - 1- Among the rice growers 42.50 percent were from middle age group. This findings is in line with the findings of Ranganathan (1997) and Shukla at al (2009). 2- More than 1/3 of the rice growers (35.00 percent) were schedule caste category. Similar result was reported by kumar at al (2011) 3- Among the rice growers 30 percent belonged to the up to middle level of education category. 4- Less than 50 percent of the rice growers 45 percent had medium level of social participation. Similar results were reported by Saxena and Singh (2000) and Ranganathan (1997). 5- About 46.66 percent of the rice growers had medium size of land holding. This findings is in line with the findings of shukla (2009) and Ranganathan (1997). 6- About 50 percent of the rice growers had medium farming experience. Similar result was reported by Kushwah (2003). 7- Among the total respondents 37.5 percent were having medium level of source of information. Similar results were found by Garg et al (2009) and Mnajul et al (2010). 8- About less than 50 percentages 43.33 of the rice growers had using medium mass media exposure. This findings is in line with the findings of Manjul et al (2010). 9- Among the rice growers 44.16 percent had medium market orientation. 10- Among the total respondents 47.5 percent belonged to the medium economic motivation. Similar results were reported by Sandesh (2004) and Shukla et al (2009). 11- Among the total respondents 50.83 percent belonged to the medium risk orientation. This findings is in line with the findings of Kushwah (2003). 12- About 47.50 percent of the rice growers had medium decision making. B) Adaptation pattern regarding ecofriendly farming practices It is evident that among all the eco friendly farming practices the overall mean of agronomical practices 1.40 followed by,soil management 1.36, water management 0.99, seed management 0.93, Grain storage 0.80, Use of biofertilizer 0.78, Integrated nutrient management was 0.67 and Integrated Insect and disease management 0.11.It was also found that overall mean adaptation score of all practices was 0.99. The adaptation index of different ecofriendly practices among the farmers. It is evident that the agronomical practices occupied I rank having the highest (70.14) adaptation index followed by Soil management (68.06), water management (49.31), seed management (46.67), grain storage (40.14), Use of biofertilizer (39.09), Integrated nutrient management (30.28) and integrated insect and disease management (5.56). Out of 120 respondents 46.70 percent showed low adaptation, 32.50 percent of respondents indicated medium adaptation where as 20.83 percent depicted high adaptation regarding ecofriendly agricultural management practices. C) Association between independent and dependent variables 1- It was found that the age, caste and social participation had not significant association with the adaptation of respondents towards eco-friendly farming practices. 2- There was significant association between education, size of land holding, farming experience, source of information, mass media exposure, market orientation, economic motivation, risk D) Constraints for the rice growers in using eco-friendly farming practices It was revealed that the major constraints were perceived by the farmer may be arranged in descending order as Lack of scientific recommendation was major problem as experience by (75%) farmers, lack of trials and demonstration (68.33%), Lack of proper training at village/block level(61.66%), lack of technical input and raw material (57.50%),delay in soil testing report (50.83%), Non availability of subsidies for purchasing of bioagents and biopesticides (48.33%), Lack of awareness (42.50%), non availability of appropriate literature (36.66%), and difficult methods for preparation of ecofriendly product (26.66%). Similar results were reported by shukla et al (2009) ang Gulshan kumari (2012). E) Suggestions for the rice growers in using eco-friendly farming practices It was found that the important suggestion as given by the respondents may be arranged in descending order as Scientific information should be provided to farmers (76.66%), trials and demonstration programme should be conducted(70.83), provide training to farmer at village/block level (65%), availability of technical input at subsidized rate (56.66%), soil testing report may be available timely (51.66%), provide proper subsidies for purchasing of ecofriendly product (44.16%), establish ecofriendly centers at village/block level (40.83%), there are need to appropriate literature (36.66%) and simple and easy practices of ecofriendly farming may be communicated (30.00%). This findings is in line with the findings of Basanayak et al (2013). CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the views of the farmers about effect of change in environmental condition and their adaptation pattern regardind ecofriendly practices. It may be concluded from the present study that while the adaptation regarding the practices namely-seed management, soil management,integrated nutrient management,use of biofertilizer,water management,integrated insect and disease Management, agronomical practices and grain storage. Hence the practices should be more emphasized in implementation of ecofriendly farming programmes on rice crop. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHRE WORK 1. Since the present study is confined to the selected farmers of a particular region, replicative studies conducted on farmers in other parts of M.P. as well as India need to be undertaken in order to find out the comprehensive results. 2. Some worthwhile suggestions for enhancing the adaptation of ecofriendly practices concerned with environmental change received by the respondents may be considered in formulating policies and strategies to minimize the adverse effect of environmental change. 3. Further research work may be conducted with employing different sampling methods and statistical tools.