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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Studies in Double Cross Derived Progenies for Seed Cotton Yield (Scy) and Fibre Quality Traits Involving Jayadhar as an Agronomic Parent (Gossypium herbaceum L.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-07) Kumbar, Hanamantappa N.; Kajjidoni, S.T.A study to estimate heterosis, combining ability and diversity involving ten lines viz., DC-1-98, DC-1-101, DC-1-115, DC-3-159, DC-1-94, DC-1-108, DC-1-121, DC-2-136, DC-2-127, DC-3-172 and four testers DC-1-118, DC-1-93, DC-1-122 and DC-3-171 of advanced (F5) double cross derived progenies of desi cotton was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during kharif 2015-16. The parents were selected on the basis of seed cotton yield and fibre quality traits and hybrids were developed using line × tester mating design. Fourty hybrids along with parents and checks (Jayadhar and DLSa-17) were evaluated for plant morphological, traits, seed cotton yield, its components and fibre quality attributes including physiological traits such as relative water content (RWC), specific leaf weight (SLW) and SPAD meter readings. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that greater magnitude of SCA than GCA variance for most of the traits which suggested predominant role of non-additive gene action, which is an important consideration for exploitation of heterosis through hybrid breeding. From the study, four hybrids identified as superior for seed cotton yield viz., DC-1-98 × DC-1-93 (46.50), DC-1-121 × DC-3-171 (51.06), DC-2-136 × DC-1-122 (46.04) and DC-2-127 × DC-1-93 (41.72) which exhibited simultaneous significant positive heterosis for 2.5% span length, relative water content and specific leaf weight traits. The D2 analysis among the parents and hybrids for seed cotton yield and yield contributing traits grouped into eight clusters indicating the presence of appreciable amount of variability among the genotypes. Out of fourteen characters, days to 50 % flowering contributed maximum followed by seed cotton yield per plot to the total divergence. The diversity analysis based on fibre quality grouped genotypes into fifteen clusters suggesting presence of wide variability for fibre quality traits.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Rainfed Farming and Livelihood Opportunities in Koppal District in Selected Areas of Sujala Iii Project, Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-07) Vaijanatha; Kulkarni, G.N.Rainfed areas assume special significance for livelihood of millions of rural households in India. In this context the study was taken up in selected watershed areas of Sujala-III in Koppal district of Karnataka with an objective of analyzing rainfed agriculture and the livelihood approaches. Both primary and secondary data were used and were analysed using tabular analysis, Garrett ranking and multiple regression. The growth in area and production were found non-significant for hybrid bajra, groundnut and sunflower. While, the growth in productivity was non-significant for all crops. The findings revealed that among the kharif crops hybrid maize occupied the largest area (38.57 %) followed by sunflower (15.00 %). Among the rabi crops, rabi sorghum and chickpea occupied 4.82 per cent area each with a low cropping intensity of 112.28 per cent. The dairy enterprise with crossbreed cows was found more profitable with a B: C ratio of 1.42 than buffaloes (1.31) and indigenous cows (1.05). Analysis of livelihood opportunities revealed that in case of marginal and small farmers the average total annual income from all the sources received per household was ` 27,364.65 and ` 39,080.57 respectively. In case of semi medium farmers, the average annual income from all sources received per household was ` 39,400.40. In case of medium farmers and large farmers, the average annual income from all sources per household was ` 43,972.33 and ` 1,94,685 respectively. About 26.87 per cent of marginal farmers migrated towards the city which is followed by small (17.14 %), semi medium (12.16 %) and medium farmers (7.14 %). High variations in rainfall pattern, non-availability of labour and declining soil fertility were the major constraints faced by farmers. Watersheds need to be formed to harness the potentials of rainfed areas in dry tracts of Koppal district.