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ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Coppera and Sulphur Nanoparticles Against Major Plant Pathogens(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-03) Swamy, Chikkanna; Nargund, V.B.Green nanotechnology is the current requirement in plant pathology and considering the magnitude of this novel technology, investigations were undertaken on green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and sulphur nanoparticles (SNPs), characterization and evaluation against the major plant pathogens to mitigate the disease problem effectively both in vitro and in vivo condition at College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Green syntheses of NPs were attempted from seven plants by six methods in copper and two methods in sulphur. Particle Size Analyzer confirmed the average diameter of nanoparticles was < 100 nm [CuNPs (32.5 nm) and SNPs (56.00 nm)]. Circular to irregular in shape of NPs was confirmed by AFM and SEM. Recovery of CuNPs and SNPs was highest in pome granate pericarp mediated synthesis. Major five fungal and three bacterial plant pathogens were isolated by standard procedure and characterized by molecular techniques. CuNPs inhibited the cent per cent spore germination of Exserohilum turcicum at 500 ppm. SNPs showed cent per cent inhibition of spore germination of Golovinomyces cichoracearum at 10 ppm. Mango leaf based CuNPs inhibited the growth of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (17.33 mm) and Ralstonia solanacearum (12.00 mm) at 2,000 ppm. In chickpea, SNPs at 1,000 ppm recorded highest seed quality parameters by paper towel method and was on par with carboxin (37.5 %) + thiram (37.5 %). Under glasshouse condition, SNPs at 500 and 1,000 ppm managed the greengram and cowpea powdery mildew diseases respectively. Citrus canker and bacterial wilt of tomato diseases were significantly managed by CuNPs over untreated control and remained on par with standard antibiotic check. Green synthesized CuNPs and SNPs were found effective in reducing the diseases caused by major fungal pathogens compared to bacteria at lower concentrations. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed on tomato seedlings at 2000 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Variability In Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. and Integrated Management of Foliar Diseases of Pearl Millet(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-09) Roopadevi; Patil, P.V.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Spot Blotch of Tetraploid Wheat Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-01) Pradeep P.E.; Kalappanavar, I.K.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Etiology and Management of Wilt Complex of Betelvine (Piper betle L.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-09) Divya Bharathi A.R.; Benagi, V.I.Laboratory experiments were conducted at Department of Plant pathology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad and field experiments were carriedout under naturally infected farmer’s field at Kakol and Ranebennur of Haveri district to study the etiology and integrated management of wilt complex of betelvine (Piper betle L.). Roving survey conducted in Bagalkot, Belagavi, Davanagere and Haveri district depicted maximum wilt incidence in Davanagere district (17.2 %) during 2015-16 and in Haveri district (19.2 %) during 2016-17. The maximum disease incidence recorded in Kariyele and drumstick + Erythrina as supporting plants. Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia bataticola, Sclerotium rolfsii and Meloidogyne spp. were major pathogens. Under variability studies, potato dextrose agar medium supported best growth of all fungal pathogens. Ten isolates of S. rolfsii, R. bataticola and 30 isolates of Fusarium spp. varied for morphological and cultural characters, the isolates of Fusarium spp. were further grouped based on their pathogenic and molecular variability. SGM-1, Swarna Kapoori, Andaman RPM and Mysore local were moderately resistant out of 20 genotypes. Under in vitro studies, non-systemic fungicide captan was effective. Systemic fungicides, hexaconazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole were effective. Carboxin 37.50 % + thiram 37.50 % and captan 70 % + hexaconazole 5 % WP were also effective. Garlic, black tulsi and turmeric extract (1:1:1) and Trichoderma harzianum (IOF isolate) was effective against all the three fungal pathogens. Adoptive module comprising of soil application of organic amendments (T. harzianum enriched Farm yard manure @ 1 kg/vine + Neem cake @ 250 g/vine), fungicides (carboxin 37.50 % + thiram 37.50 % WP @ 2.5 g/l and captan 70 % + hexaconazole 5 % WP @ 2 g/l) and nematicide (carbofuran 3G @ 100 g/vine) recorded lower disease incidence (14.57 %), highest yield (44.83 lakh leaves/ha) with the B: C ratio of 6.93:1.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Coat Protein Mediated Resistance Against Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus Associated with Murda Complex Disease in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Abdul Kareem M.; Byadgi, A.S.Molecular identification, characterization, development of recombinant gene construct and transformation work was carried out in Departments of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Chilli plants showing typical symptoms of murda complex were collected and total RNA was isolated from diseased and healthy samples of chilli. Subsequently cDNA was synthesized from the RNA using oligo dT primer and reverse transcriptase enzyme. The cDNA was used as a template for amplification of ChiVMV, GBNV, TMV and CMV using gene specific primers. Similarly, total DNA from virus infected and healthy samples of chilli plants was isolated and used as template for amplification of ToLCV using gene specific primers. None of chilli murda complex disease samples were amplified for ToLCV, GBNV, TMV and CMV except ChiVMV with amplicon of ~531 bp was amplified. Thus, the investigation focused on molecular identification, convincingly revealed ChiVMV association with the chilli murda complex. The ChiVMV coat protein gene (~531 bp) was cloned into pTZ57R/T cloning vector. Gene sequence and BLAST analyses clearly revealed that ChiVMV coat protein gene had 95 per cent homology with the reported nucleotide sequences. Recombinant gene construct was developed by sub-cloning the ChiVMV-CP gene into plant transformation pHS100 vector. Recombinant gene construct was mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 strain. Agrobacterium mediated flower dip method of transformation was adopted to develop transgenic chilli plants expressing ChiVMV-CP gene. Among 55 T1 plants, 18 putative transformants showed positive results for PCR and GUS analysis. Post challenge inoculation studies identified twelve T1 transgenic plants viz., 1-1, 1-2, 2-2, 2-5, 3-3, 3-4, 4-2, 6-4, 7-2, 7-5, 8-1 and 10-5 with complete resistance to ChiVMV and six T1 transgenic plants viz., 3-1, 5-4, 6-2, 7-1, 7-3 and 11-3 T1 showed delayed symptoms. Resistant T1 transgenic plants can be used to mitigate ChiVMV with further validation.