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ThesisItem Open Access Business efficiency in rice mills-A comparative analysis of conventional and modern rice mills in davanagere District(UAS, Dharwad, 2009) Shwetha.M.K.; S.B.MahajanshettiIndia ranks second in production of rice next only to China. Rice milling is the oldest and the largest agro-processing industry of the country. The present study had made an attempt to document investment pattern and financial feasibility, inventory management, processing and marketing management, cost and returns in both conventional and modern rice mills. Primary and secondary data were collected to evaluate the objectives of the study. Ineffective management on the part of the processors has led to the failure or poor performance of many rice milling units. Therefore the study focuses on the management aspects and its managerial lapses in order to evolve appropriate policies for improving the efficiency of the rice mills. Totally six rice mills in were selected in Davanagere district of Karnataka. Further, they were categorized into conventional rice milling units and modern rice milling units based on the technology adopted. The results showed that the total investment on modern rice mills was ten times higher (Rs.379.25 lakhs) as compared to conventional rice mills (Rs.36.97 lakhs). The Net Present Value for modern unit and conventional unit was Rs.408.35 and Rs.27.55, respectively. The capacity utilization was higher (68%) in modern units in comparison with conventional units (44%). The total returns obtained from both rice milling and poha making process were higher in modern rice units (Rs.1478) as compared to conventional units (Rs.1381). This showed that the modern rice mills were more efficient than the conventional rice mills. Procurement costs were lower when paddy was purchased directly from farmers instead of purchasing commission agents. Thus, mills would benefit from strong contractual arrangements with paddy growers.ThesisItem Open Access Export competitiveness and direction of trade for Indian cashew: An econometric approach(UAS, Dharwad, 2009) P.S.Gireesh.; R.A.YeledhalliCashewnut occupies a prime place in the Indian economy, accounting for 16.95 per cent of the total area under plantation crops, which stood second position after coconut, and production of cashewnut accounts to 18.14 per cent of total production of selected plantation crops in India during 2007-08. The secondary data was collected on spot prices and volume of trade in exchanges from the official web site of Forward Market Commission (FMC), Mumbai and respective web sites of the National Level Commodity Exchanges in India. The growth of cashew kernel export between pre and post- liberalisation and overall periods in terms of quantity, value and unit value shows the increasing trend, but highest growth was observed in pre-liberalisation (12%) as well as overall periods (14.60%) in terms of value. This was mainly due to increase in unit value realization. The export earnings will be expected to increase to Rs. 3866.97 crores in 2008 and Rs. 7651.63 crores in 2015. The export projections using the Markov chain model put the revenue from cashew kernel exports at a modest level of Rs.1804.43 crores by 2008. The nominal protection coefficient was less than unity (0.98) indicating that cashew kernels was competitive for its export to other countries from India, while NPC of raw cashewnut imports by India from abroad (East and West African countries) was also less than unity (0.88) reveals that raw cashewnut was a efficient import substitute. USA, Australia and Netherlands were found to be highly loyal markets for Indian cashew kernel as indicated by the retention of their previous shares of cashew kernel exports from India by more than 70, 50 and 30 per cents, respectively. In case of cashew nut shell liquid, USA, Japan and Korea Rep. were found to be most loyal markets.ThesisItem Open Access Production and export competitiveness of jaggery in Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2009) K.C.Sandesh; Basavaraj BanakarKarnataka is the major sugarcane growing state, with an area of 3.04 lakh hectares and 182.67 lakh tonnes of production. More than 50% of the sugarcane produced is processed into sugar, in recent years the sugar industry is facing problems such as high stocks, financial crunch. This has resulted in delayed and low payments to the farmers. In such a situation, diversion of sugarcane to jaggery making is an alternative option. The study was undertaken in Mandya and Bagalkot district of Karnataka. Data was collected from 60 processors in Mandya and Mahalingapur market hinterland. The total cost of jaggery production per ton in Mandya was Rs.10001.57 of which, the raw material cost accounted for 72.76%. The return from jaggery production per ton was Rs.11125.30 with a net margin of Rs.890.12. Similarly, the total cost of jaggery production per ton in Mahalingapur was Rs. 10257.13 of which, the