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Irrigated Agricuture in Upper Krishna Project Command Area in Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Malge, Pradeep L.; Kulkarni, G.N.A study on the economic analysis of irrigated agriculture in different reaches of the Indi branch canal system in the UKP command was undertaken. The multistage random sampling technique was employed to get the primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 through survey method. A sample of 135 farmers comprising of equal number of farmers in each reach (head, middle and tail) was taken. The techniques of tabular analysis, Gini co-efficient, production function, Garrett’s ranking and partial budgeting were employed for the analysis of data. The overall average land holding was 3.22 hectares. In the head reach paddy was the dominant crop (34.38 per cent of the gross cropped area), sugarcane in the middle reach (35.63 %), and pigeonpea in the tail reach (50.61 %). The cropping intensity in the head reach was 169.08 per cent, 223.05 per cent in middle reach and 201.05 per cent in the tail reach. In head reach the net returns were higher in the cultivation of paddy (Rs. 40,430/ha), in the middle reach it was sugarcane (Rs. 90,555/ha) and in tail reach it was pigeonpea (Rs. 18,939/ha). In the head reach, most profitable cropping sequence was paddy –fallow, in the middle reach it was sugarcane while, in the tail reach it was groundnut-sorghum. There was a high variation in the income distribution among farmers across reaches in the canal system. The results of technical efficiency showed that there exists scope to expand production if the farmers could efficiently utilize their available resources with the given technology. In the canal system, farmers practiced different water management practices. The major problems faced by the farmers were water logging and soil salinity in the upper reach while it was untimely and inadequate supply of water in the tail reach.ThesisItem Open Access Production, Processing and Marketing of Arecanut in Uttara Kannada District- an Economic Analysis(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Rajesab Erimani H.; Sharma, M.T.The present study attempted to estimate growth in area, production and productivity of arecanut in Karnataka state, financial feasibility of investment, cost and returns, marketing channels and problems faced by the arecanut growers in Uttara Kannada district. Multistage sampling procedure was followed for selection of 120 arecanut growers for the data pertaining to the agricultural year 2015-16 and secondary data from 2000 to 2014 were considered to analyse the growth trends in Karnataka. For analysis of data, compound growth rate, tabular analysis, budgeting technique and investment appraisal analysis were employed. The growth rates of area, production and productivity of arecanut for Karnataka state was 5.39 per cent, 6.65 per cent and 1.19 per cent respectively. The per hectare total initial cost and maintenance cost were found to be 7,74,381.71 and 1,39,996.09, respectively. The average yield per hectare of arecanut was 17.90 quintals with net returns of 3,33,458.91. Under investment appraisal analysis net present value/worth (NPV @ 12 % discount rate), benefit cost ratio (BCR), payback period (PBP) and internal rate of return (IRR) were found to be 10,16,777.99, 2.31, 8.58 years and 30 per cent respectively. Under marketing channels, it was observed that in channel-II price spread was low ( 8,162.12) and producer’s share in consumer’s rupee (75.30 %) was highest compared to channel-I which was 8,363.66 and 74.69 per cent respectively. The major problems faced by the farmers were adequate finance, non-availability of labour during peak period, fluctuations in price and lack of materials for processing. The study suggested for partial mechanization of peak season operations, designing and constructing of storage and processing units and cultivation of high yielding varieties in study region.ThesisItem Open Access Production And Marketing of Paddy and Usage of Pesticide in Paddy Production in Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka - an Economic Analysis(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Vikram T. B.; Sharma, M.T.The present study attempted to estimate growth in area, production and productivity of paddy, cost and returns, marketing channels and extent of pesticide usage in paddy production in Uttara Kannada district. Multistage sampling procedure was adopted for selection of 120 sample farmers from three taluks (Mundgod, Sirsi and Haliyal) of Uttara Kannada district. The data pertaining to the agricultural year 2015-16 and secondary data from 2002 to 2014 were considered to analyse the growth trends in paddy production. For analysis of data, compound growth rate, tabular analysis, budgeting technique and Cobb-Douglas production analysis were employed. The result indicated that growth in area was observed to be negative and significant at 1.74 per cent and growth in production and productivity of paddy were positive and significant with growth rate of 0.69 and 2.47 per cent respectively. It is worth noting that the variable cost formed a substantial component 74.63 per cent and total fixed accounted 25.37 per cent of total cost of cultivation. The gross return of total output was . 