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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Different Approaches of Fertilizer Recommendation to Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] in a Vertisol and Their Impact on Soil Properties in Northern Transitional Zone of Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-10) Sankalpa C.P.; Math, K.K.A study on the effect of different fertilizer recommendation approaches on yield, quality, nutrients uptake by soybean, residual nutrients status and their transformation in soil was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2015 and 2016 with 12 treatments replicated thrice in RCBD. Targeted yield of 30 q ha-1 under SSNM recorded significantly higher seed yield (30.91 q ha-1) over all other treatments except 35 q ha-1 target yield under SSNM. It was because of higher number of seeds plant-1 (210.3), seed yield plant-1 (31.15 g), test weight (15.35 g), uptake of NPK and S (191.8, 24.9, 93.7 and 20.1 kg ha-1, respectively) and Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu (449.5, 1732.5, 662.0 and 152.6 g ha-1, respectively). Accordingly, B:C ratio was also highest (2.88) and least value (2.11) was recorded in 150 per cent RDF. There was significant improvement in protein (38.05 %) and oil (18.83 %) contents in seeds. The residual nitrogen and potassium status in soil at 40 DAS and at harvest were significantly higher in SSNM targeted yield of 35 q ha-1 compared to other treatments except yield target of 30 q ha-1 under SSNM while the residual phosphorus content in soil was higher in 150 per cent RDF followed by 125 per cent RDF and target yield 35 q ha-1 under SSNM. Control recorded higher residual sulphur status in soil compared to others. Similar trend was observed in different fractions of NPK and S nutrients. Enzyme activities in soil at 50 DAS were significantly higher in 30 q ha-1 targeted yield of SSNM over other treatments except targeted yield of 35 q ha-1 under the same practice. Hence, yield maximization in soybean can be achieved through target yield of 30 q ha-1 under SSNM.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and Mineralogy of Soils of Kavalur Sub-Watershed (4d4a2p) of Koppal District, North Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Anjali M.C.; Hebbara, ManjunathaAn investigation was carried-out by University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to characterize soils and study mineralogy of Kavalur sub-watershed of Koppal district, Karnataka during 2015-17. Twenty two soil pedons representing larger heterogeneity were studied for their morphological, physical and chemical properties. Nine typical pedons, each representing a different soil series were selected for assessing their mineralogical properties. The sub-watershed was nearly level with moderate erosion and drainage conditions. The soils were very shallow to very deep, sandy clay loam to clay in texture and weak to moderate sub-angular blocky structure with many fine roots distributed in surface horizons. The soil consistency was predominantly hard when dry, friable when moist, moderately sticky and moderately plastic when wet. The BD, MWHC and COLE values were higher in black soils as compared to red soils and increased with depth. The pedons were slightly alkaline to alkaline in reaction and non-saline while organic carbon content was low to medium (1.56 to 5.80 g kg-1). The black soil pedons contained more free CaCO3 (58.5 g kg-1) than red pedons (23.4 g kg-1). The cationic dominance was in the order of Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+. The black soil pedons had higher CEC, base saturation and ESP than red soil pedons. Taxonomically, the soils of the study area were classified under the orders Entisol, Inceptisol, Vertisol and Alfisol. The mineralogical composition of sand fraction of soils was dominated by quartz followed by feldspar, olivines, biotite mica and pyroxenes. Quartz followed by mica and feldspar as primary and smectite followed by vermiculite and kaolinite as secondary minerals dominated in silt fraction. Kaolin was dominant among secondary clay minerals followed by smectite in red soil pedons. Kaolin content decreased with depth while, smectite content increased with depth. The black soil pedons showed higher content of smectite than kaolin.