raw material cost accounted for 73.60%. The return from jaggery production per ton was Rs.11610.00 with a net margin of Rs.1140.52. In all the cases, the B:C ratio is found to be more than one which implies it is profitable to the investment in jaggery processing activities. The trends in the arrivals of jaggery over the years in both Mandya and Mahalingapur markets found to be negative. Similarly, seasonal indices in arrivals were indicated that in Mahalingapur market increased during April and reaches peak during September month (133.36) and fall in arrivals in October to February. In Mandya, the arrivals, increased during July and reaches peak during August month (202.80). Similarly, incase of prices in Mahalingapur, the prices were high from April and reached a peak during the month of October (117.04) and started decreasing. Incase of Mandya, the prices were started increasing from June and reached a peak during the month of October (113.78). The correlation coefficient between arrivals and prices of seasonal indices were found out to be 0.29 and 0.83 in Mahalingapur and Mandya markets respectively. Cyclical variation is arrivals and prices were analyzed. In case of arrivals in Mahalingapur and Mandya market, it can be observed that 2 years and 3 years cycles and for prices it is 5 years and 3 years cycles were observed respectively. The Nominal Protection Coefficient was found to be less than unity (0.57), which implies that jaggery is a good exportable product.ThesisItem Open Access Spatial and temporal behaviour of arrivals and prices of groundnut in Karnataka an econometric analysis(UAS, Dharwad, 2009) S.K.Chandrakala; B.K.NaikThe prices of most agricultural commodities are inherently susceptible to violent fluctuations, the economic consequences of which are dire. The fluctuating characteristic of agricultural prices leads to instability. Since prices enter directly in the decision- frame of farmers; both in production and marketing decisions, fluctuation or instability in prices is the greatest source of risk, next only to weather. The present study was devoted to an analysis of the temporal and spatial fluctuations in the arrivals and prices of Groundnut in five different markets of Karnataka viz, Challakere, Chitradurga, Bellary, Yadgir, and Davangere. Secondary data was utilized to fulfill the objectives. A multiplicative model of time series was used to analyze arrivals and prices for markets. Chitradurga and Yadgir markets showed increasing trend both in arrivals and prices. Whereas, Challakere, Bellary and Davangere markets showed a decreasing trend in arrivals and increasing trend in prices. Seasonal indices of arrivals and prices of groundnut in selected markets revealed that the arrivals were at its peak during October-December. The highest arrival index was noticed in Bellary market in the month of December (392.50). Whereas lowest arrival index was noticed in Davangere market in September month (2.43). The cyclical trend in selected markets showed that there were no constant period between cycles in both arrivals and prices. In long run, Challakere market showed highest coefficient of multiple determination (R²) value of 0.69. Whereas, lowest coefficient of multiple determination (R²) value of 0.05 was observed in Chitradurga market. ARIMA model was employed to forecast the prices of groundnut in selected markets. Among five markets, the price forecast model for Bellary market (2,1,1), (1,1,1) was found to be best models. There existed high market integration between the Davangere, Bellary and Challakere markets. Whereas, low integration was found between Chitradurga and Bellary markets.ThesisItem Open Access Contract farming in medicinal plants : a case of coleus in Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2009) Sharanesh Jalihal; Banakar BasavarajContract farming can be described as a half way house between independent farm production and corporate farming. Contract farming involves a contractual relationship between farmers and a central processing or exporting units/firms. These units purchases produce from contract farmers under the agreed terms of contract. Coleus is one of the most potential medicinal crops of the future, as its pharmacopieal properties have been discovered recently. Its tuberous roots are found to be rich source of forskolin which is being developed as a drug for hypertension, glaucoma, asthama, congestive heart failures, certain types of cancer, preventing hair graying and restoring grey hairs to normal colour. The study was undertaken in two districts Belgaum and Bagalkot, where contract farming is practice. Two firms involved in contract farming in coleus semi-Labs Private Limited and Natural remedies for forskohlin oil extraction were selected and compared. Sample size was 20 for each firm and total sample size was 40. The study revealed that family size and young age coupled with better education (Semi-Lab 65% and Natural Remedies 70%) increased their farm income by