30,091.5 and the benefit cost ratio (BCR) was 1.40. The MVP to MFC ratios were more than one for seed cost, FYM and machine labour cost, indicating that the resource were underutilized and there was scope for maximizing returns by increasing these resources. The ratio of MVP to MFC were negative for bullock labour, fertilizer, PPC and human labour. It indicates that resources were over used i.e. decrease in the use of these inputs would enhance the returns. The marketing analysis revealed that channel-II was seen more efficient than channel I and producer share in consumer rupee was found highest (65.65 %) in channel-II. Insecticides were the most frequently used pesticides, which accounted for bulk of the share in total pesticides used followed by fungicides and weedicides.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Micro Irrigation Systems on Crop Productivity and Water use Efficiency in Northern Karnataka - an Economic Analysis(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Rudrapur, Shreeshail; Mundinamani, S.M.The study analysed the impact of micro irrigation systems (MIS) on crop productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) in major crops of northern Karnataka. Purposive multistage random sampling procedure was used for the selection of sample respondents. A total of 360 respondents were surveyed in Belagavi, Vijayapur, Bidar and Kalaburgi districts. The analytical tools used were compound annual growth rate, tabular and financial feasibility analyses, budgeting technique and garret ranking technique. The area covered and subsidy provided for adoption of MIS during the period 1991-92 to 2014-15 showed a positive growth rate of 20.33 per cent and 25.92 per cent per annum, respectively. The gain in WUE under MIS over conventional method of irrigation (CMI) was to the extent of 70.59 per cent, 53.63 per cent, 70.97 per cent, 66.29 per cent and 65.66 per cent in cultivation of sugarcane, maize, groundnut, redgram and rabi sorghum, respectively and increased the yield of these crops in that order to the extent of 34.50 tonnes, 11.50 quintals, 9.79 quintals, 5.50 quintals and 10.04 quintals. The increase in farm income under MIS over CMI in cultivation of sugarcane, maize, groundnut, redgram and rabi sorghum was ` 1,10,160.53, ` 20,870.55, ` 45,225.49, ` 35,934.76 and ` 30,310.70, respectively. The investment on MIS was found to be financially feasible and economically viable. Inadequate power supply, clogging of emitters, delay in sanction of subsidy and shifting of sprinkler irrigation system were the major constraints faced by the farmers in adoption and maintenance of MIS in the study area. Awareness among the farmers needs to be created about the benefits of investment on micro irrigation systems over conventional method of irrigation and efforts need to be made by the concerned departments /institutions/agencies for the timely supply of electricity and release of funds on a regular basis.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Cereals Economy in Karnataka(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Savitha M.G.; Kunnal, L.B.A study was conducted to assess the performance of cereals (maize, paddy, jowar and wheat) economy in Karnataka. The secondary data pertaining to area, production, productivity, arrivals and prices were collected for a period from 1998-99 to 2013-14. The primary data were collected from 240 randomly selected farmers and 160 market functionaries (2014-15). The statistical techniques used were Compound Growth Rates, Principle Component Analysis, Gini-coefficient Analysis, Correlation regression analysis and Garrett’s Ranking Techniques. The growth in area of cereals showed a substantial annual decrement of -0.36 per cent whereas growth in production and productivity recorded a positive annual increment. The area under paddy, maize and wheat has recorded 2.58 per cent annual increment whereas jowar registered a significant negative growth (-1.71 %). The results of the principal component analysis revealed that the price factors dominated over the non-price factors in influencing the cereal crops production in the state. The concentration of market power as measured by the proportion of the total business handled by a few selling firms who controlled the major share of the cereals trade in study markets in the state. The correlation and linear regression results revealed that there was a positive