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Nano Iron Dynamics and Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Foliar and Soil Application of Nano Iron Formulations in Calcareous Vertisols(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Manasa, Vakada; Hebsur, N.S.An investigation was carried out to study the fertility status of groundnut growing calcareous Vertisols of Dharwad district with a special emphasis on iron. The characterization of iron status in soils of Dharwad district clearly indicated that 62 per cent samples were deficient in available iron. Green house and incubation experiments were also conducted at the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Dharwad during 2015. An incubation study was carried out to know the dynamics of different sized nano iron oxides in presence and absence of FYM. Treatment receiving nano Fe2O3 @ 2.5 mg kg-1 mixed with FYM having size less than 50 nm recorded higher DTPA iron and water soluble iron compared to other treatments. Treatments which received iron oxide formulations chelated with FYM recorded higher DTPA and water soluble iron than their respective unchelated ones. The nano particles having the size less than 50 nm were found better than the particles having size between 50-100 nm in maintaining soil DTPA and water soluble iron status. Green house experiments were conducted with eleven treatments involving various nano Fe2O3 concentrations for both foliar and soil applications in completely randomized block design with three replications. The growth attributes, chlorophyll content, dry matter production, yield and yield parameters, major and micro nutrient uptake except manganese were recorded higher in the treatment receiving foliar spray of nano Fe @ 1000 ppm which is superior to foliar FeSO4.7H2O @ 0.5%. In case of soil application, nano Fe2O3 @ 2.5 mg kg-1 mixed with FYM recorded higher growth, yield and uptake parameters compared to soil application of FeSO4.7H2O.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Soil Carbon Dynamics in Major Production Systems in Zone III and Zone VIII of Northern Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Jayaprakash, R.; Yeledhalli, N.A.A study was undertaken to know the dynamics of soil carbon fractions in irrigated and rainfed ecosystems of northern Karnataka involving Zone III and Zone VIII under UAS Dharwad in the year 2014-15 in both rabi and kharif season. Surface samples (0-20 cm) and a representative pedon was collected from different cropping system namely sugarcane, cotton and maize in irrigated condition, whereas groundnut, chilli and soybean from rainfed condition. Soils were analyzed for different carbon fractions at UAS Dharwad in the department of soil science and agricultural chemistry like water soluble carbon, microbial carbon, microbial nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, readily oxidizable carbon and total organic carbon. Among the different cropping system studied sugarcane cropping system accounted for higher soil carbon fractions in soil than the rest of the cropping systems. Irrigated ecosystem registered higher build up of soil carbon fractions compared to rainfed ecosystem. Our results clearly indicated that the application of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizer improved the SOC (soil organic carbon) content. Integrated nutrient management practices followed in irrigated system, where higher amount of organic manure along with balanced application of fertilizers added in to the soil resulted in higher build up and turnover of Total organic carbon (TOC) in soil. The Study of the different pedons revealed that soil carbon fractions like water soluble carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, readily oxidizable carbon and total organic carbon decreased significantly with increase in depth. The effective soil management practices such as combined application of fertilizer and organic amendments led to increased activity of soil enzymes which indirectly increased the SOC turnover and buildup in irrigation ecosystem. TOC was positively and significantly correlated with aggregate stability, organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and water soluble carbon.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Bt Cotton to Balanced Fertilization with Special Emphasis nn Potassium Nutrition in Vertisols and Alfisols(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-03) Jyothi, T.V.; Hebsur, N.S.A survey to evaluate the fertility status of selected Bt cotton growing soils of northern transition zone (Zone 8) and two field experiments on response of Bt cotton for balanced fertilization with special emphasis on potassium nutrition were conducted on farmers fields at Jodalli (Kalghatagi taluk) and Pale (Hubballi taluk) villages in Alfisol and at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in Vertisol, respectively during 2012-2013 and 2013-14. The survey data indicated that, Bt cotton growing Vertisols and Alfisols of Belagavi, Dharwad and Haveri districts found acidic to alkaline in reaction, non saline, low to high status in organic carbon content, low in available N, low to medium in available P2O5 and medium to high in available K2O status. The available micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were present in sufficiency range. Results of the field experiment conducted in Alfisol indicated that application of 150:50:75 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 was found optimum for higher seed cotton yield, net returns, B:C, better growth attributes and fibre quality parameters with higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients