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ThesisItem Open Access "Effect of Temperature Regimes on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Productivity"(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-06) Kiran, B.O.; Chimmad, V.P.Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in its reproductive stage, is sensitive to day/night temperatures with consequent substantial loss of potential yields at high temperatures. Two field experiments were conducted with 44 and four genotypes under three temperature regimes (D1: 41st, D2: 44th and D3: 48th SMW) during rabi, 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), Dharwad. Among four genotypes, JG-11 recorded least pollen sterility (17.15 %) followed by JG 14 (17.49 %), while crop sown in 41st SMW recorded least pollen sterility (19.42 %) when compared to crop sown in 44th and 48th SMW. Genotype, Annigeri-1 recorded maximum pollen germination (62.90 %) and pollen tube length (171.36 µm). Crop sown in 44th SMW significantly higher seed yield (24.19 q ha-1) followed by 41st SMW (22.17 q ha-1). However, genotype JG 11 recorded maximum seed yield (23.12 q ha-1) followed by JG 14 and Annigeri-1 (21.75 and 21.22 q ha-1 respectively). The overall reproductive phase efficiency was stable in JG 11 across environments. Among 44 genotypes, the total chlorophyll, membrane stability index, SPAD values recorded at 65 DAS was higher in crop sown in 44th SMW compared to 48th SMW. The seed yield was significantly higher for crop sown in 41st SMW (13.29 g plant-1) followed by 44th SMW (11.95 g plant-1). Among the genotypes, JAKI 9218 recorded higher seed yield (19.25 g plant-1) followed by GCP-107 and PA 0102334 (18.59 and 17.32 g plant-1, respectively). Genotypes, ICC-4958, GCP-107, BGD-9812, ICC-5383 and BGD-132 recorded higher stability for grain yield across environments. However, genotypes GCP-107 (23.54 g plant-1), PA-0102334 (19.66 g plant-1) and BGD-1044 (18.37 g plant-1) recorded higher yield and yield components under normal sown conditions (44th SMW), while H-206, ICCL-82108, ICC-88201, RSG-44, Local Collection, ICC-5383, AKG-70 and ICC-1745 were found suitable for late sown condition (48th SMW) for grain yield. Mean performance but confined to specific environments. Genotype ICCV-2 and JG-130 was found early with average regression coefficient and least deviation recommended for late sown conditions. Further, genotypes, The maximum pollen germination and least pollen sterility was recorded under 44th SMW (40.86%) and 41st SMW (17.10 %). Genotype, ICC-790197 recorded least pollen sterility (12.56%), while maximum pollen germination was recorded in genotype JAKI 9218 (69.95%) followed by Annigeri -1 (63.83%). Genotypes, ICCV-2, JG-130, JG-11, GCP-107, MI-35 and BGD-9920 were highly stable for seed yield under 44th SMW. The environment index was higher under 41st and 44th SMW for genotypic adaptability. Further, the degree of association for seed yield and components decreased with delayed sowing. Under 44th SMW, seed yield recorded positive association with pod number, pod weight, total flower production, total dry matter, test weight and harvest index. The experiment concluded that, reproductive efficiency for heat stress tolerance was higher in genotypes ICC-4958, GCP-107, BGD-9812, ICC-5383 and BGD-132 and further helpful in breeding program.ThesisItem Open Access Development and Identification of Drought Tolerant Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-01) Patil, Akshata S.; Mummigatti, U.V.The investigation was carried out to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying the drought tolerance in maize by withholding water before fifteen days of anthesis and silking interval at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University Agricultural science’s Dharwad. From the 100 inbred lines evaluated (rabi / summer 2014-15) ten drought tolerant inbred lines (DMIL 230, DMIL 438, DMIL 447, DMIL 516, DMIL 553, DMIL 607, DMIL 692, DMIL 715, CML 425 and NC 468) were selected based on genetic diversity (D2) and morphological traits for developing 45 single cross hybrids through half diallel mating design (kharif, 2015). These 45 hybrids and their parents were further evaluated during rabi / summer, 2016. Identified five top yielders (DMIL 438 DMIL 447, DMIL 512 DMIL 692, DMIL 425 DMIL 230, DMIL 448 DMIL 607 and DMIL 438 NC 468), five drought susceptible yielders their parents and two checks (CP-818 and GH-0727) were evaluated during rabi / summer, 2016-17 for drought tolerance. Simultaneously, evaluated for various root and shoot morphological traits under water stress condition in polythene bag upto 60 DAS. Five hybrids viz., DMIL 516 DMIL 230 (6,338 kg/ha), DMIL 553 DMIL 447 (3,687 kg/ha), CML 425 DMIL 516 (3,905 kg/ha), DMIL 607 DMIL 516 (3,416 kg/ha) and NC 468 