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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Nano Iron Dynamics and Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Foliar and Soil Application of Nano Iron Formulations in Calcareous Vertisols(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Manasa, Vakada; Hebsur, N.S.An investigation was carried out to study the fertility status of groundnut growing calcareous Vertisols of Dharwad district with a special emphasis on iron. The characterization of iron status in soils of Dharwad district clearly indicated that 62 per cent samples were deficient in available iron. Green house and incubation experiments were also conducted at the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Dharwad during 2015. An incubation study was carried out to know the dynamics of different sized nano iron oxides in presence and absence of FYM. Treatment receiving nano Fe2O3 @ 2.5 mg kg-1 mixed with FYM having size less than 50 nm recorded higher DTPA iron and water soluble iron compared to other treatments. Treatments which received iron oxide formulations chelated with FYM recorded higher DTPA and water soluble iron than their respective unchelated ones. The nano particles having the size less than 50 nm were found better than the particles having size between 50-100 nm in maintaining soil DTPA and water soluble iron status. Green house experiments were conducted with eleven treatments involving various nano Fe2O3 concentrations for both foliar and soil applications in completely randomized block design with three replications. The growth attributes, chlorophyll content, dry matter production, yield and yield parameters, major and micro nutrient uptake except manganese were recorded higher in the treatment receiving foliar spray of nano Fe @ 1000 ppm which is superior to foliar FeSO4.7H2O @ 0.5%. In case of soil application, nano Fe2O3 @ 2.5 mg kg-1 mixed with FYM recorded higher growth, yield and uptake parameters compared to soil application of FeSO4.7H2O.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Soil Carbon Dynamics in Major Production Systems in Zone III and Zone VIII of Northern Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Jayaprakash, R.; Yeledhalli, N.A.A study was undertaken to know the dynamics of soil carbon fractions in irrigated and rainfed ecosystems of northern Karnataka involving Zone III and Zone VIII under UAS Dharwad in the year 2014-15 in both rabi and kharif season. Surface samples (0-20 cm) and a representative pedon was collected from different cropping system namely sugarcane, cotton and maize in irrigated condition, whereas groundnut, chilli and soybean from rainfed condition. Soils were analyzed for different carbon fractions at UAS Dharwad in the department of soil science and agricultural chemistry like water soluble carbon, microbial carbon, microbial nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, readily oxidizable carbon and total organic carbon. Among the different cropping system studied sugarcane cropping system accounted for higher soil carbon fractions in soil than the rest of the cropping systems. Irrigated ecosystem registered higher build up of soil carbon fractions compared to rainfed ecosystem. Our results clearly indicated that the application of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizer improved the SOC (soil organic carbon) content. Integrated nutrient management practices followed in irrigated system, where higher amount of organic manure along with balanced application of fertilizers added in to the soil resulted in higher build up and turnover of Total organic carbon (TOC) in soil. The Study of the different pedons revealed that soil carbon fractions like water soluble carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, readily oxidizable carbon and total organic carbon decreased significantly with increase in depth. The effective soil management practices such as combined application of fertilizer and organic amendments led to increased activity of soil enzymes which indirectly increased the SOC turnover and buildup in irrigation ecosystem. TOC was positively and significantly correlated with aggregate stability, organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and water soluble carbon.ThesisItem Open Access Land Resource Inventory of Asoti-4 Micro-Watershed in Ron Taluk of Gadag District (Karnataka)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Manoharachari D.; Kuligod, V.B.Surface land characters (slope, soil texture, degree of erosion and surface gravelliness) were captured by physical traversing and also by IRS P6 LISS-IV data interpretation. Seven typical pedons, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7 in the Asoti-4 micro-watershed were studied for their morphological and physico-chemical properties. Further, land was evaluated for capability, irrigability, soil suitability for locally preferred crops and mapped using GIS software. The eight mapping units; MU1, MU2, MU3, MU4, MU5, MU6, MU7 and MU8 were derived based on surface topographic variations and morphological descriptions of seven pedons of the watershed. The soils of these pedons were classified taxonomically into four series and mapped. The AST-1 (P1, P2 and P6), MNS-1 (P3 and P4), and MNS-3 series (P7) were grouped under Vertisol whereas, MNS-2 series (P5) was grouped under Inceptisol. The soils were very deep, very dark gray (10 YR 3/1) to very dark brown (10 YR 2/2) in colour, clayey in texture, moderate medium sub angular blocky to weak medium angular blocky in structure, slightly hard to hard in consistency, very sticky and plastic, low in bulk density, very high in WHC, exhibited deep cracks. Soils exhibited moderate alkaline to strongly alkaline reaction, non saline, low to medium OC content, very high CEC (more than 55 cmol (p+) kg-1), high base saturation and moderate to high lime content. The land capability class of study area was moderately good land (IIItsf) and irrigable soil class was suitable (IIItws). The Asoti-4 micro-watershed area was moderately suitable (S2) for sorghum and pomegranate, marginally suitable (S3) for chilli and most of the other agricultural crops except wheat. For majority of