uptake by Bt cotton. Results of the experiment conducted in Vertisol indicated that the treatment receiving recommended dose (RD) of N & P (100:50 kg-1) and 150 % RD of K (75 kg ha-1) with foliar application of 2 % KNO3 at 70, 90, and 110 days after sowing was found optimum for higher growth/yield attributes, net returns, B:C and better fibre quality parameters of Bt cotton with higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients uptake by the crop. Significantly lower incidence of pests viz., thrips (2.39 and 1.53 per 3 leaves), jassids (1.68 and 1.57 per 3 leaves), aphids (2.31 and 1.44 per 3 leaves) and shoot weevil (4.19 and 2.60 per 10 plants) populations and disease incidence viz., grey mildew (13.89 PDI), leaf rust (14.16 PDI), Alternaria leaf blight (8.05 PDI), Cercospora leaf spot (12.78 PDI) and Rhizactonia wilt (0.72 PDI) were observed in this treatment over rest of the treatments at different crop growth stages.ThesisItem Open Access Soil Resource Inventory of Chikmegeri-3 Micro-Watershed in Koppal District Using Remote Sensing and Gis Techniques(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-12) Manjunatha Chari K.; Hebbara, ManjunathaA study was undertaken to assess land capability, crop suitability and land degradation status in Chikmegeri-3 micro-watershed of Koppal district. The soil survey was conducted using 1:7920 scale LISS IV satellite imagery and cadastral map. The soils were shallow to deep, dark reddish brown (2.5 YR) to very dark gray (10 YR) and sandy clay to clay in texture. The soils were classified up to family level. The exchangeable bases were in the order of Ca2+> Mg2+>Na+> K+. The soils were low in nitrogen and organic carbon, low to medium in phosphorus and sulphur, medium to high in potassium, iron, copper and manganese were sufficient and zinc was deficient. As per the land capability classification, soils belonged to class III and IV lands with limitations of texture, drainage and soil properties. Land suitability evaluation revealed that soils were suitable for pearl millet, sorghum and mulberry; moderately for soybean, groundnut, guava, pomegranate, sapota, mango, rose and jasmine and marginally for maize, finger millet, pigeonpea, chickpea and chilli crops. Water erosion and water logging were identified as major land degradation types 85.77, 7.04, 0.24 and 6.95 per cent of TGA was affected by sheet, rill, gully erosion and water logging, respectively. The soil loss studies revealed that 47.36, 21.35 and 10.14 per cent of TGA was affected by slight, moderate and severe soil loss, respectively. The low crops yield compared to their expected average yield was due to constraints of unfavorable climate and physico-chemical properties. Based on VS-Fast score approach of land degradation assessment, depth, tillage pan, surface crust and organic matter were the major constraints. Among soil quality indicators, exchangeable potassium, bulk density, mean weight diameter and dispersion index were identified as critical parameters. Soil quality indices of the mapping units ranged from medium to highThesisItem Open Access Studies on Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Under Selected Tree Plantations and Agroforestry Systems of Northern Transition and Hill Zones of Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-10) Roodagi, Mallikarjun; Gali, S.K.A study was conducted during 2012-2013 at MARS, Dharwad and ARS, Prabhunagar to evaluate the soil organic carbon stocks (SOC) under selected tree plantations and agroforestry systems. The content of total carbon, soil organic carbon and its stocks in soils varied between the tree species and also two ecosystems viz., block plantations of trees and agro ecosystems and between Northern Transition (Zone-8) and Hill (Zone-9) of Karnataka. The amount of total carbon in soil, soil organic carbon and SOC stocks were highest in the soils under teak plantation at both the locations. The soil at ARS, Prabhunagar recorded higher values than the soil at MARS Dharwad. Among the block plantations of Dharwad, total carbon, SOC and SOC stocks were in the order of Teak > Mangium > Bamboo > Tamarind > Neem > Simarouba. But, at ARS, Prabhunagar, the three parameters were in the order of Teak > Sapota > Bamboo > Simarouba. Comparison between the two ecosystems at MARS, Dharwad highlighted, soils under block plantations had much higher SOC stocks than those of agroforestry systems. In the agroforestry systems, soil of neem AFS recorded highest SOC and SOC stocks followed by pongamia AFS and sapota AFS. Due to the improvement in soil organic carbon, physical properties like water holding capacity and water stable aggregates improved under different tree covers while, bulk density decreased. There was slight decrease in the pH of soil under tree covers, whereas no appreciable change in EC was observed. The organic matter fractions viz., humic acid and fulvic acid contents, available macronutrients, micronutrients, labile carbon, water soluble carbon, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were higher under tree plantations and agroforestry systems. The benefits of growing trees as a component of annual crops in the agroforestry ecosystems in sequestering atmosphere carbon was quite evident from the study.