DMIL 692 (3,641 kg/ha) were superior drought tolerant hybrids based on relative water content, chlorophyll content, anthesis to silking interval, root traits and yield components under water stress condition. DMIL 715, CML 425, DMIL 447 and DMIL 516 have the best general combining ability for drought tolerance. These hybrids and the general combiners can be considered for moisture stress situations and for developing hybrids for drought tolerance, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological Effect of Fungicides in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] During Storage and Seed Treatment(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Biradar, Rajashree; Jirali, D.I.ThesisItem Open Access Drought Tolerance Studies in hirsutum Cotton Genotypes(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-10) Megha B.R.; Mummigatti, U.V.Experiment with 20 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes planned for screening for water stress tolerance. Initially, laboratory screening for seed germination and seedling growth under different osmotic stress (using Polyethylene glycol-6000 solution) and seedling growth under different soil moisture levels (grown in polybags) were conducted during 2014-15 at ARS, Dharwad. The osmotic screening was done using PEG-6000 with different osmotic potentials viz., 0 MPa (control), -1.47 MPa (10 %) and -3.49 Mpa (20 %) and polybag growth study was conducted in rain out shelter with different field capacities moisture levels viz., 100, 50 and 25 per cent. Observations on germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root to shoot ratio, leaf proline and chlorophyll content were measured. From these studies, ten genotypes viz., BS-37, BS-39, ARBH-1352, GBHV-182, PH-1060, SCS-1062, TCH-1777, GSHV-169 and AKH-09-5 were identified as drought tolerant. These ten identified genotypes along with two checks (RAH-100 and LRA-5166) were subjected for field performance for two seasons. The selected 12 cotton genotypes were further evaluated in field condition during kharif 2015-16 and 2016-17 under rainfed and need based irrigated (flowering and boll development) conditions. Observations on morpho-physiological, phenological, biochemical, yield and yield components were recorded. The pooled data of two years was analyzed under split plot design. Significantly higher seed cotton yield was recorded under rainfed condition as compared to irrigated condition. Mainly relative water content (-10.55), cell membrane stability (15.61 %), specific leaf weight (-4.52 %), excised leaf water loss (16.48 %), stomatal frequency (16.72 %), trichome density (-29.91 %), chlorophyll (7.41 %), proline (-75.00) and phenol (-9.61) content which indicates the tolerance of these genotypes to water stress condition . Based on the criteria of least per cent reduction in maximum number of parameters, five cotton genotypes GSHV-169, BS-37, BS-39, AKH-09-5, ARBH-1352 were identified as more tolerant to water stress.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological Characterization of Rice Genotypes for Zinc Efficiency (ZE)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Dore, Venkatesh; Koti, R.V.A pot and field experiments were conducted during kharif 2013 and 2014 at ARS, Mugad, UAS, Dharwad, to characterize the rice genotypes for zinc efficiency on physiological basis. Field experiments were comprised of 20 genotypes in combination with three treatments viz., control; soil application of ZnSO4 (20 kg ha-1) and foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent at 50 per cent flowering. Similarly, pot experiment consisted of same genotypes with and without Zn. The hydroponic experiment was also conducted with Zn deficient and sufficient condition at the Department of Crop Physiology, UAS Dharwad, during 2015. Pooled data of the field experiments revealed that soil application of ZnSO4 significantly increased morph-physiological, biochemical and yield of rice genotypes. Whereas foliar application of ZnSO4 significantly increased shoot and grain Zn content. Interaction effects were non-significant. Among the genotypes, Dambersali and Koorigenellu had significantly higher shoot and seed zinc content in both the field and pot experiments. The genotype Dambersali maintained significantly higher shoot Zn content in hydroponics also. Ambemohar-2, Budda, Halga and Champakali on yield basis. Whereas, Kalanamak, Kempunellu and Laldodki on drymatter basis were found Zn efficient. Significantly higher root length, root dry matter, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates were recorded with additional and higher zinc in pot and hydroponics, respectively. Addition of Zn resulted in significantly higher enzymes activities in hydroponics. Among the genotypes Koorigenellu and Ambemohar-2 recorded significantly higher super oxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity in hydroponics. Soil application of zinc increased the grain yield in field. Among the genotypes, MTU-1001 recorded the highest grain yield of 5,175 kg ha-1 with grain Zn content of 15.8 ppm, whereas Koorigenellu recoded yield of 2,753 kg ha-1 with highest seed Zn of 28.3 ppm. Thus, there was negative relation existed between yield and seed Zn content.