relationship between arrivals and prices of cereals crops except for wheat in Dharwad market The proportion of marketable surplus was found to be more than 80 per cent for the cereal crops except for jowar. Producer’s net price share in consumer’s rupee was more when the farmers marketed their produce through shortest channel and it would be the most profitable one. Non-availability of labourers during the peak season and lack of remunerative prices were major problems faced by the farmers. To ensure the food security in the state concerted efforts to increase the productivity and production of cereals are needed by the cereal producers.ThesisItem Open Access Agricultural Development and Food Security In India and Nigeria: a Comparative Economic Analysis(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Isah Musa Ahmad; Kiresur, V.R.The study aimed at comparing the agricultural development and food security between India and Nigeria. The mean GDP of India was seven times higher than that of Nigeria while GDP per capita of Nigeria was statistically higher to that of India. Service sector contributes highest to GDP but in Nigeria it was agriculture. The average productivity of major agricultural crops in India was averagely higher in India except in sorghum, millet, groundnut, coffee and cotton. There was a declining growth trend of cattle and camel population in India while in Nigeria the declined growth trend was in sheep and goat during the study period. Decomposition analysis in India indicated a productivity-led growth of cereals, area-led growth in pulses, fruits and non-food crops while in Nigeria there was a productivity-led growth in non-food, and an area-led growth in cereals, vegetables and oilseed crops, respectively. The food demand and supply gap in projection reveals that India would be in a surplus of all food commodity group(s) in the year 2020, 2025 and 2030 except in sorghum, pulses and oilseeds while Nigeria would be in surplus of maize, sorghum and fruits in the year 2020 and pulses in the year 2020, 2025 and 2030 respectively. Engel curve identifies similarity in consumption expenditure on food item in both the two countries. Meat, fish, beverages and fruits were revealed as superior food items in India and in Nigeria milk and milk products are superior food items. Food security multi- dimensional index places India at 60.76 per cent and Nigeria at 54.60 per cent improvement on food security.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Climate Variability on Agriculture in North Karnataka-an Economic Analysis(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Tirlapur, Laxmi N.; Mamle Desai, N.R.Climate and agriculture are inextricably linked. Climate change will affect crop yield per hectare causing food insecurity and loss of livelihood. Therefore, present study was undertaken to analyze the impact of climate variability, weather extremities and impact of weather based farming on farm income in north Karnataka. Results revealed that, in Bellary, Bidar, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi and Raichur districts rainfall showed decreasing trend whereas in Belagavi, Dharwad and Uttara Kannda districts rainfall showed an increasing trend during 1983-2013. Maximum deviation in the magnitude of average rainfall between the driest and wettest years was observed for Uttara Kannada district i.e. 385.7 mm, followed by Belagavi (382.7 mm) and Bidar (332.7 mm) districts. Vulnerability analysis revealed that, Bidar ranked first in the overall vulnerability to climate change among the districts of north Karnataka between 1990 to 2013. Agricultural and occupational sector played a significant role to make Bidar district as highly vulnerable. Belagavi and Vijayapura were selected as drought affected areas. It was observed that yield of bajra, tur, sorghum and greengram were significantly affected due to drought in Vijayapura. Whereas, in Belagavi district sugarcane, safflower, bengalgram and cotton yield were affected significantly due to drought. Farmers were not able to cultivate 14.95 per cent and 27.73 per cent of area in Vijayapura and Belagavi districts respectively during drought. To address these problems farmers from Belagavi district using Agromet Advisory Service (AAS) were surveyed. Farmers were using AAS during spraying of plant protection chemicals followed by irrigation (66.67 %), sowing (43.33 %) and fertilizer application (13.33 %). Net returns obtained by AAS farmers was observed to be more in case of soybean (29.46 %) followed by cotton (28.44 %), wheat (26.49 %), greengram (26.45 %), sorghum (25.42 %), bengalgram (24.54%), sunflower (23.24 %), groundnut (20.92 %) and maize (19.44 %) compared to non-AAS farmers.