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Byadgi Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) to Nitrogen Substitution Through Organics and Foliar Spray of Water Soluble Fertilizers in a Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-06) Thulasiramireddy, T.; Bidari, B.I.A field experiment was conducted for two years during kharif 2013-14 and 2014-15 in the farmer’s field at Agadi village (Taluk: Hubli) in Dharwad district to investigate the “Effect of nitrogen substitution through organics and foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by Byadgi chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) in a Vertisol”. The experiment consists of four main plot treatments as organics and four sub plot treatments as water soluble fertilizers laid out in split plot design with three replications. Pooled data of two years indicated that among the main plot treatments substitution of 50 per cent N through vermicompost along with 50 per cent inorganic N recorded highest fruit yield (9.79 q ha-1), capsaicin (0.12%), colour value (211.44 ASTA units) and oleoresin content (15.70%). Chemical parameters like total ash and total ether extracts were enhanced in the treatment which received substitution of 50 per cent N through vermicompost along with 50 per cent inorganic N. Physical, chemical and microbial properties of soil were improved in the treatment which received 50 per cent nitrogen through vermicompost+50 per cent N through fertilizers. Combined foliar application of KNO3+K2SO4+19:19:19 each at one per cent concentration enhanced ascorbic acid content in green chilli fruits, colour value, oleoresin and capsaicin content in red chilli fruits. Individual spray of K2SO4 and 19:19:19 each at one per cent has significant effect in enhancing colour value and capsaicin content in red chilli fruits respectively. Lowest fruit yield and quality were recorded in the control which received only recommended package of practices. Nitrogen and potassium possessed highest correlation with capsaicin and colour value respectively. Highest B:C ratio (2.63) was noticed in the treatment which received 50 per cent N substitution through FYM+vermicompost and 50 per cent through inorganic N along with foliar spray of K2SO4.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF SUGARCANE GROWING VERTISOLS OF NORTH KARNATAKA AND RESPONSE OF SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum L.) TO IDENTIFIED MICRONUTRIENTS CONSTRAINTS BY GIS TECHNIQUES(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-06) SAYYADSAHEB A. NADAF; Dr. P. L. PATILA study was undertaken in northern dry zone and northern transition zone of Karnataka with the objectives of characterization of sugarcane growing Vertisols, identification of micronutrients constraints by GIS technique and to study the response of sugarcane to identified micronutrients constraints. Characterization of six Vertisol pedons from both the zones revealed that the soils were deep to very deep with abundance of CaCO3 concretions (89.7 to 146.5 g kg-1), slightly saline to alkaline nature. Organic carbon status in the pedons was low (1.19 to 6.2 g kg-1). Distribution of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B in the profiles was irregularly distributed with increasing soil depth. Soil fertility maps of the selected micro-watersheds prepared by GIS technique (Arc GIS 10.0 software) revealed that, soils were alkaline in nature (7.44 to 9.33) with CaCO3 accumulation (37.30 to 22.85 g kg-1) and low in organic carbon status (2.2 to 17.8 g kg-1). The major portion of the area in the micro-watersheds studied were deficient in available N, P and S with higher level of available potassium, copper and manganese in the soils. Area under deficiency of Zn (58.30 and 63.50%), Fe (69.90 and 64.6%) and B (64.30 and 61.80%) in the micro-watersheds of both zones, respectively. Field experiments were conducted in each zone for both plant and ratoon crops to study the response of sugarcane zinc, iron and boron. The results of the experiments revealed that, in comparison to control, application of vermicompost chelated iron sulphate and zinc sulphate each @ 50 kg ha-1 plus borax @ 5 kg ha-1 along with three foliar application of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 each @ 0.5 per cent and boron @ 0.1 per cent increased all the growth parameters, cane yield (46.31%), quality parameters (brix, pole, juice purity, juice reducing sugar and CCS per cent) and uptake of Zn, Fe and B by sugarcane in plant and ratoon crops under both northern dry zone and northern transition zone of Karnataka with the lowest values recorded in the treatment receiving only RDF.