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HETEROSIS IN COTTON (G. hirsutum L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2015-06) PATIL, SOMASHEKHARGOUDA; PATIL, B. C.A field experiment was conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 under rainfed condition at Agriculture Research Station, Dharwad to study the physiological basis of heterosis in cotton (G. hirsutum L.). The experiment consisted of 30 cotton hybrids and their 23 parents and one check hybrid laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The hybrid, RGR x SG-4 recorded significantly higher yield (2185 kg ha-1) followed by Robust x RGR 1 (1887 kg ha-1), while the leat was recorded by SG x SG-3 (1166 kg ha-1). Among the parents, RAH-97 recorded significantly higher yield (1589 kg ha-1). All hybrids recorded positive significant heterosis for yield over mid-parent. All hybrids recorded positive significant heterosis for yield and yield components viz., number of bolls per plant, boll weight and harvest index. The highest heterosis for yield was recorded by the hybrid RGR x SG-2 (89.5%) followed by the hybrid Robust x SG-2 (75.2%) while, least was recorded by the hybrid Compact x Robust-1 (12.9%). The hybrid RGR x SG-4 recorded significantly more Total dry mtter (205 g plant-1), SPAD value (54.9), Chlorophyll content (1.285 mg g-1 of fresh weight), photosynthtic rate (24.2 μ mol CO2 m-2 sec-1), leaf area (148 dm2 plant-1) and stomatal conductance (0.31 μ mol CO2 m-2 sec-1). However, the extent of heterosis was heighest in RGR x SG-2 for these parameters. The seed cotton yield was significantly positively correlated with number of bolls per plant (r= 0.875), boll weight (r= 0.815), total dry matter (r= 0.727), SPAD values (r= 0.823), leaf area (r= 0.720), photosynthtic rate (r= 0.629) and stomatal conductance (r= 719). These physiological parameters lead to potential hybrid that has complementation between the hybrids.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF VACUUM PACKAGING ON SEED PHYSIOLOGY AND QUALITY IN DIFFERENT FIELD CROPS(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-12) MUKESH KUMAR MEENA; Dr. M. B. CHETTIInvestigations were carried out to study the influence of vacuum packaging on Seed physiology and quality in different field crops viz., onion, cotton, soybean and groundnut in the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad from October, 2010 to June, 2012.The research study including two experiments consisted of six treatments to each and combinations of treatments that involved packing of seeds with different packaging materials such as vacuum packed bag, gunny, high density polythene, aluminium and cloth bags and storage at room temperature (25ºC ± 2ºC) as well as cold storage (4ºC ± 1ºC) for a period of 18 months. The result of the observations recorded at bi-monthly intervals revealed that the seeds stored in vacuum packed bags maintained the seed quality with least deterioration compared to gunny and high density polythene (HDPE) bags for soybean and groundnut and aluminium and cloth bags for onion and cotton upto 18 months of storage. The seed quality parameters viz., germination per cent, root length, shoot length, total seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index, mean daily germination and mean germination time were very high in vacuum packaging treatments compared to gunny bags and HDPE bags for soybean and groundnut while it was lower in aluminium and cloth bags for onion and cotton throughout the storage period of 18 months under both ambient and cold storage. The electrical conductivity and mean germination time values were lesser in vacuum packed seeds compared to gunny, HDPE, aluminium and cloth bags seeds. Different seed physiological parameters such as mineral content (Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) and mobilization efficiency values were decreased with advancement in storage period and higher in vacuum packed seeds than gunny, HDPE, cloth and aluminium bags. The rate of absorbance of moisture was more in gunny, cloth and HDPE bags, while aluminium and vacuum packed bags seeds maintained constant moisture content. The activities of enzymes viz., -amylase, lipase and protease less in vacuum packed bags compared to aluminium, HDPE, gunny and cloth bags in all four crop seeds. Among the storage conditions, cold storage recorded better seed quality, physiological and biochemical parameters over room temperature, irrespective of storage containers throughout the storage period of 18 months.