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ThesisItem Open Access ADEQUACY OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN LIVING ROOM AND STUDY AREA OF URBAN RESIDENTIAL HOMES IN DHARWAD CITY, KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 1999) Nandi, Shilpa; Sawkar, Susheela"The ""ADEQUACY OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN LIVING ROOM AND STUDY AREA OF URBAs' RESIDENTIAL HOMES IN DHARWAD CITY, KARNATAKA"" was undertaken during 1998-99. The objectives were to determine the existing intensity of artificial hghting and compare with the recommended standards and to know the awareness with regard to adequacy of artificial lighting. Data were collected from the different socio-economic groups as classified by HUDCO (1998) as low income (Rs.2100-4500 per monthi. middle income CRs.4.500-7500 per month) and high income (more than Rs.75CO per month). Thirty households from each income group were selected by stratified random sampling method. The questionnaire-cum-iiiter%-ew method was used to collect data from the head of the households and the respondents. The intensity of artificial hght in living room and study area were measured by using Digital Luxmeter (TES 1332) between 7 to 9 p.n:. The living room was divided into 20 equal parts and study area into 4 equal parts. Luxmeter was kept horizontally at the centre of each part and mean intensity of artificial light was calculated. The salient fndings were that majority of the households used fluorescent tubes in Uving room compare to incandescent bulbs. Irrespective of the income groups. aJl the households used general lighting arrangements in hving room and study area. Mean intensity of artificial lighting in living room and study area was 69.28 and 72.04 lux. which was highly inadequate, compared to the recommended standards of 300 lux for living room and 150 lux for study area. The intensity of artificial hght in living room and study area was shghtly higher in high income group i.e. 72.56 and 74.13 lux compared to middle iacome. 68.22 and 68.88 lux and low income group, 68.47 and 68.04 lux respectively. Hence the adequacy, type and proper arrangement of artificial lighting in home needs to be improved for the health, comfort and well being of family members which presently famihes are unaware. The usage of fluorescent tubes and adequate task lighting were suggested which lasts longer and also conser\-e valuable energ}-."ThesisItem Open Access PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN COMPARISON WITH MEN IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACTIVITIES(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 1999) Badiger, Anita G; Rao, Suhasini"The present study was undertaken in Dharwad, Kalagatagi and Kundgol taluks of Dharu-ad district. The sample size of 150 farm couples were selected randomly. The objectives were to findout the extent of participation, time spent and training needs required by women and men in agriculture and allied activities and to identify wage disparity and problems faced by women and men in agriculture activities. Interview schedule was used to collect data and statistical tools were applied to analyse the data. The findings revealed that participation of women was cent per cent in removing of stalks and stubbles, weeding, picking, sieving, processing of milk, making cowdung cakes, preparation of feed and feeding activities. Cent per cent participation of men was found in ploughing, clod crushing, harrowing, transportation, marketing, grazing animals, selling milk and collection and selling of eggs. The metm time spent by women was high in after care operation, processing of milk, preparation of feed and feeding activities. Whereas, men spent more time in preparatory' tillage, selling of milk and collection mid selling of eggs. Wages of women in agriculture activities rfinged from Rs. 15.06 to Rs. 37.88 Rs/day. Whereas, men wages ranged from 20.72 Rs to 40.10 Rs/day. Majority of women needed training in selection of seed material and seed treatment and care of sick animals and chicks. Majority of men needed training in identification of pests, diagnosing the diseases of animals and chicks imd control measures for diseases. Majority of women faced the problem of low wages and lack of training and majority of men faced the lack of credit facilities as their major problem."ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF SCHOOL FURNITURE IN RELATION TO ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLCHILDREN(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 1999) Poornima, J T; Suhasini, Rao"The present study was carried out in two governament and two non government schools of Dharwad city during 1998-99. A sample size of 192 students were selected on the basis of stratified random sampling from first to fourth standards consisted of 24 boys and 24 girls from each standard. Anthropometric rod, weighing scale and indigenously constructed chair were used for measuring body dimensions. An interview schedule was used for data collection. The results revealed that on an average government school class rooms had high density (2.03 students/m2) whereas the non-government school class rooms (1.46 students/m2) had within the limits of standard density prescribed (1.5 students/m2). There was not much difference observed between mean anthropometric measurements of boys and girls of 6 to 10 years age. The government schools had no school furniture. In non-government schools, the desk measurements were negatively related with the body dimensions. Regarding the perception level of comfort with the existing furniture, none of the students felt very comfortable with regard to their seated position while writing, listening, while doing group work, regarding surface of the desk top, back rest, and bench height. Higher percentage of government school students having no furniture experienced more pain and discomfort compared to non-government school students. It was found that bench height, bench length per student, desk height and seat desk clearance were higher than the popliteal height, Hip breadth, Elbow to floor and thigh clearance height. Where as, bench width and desk length per student were less than the Buttock popliteal length and Elbowwidth which are not desirable respectively. Implications of the results were discussed and suggestions were made to reduce the pain and discomfort felt by using school furniture."