horticulture crops, the area was not suitable (N) for cultivation. The fertility analysis revealed that they were low, low to medium, medium to high, sufficient and low to medium in available N, P2O5, K2O, micronutrient cations and boron, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Land Resources and Soil Fertility Constraints in Kavalur-1 Micro-Watershed of Koppal District, Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-07) Prathibha K.S.; Hebbara, ManjunathaA study was undertaken to assess the land resources and soil fertility constraints in Kavalur-1 micro-watershed of Koppal district, during the period of march 2016. The soil survey was conducted using satellite imagery (IRS P6 LISS-IV), cadastral map and toposheet. Eighteen soil pedons representing various landforms and land heterogeneity were studied for their morphological, physical and chemical properties. Sixty nine grid soil samples (0-20 cm) were drawn from micro-watershed with an interval of 250 x 250 m using GPS and analyzed for their physico-chemical properties and fertility status. The soils were deep to very deep and varied in colour from 2.5 YR 4/4 (reddish brown) to 10 YR 4/2 (dark grayish brown). Soil texture varied from sandy clay loam to clay. The average maximum water holding capacity of red soil pedons was considerably lower (38.0 %) than that of black soil pedons (45.7 %). The exchangeable bases were in the order of Ca2+> Mg2+ >Na+ > K+. The mean per cent base saturation of black soils was higher than that of red soil pedons. The free CaCO3 content in the surface horizon was generally low except in pedons 4 and 5. The soils were classified up to family level. The soils were neutral to moderately alkaline in reaction and non-saline. The soils were low in available nitrogen, low to medium in available phosphorus and sulphur, and medium to high in available potassium. Among the micronutrients, iron, copper and manganese were sufficient while, zinc was sufficient. The soils belonged to land capability class III and IV with limitations of climate, texture and soil properties. The soils were dominantly moderately suitable for pearl millet, sorghum, wheat, sunflower, mango, guava, pomegranate, rose and jasmine. Maize, soybean, chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, castor, cotton, chilli, coconut and sapota were dominantly marginally suitable in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Foliar Feeding of 19:19:19 and Potassium Nitrate Water Soluble Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Soybean [Glycine max (L). Merill] in a Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-07) Banasode, Chetana; Math, K.K.A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2015 to study the effect of foliar application of 19:19:19 and KNO3 water soluble grade fertilizers on yield and quality of soybean. Experiment consisted of 10 treatments with three replications under RCBD. Results showed that, foliar applications of 1.0 per cent 19:19:19 at 40 and 60 DAS resulted in significantly higher seed yield (27.50 q ha-1) which was 23 per cent higher than the control (22.36 q ha-1) and was on par with urea spray (2.0 %) at 40 DAS plus KNO3 (1.0 %) at 60 DAS (27.08 q ha-1). All the foliar nutrition treatments were statistically superior to control except foliar spray only with urea (2.0 %), KNO3 (1.0 %) and 19:19:19 (0.5 %). The improvement in growth characters and yield contributing attributes contributed to the higher economic yield in the said treatments. The uptake of nutrients (N, P, K and S) in foliar applied treatments significantly increased over control due to 1.0 per cent spray of 19:19:19 at 40 and 60 DAS, urea (2.0 % at 40 DAS) plus KNO3 (1.0 % at 60 DAS) as well as their individual applications. There was significant improvement in protein content of seeds due to the said treatments. Highest B: C ratio (2.45) was recorded due to twice foliar application of 19:19:19 and lowest value (1.84) in control. Hence, foliar application of 19:19:19 (1.0 %) alone or combined application of urea (2.0 %) plus KNO3 (1.0 %) improved soybean productivity and protein content in soybean seeds.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Nitrogen Levels, Conventional and Enriched Organic Manures in a Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-08) Dilip Kumar M.; Tolanur, S.I.A field experiment was conducted to study the “Response of maize to nitrogen levels, conventional and enriched organic manures in a Vertisol” in farmers field at Mulamuthala village of Dharwad district in Karnataka during kharif 2015. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Main plot includes three levels of nitrogen viz., 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1 and sub-plots include four types of organic manures viz., farmyard manure (FYM), FYM enriched with rock phosphate and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB), vermicompost and vermicompost enriched with ZnSO4 + FeSO4. Results showed that, application of 200 kg N ha-1 + enriched vermicompost at 2.5 t ha-1 resulted in significantly higher grain yield (79.93 q ha-1) which was 23 per cent higher than control (55.37 q ha-1). The growth parameters like plant height and total dry matter production were increased significantly over control. The improvement in yield contributing attributes resulted in higher stover yield. The uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, S and micronutrients) also increased significantly over control. The highest net returns was recorded in this treatment. Organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in soil were improved due to combined application of 200 kg N along with enriched FYM and vermicompost. Highest B:C ratio (3.59) was recorded in the treatment receiving 200 kg N ha-1 + FYM enriched with rock phosphate and PSB. Hence, application of 200 kg N ha-1 along with rock phosphate enriched FYM and ZnSO4 + FeSO4 enriched vermicompost improved productivity and quality of maize as well as soil nutrients status.