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON VARIATION FOR PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE AND PUE, BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HIGHER PUE AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-06) SAVITA F. HULLUR; Dr. R.V. KOTIField and pot experiments were conducted at College of Agriculture, Dharwad to screen the Soybean genotypes and to assess the genetic variability for P uptake, P content and Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) along with morphological and physiological changes under P limiting condition. A laboratory experiment was conducted in selected genotypes to know the biochemical reasons for high P uptake and high PUE. The results of the field experiment revealed that shoot length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight decreased in P limited condition. Whereas root length and root to shoot ratio increased significantly and is one of the adaptive mechanisms to overcome the P deficiency in the vertisol. Leaf P and P uptake was reduced in P limiting condition and PUE increased in P limiting condition (- P). P limitation caused 17% decrease in seed yield. The phosphorus efficiency (relative value) of dry weight of the genotypes between –P and +P was identified as good indicator of the P efficiency genotypes. Bi-plot analysis of relative values (PE) of shoot dry weight against yield and PUE showed that the genotypes Gujarath Soybean-1, TAMS-38, TAMS-9821 Pusa-24, VL Soya-59, J 30 14-1 and J 20 47-18 were not only P efficient but also high seed yielder. Grain yield, PUE and P uptake exhibited high GCV, PCV and high heritability with high genetic advance over a mean under both P conditions. The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and WUE were decreased in -P condition. The soybean genotypes Shivalik followed by SL-296 and CO-3 were found to have high photosynthetic rate in P limiting condition. The root secretion of both citric acid and oxalic acid was maximum in the genotypes MACS-58, Shivalik and VL-Soya-59 under -P condition. The acid phosphatase activity was higher in -‘P’ condition and is an indication of ‘P’ sufficiency or deficiency in soybean. The genotypes viz., Pusa-24, TAMS-38, TAMS-9821, VL Soya -59, J 30 14-1 and J 20 47-18 were identified as phosphorus efficient with high PUE, dry matter and yield. The soybean genotypes ADT-1, CO-3, Bragg and JS-75-06 were identified for better root traits like higher root length, root dry weight, root to shoot length and root to shoot dry weight ratio.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological and biochemical changes during long term storage of paddy and rice under different packaging materials(UAS Dharwad, 2013) D. Saida Naik; M. B. ChettiInvestigations were undertaken to study the physiological and biochemical changes during long term storage of paddy and rice under different packaging materials at the Department of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad over a period of 18 months from February, 2011 to August, 2013. The research study consisted of two experiments with eight treatments comprising packing of seeds with different packaging materials viz., vacuum packed, , polythene, cloth and gunny bags stored at room temperature (25±2º C) and cold storage (4±1º C) for a period of 18 months. The observations recorded at bi-monthly intervals revealed that the seeds stored in vacuum packed bags maintained the quality with least deterioration compared to gunny and cloth bags. The seed quality parameters viz., germination per cent, root length, shoot length, total seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index, mean daily germination and mobilization efficiency were very high in vacuum packed bags compared to gunny bags throughout the storage period of 18 months under both ambient and cold storage. Electrical conductivity values were lowest in vacuum packed bags compared to polythene, gunny and cloth bags. The rate of absorbance of moisture content was more in gunny and cloth bags, while vacuum packed bags maintained constant moisture content. The activities of enzymes viz., a- amylase, lipase, protease and peroxidase were slightly less in vacuum packed bags compared to gunny and cloth bags in both paddy and rice grains. Mineral contents viz., copper, zinc, iron and manganese decreased with advancement in storage period and higher in vacuum packed seeds over all other treatments in both paddy and rice grains. Among the storage conditions, cold storage recorded better seed quality, physiological and biochemical parameters over room temperature, irrespective of the storage containers throughout the storage period of 18 months.