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Soybean (Glycine max L.) to Organics and Integrated Nutrient Management Practices Under Rainfed Condition in a Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Shyam Kumar M.; Radder, B.M.A field experiment was conducted at IOF block of Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultral Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2011 to study the “Response of soybean (Glycine max l.) to organics and integrated nutrient management practices under rainfed condition in a Vertisol”. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications and six treatment combinations. Results showed that, application of RDF + FYM was found superior in terms of seed yield (2,430 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (4,531 kg ha-1) which was on par with 50 % RDF + 50 % organics through FYM + vermicompost. The highest total NPKS uptake (258.5, 42.95, 170.17 and 44.42 kg ha-1 respectively) and micronutrients like Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn uptake (348.7, 1444.4, 134.7 and 324.6 g ha-1 respectively) were recorded with application of RDF + FYM which was on par with 50 % RDF + 50 % organics through FYM + vermicompost. The highest available N, P2O5, K2O, S and micronutrients were recorded with application of 50 % RDF + 50 % organics through FYM + vermicompost. Further, quality parameters like oil content (20.70 %) and protein content (42.13 %) and highest B:C ratio (3.10) were realized in the same treatment. The improvement in soil physical properties particularly maximum water holding capacity, infiltration rate, aggregate stability and organic carbon content and biological properties like dehydrogenase activity (36.27 μg TPF g soil-1 per day-1) were significantly higher with the application of 100 % organics through FYM, GLM and vermicompost followed by 50 % RDF + 50 % organics through FYM + vermicompost.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Bidi Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to Split and Foliar Application of Sulphate of Potash in a Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Ashwitha A.B.; Bidari, B.I.A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2015 at Agricultural Research Station Nipani (Dist. Belagavi) to study the “Response of bidi tobacco to split and foliar application of sulphate of potash in a Vertisol”. Experiment consisted of twelve treatments and three replications with Randomized Block Design. Results showed that, split application of recommended dose of potassium to soil, half at the time of transplanting and remaining half dose at the time of topping combined with one foliar spray of SOP at 0.5 per cent on 30th day after topping produced highest leaf yield (1823.93 kg ha-1). Application of recommended K in split doses significantly increased the reducing sugar content in leaves (8.70 %) over basal application of potassium (5.56 %). Neither split application nor foliar spray of SOP significantly influenced the nicotine content in leaves over control which received recommended potassium as basal application at transplanting (4.47 %). Application of recommended dose of potassium to soil at transplanting increased significantly chloride content in leaves (1.61 %) over treatment that received split application of recommended K (1.30 %). Treatments which did not receive foliar spray of SOP recorded higher chloride content in leaves than treatments which received foliar spray of SOP either once or twice at both the concentrations. There was slight reduction in total and mineral potassium contents in soil at harvest in all the treatments compared to initial values (0.63 % & 0.53 % for total and mineral potassium respectively). In treatments which lack K application to soil (T2 & T3), there was significant transformation of non-exchangeable potassium to exchangeable and water soluble potassium. But treatments which received basal or split application of recommended potassium, the transformation of non-exchangeable K to other forms was not distinct. Highest B:C ratio (3.48) was obtained in the treatment which received recommended dose of potassium in split doses along with one foliar spray of SOP at 0.5 per cent on 30th day after topping.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Boron Status in Some Selected Maize Growing Vertisols of Dharwad District and Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Boron Application(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Ramya D.B.; Hebsur, N.S.An investigation was carried out to study the boron status in some selected maize growing Vertisols of Dharwad district (Zone 8 & 3). Fifty surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected from Dharwad district. Soils were neutral to alkaline in reaction (6.72 to 8.68), non-saline (0.53 dS m-1), low to medium (2.75 to 8.16 g kg-1) in organic carbon, moderately to strongly calcareous (5.50 to 15.75 %), low in available nitrogen (100.80 to 208.30 kg ha-1), medium to high in available phosphorus (22.50 to 61.74 kg ha-1) and sulphur (26.56 to 47.33 kg ha-1), high in available potassium (403.80 to 612.63 kg ha-1). HWSB varied from 0.34 to 1.16 mg kg-1 in soils of Zone 8 and 3. A field experiment was also conducted to study the response of maize to boron application in a Vertisol during kharif 2015. Experiment consisted of nine treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of soil application of solubor @ 2.5 and 5.0 kg ha-1 foliar application of solubor @ 0.25 and 0.5 per cent and their combinations. The results showed that, soil application of solubor @ 2.5 kg ha-1 at 35 DAS and foliar application of solubor @ 0.5 per cent at tasselimg (T7) recorded highest plant height (158.53 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (14.34), chlorophyll content (45.87), leaf area (412.45 cm2 plant-1), dry matter production (109.93 g plant-1) at tasseling. The same treatment recorded higher grain and stover yield (85.33 and 123.83 q ha-1), crude protein (9.08 %) and reducing sugar (0.33 %). Highest uptake of nitrogen (224.78 kg ha-1), phosphorus (73.21 kg ha-1), potassium (189.93 kg ha-1), sulphur (43.28 kg ha-1) and boron (3372.62g ha-1) was also noticed in T7. Based on yield, net returns and B: C ratio, the treatment T7 which received soil application of solubor @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and foliar application of solubor @ 0.5 per cent was beneficial to maize crop.