adopting commercial agriculture. The total cost per ha was Rs. 28,800 and Rs. 28,634 with respect to Semi-Lab and Natural Remedies. Net returns were Rs. 35,200 and Rs. 38,866, respectively. Semi-Lab has written agreement, but Natural Remedies has both pre-fixed prices were different Rs. 40 per kg in Semi-Lab and Rs. 45 per kg in Natural Remedies. Both the companies supplied input but not fertilizers. It was found that farmers were much using FYM in both companies. Buy-back system was the major factor for farmers to go for contract farming. There were several problems faced by companies and farmers, which can be well handled with proper policy implications.ThesisItem Open Access Dynamics of prices and arrivals of pegionpea in Karnataka- An econometric analysis(UAS, Dharwad, 2009) Manasa.R.; Vilas.S.KulkarniAnalysis of price and market arrivals overtime is important for formulating a sound agricultural policy. Fluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to price instability. Such an analysis is also useful to farmers in order to decide the optimum time for disposing their produce to their best advantage. In view of this the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly prices and arrivals of pigeonpea in major pigeonpea markets of Karnataka for a period of 20 years (1987-88 to 2007-08). An increasing trend in arrivals and prices was observed in all the markets, but the quantum of increase varied from one market to another. Price of pigeonpea was found to be highest during off season and lowest during harvest season. Since pigeonpea is a Kharif crop, the arrivals were high during December to March. The higher seasonal indices of prices were observed during August to October during which the arrivals were found to be low. Uneven cycles were observed both in arrivals and prices in all the markets. Response of pigeonpea arrivals to prices in all the markets, both in long run and in shortrun, showed a positive relationship, which implied that as the price of pigeonpea increased, the arrivals also increased. ARIMA analysis was employed to quantify the variation in prices and also to forecast pigeonpea prices. The forecasted price in all the markets showed an increasing value. Analysis of zero order correlation showed that there existed a strong integration among all the pigeonpea markets. The analysis revealed that, by storing pigeonpea and selling during off season would help the producer in getting higher returns. Finally it was recommended to disseminate the forecasted prices to farmers for their advantage.ThesisItem Open Access A study on quality grading and prices of important pulse crops marketing in gulbarga district : Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2008) Ramakrushna; N.N.KarnoolThe technological break through in Indian agriculture has brought about rapid increase in the productivity levels of crops. This has generated new problems in marketing for which adequate attention has not been paid eventhough it has been recognized that the solution for these problems is a requisite condition for agricultural prosperity. The quality of pulses produce brought to the market by the farmers varies considerably from lot to lot. The variation in quality is due mainly to the differences in varieties, insect and pest damages, methods and time of harvesting and agro-climatic factors. Scientific grading should be based on important test factors so that the sellers would be able to describe the quality that they are offering and the buyers should understand what is being offered. Both primary and secondary information were collected and used in the study. Gulbarga and Yadgir pulse markets were purposively selected for the study. These two markets are the terminal markets for redgram and bengalgram in the Gulbarga district and bulk of the pulses are produced in these two important markets. A total of 120 samples were collected at random during the peak season (December to March) from two markets. It was hypothesized that, the price depends on both quality and non-quality characteristics. The quality factors analyzed in the study were colour, carbohydrates, slightly damaged grains, test weight, crude fiber, immatured grains, foreign matter and acid content. The non-quality characters were type of buyer, variety, soil type and time of harvest. Stepwise multiple regressions, indexing/ranking techniques Tabular presentation, were employed in this study. It was hypothesized that eye sight grades deviate from scientific grades quite significantly and that they do not reflect actual quality of the produce. In order to test this hypothesis, it was necessary to determine scientific grades.ThesisItem Open Access Contract farming in maize - an economic analysis(UAS, Dharwad, 2008) S.Shridhar; N.N.KarnoolThe production of maize has decreased in Davanagere and Haveri district was noted in study period. Sugana and Riddi-Siddi were the companies taking up contract farming in both the district. The average size of land holding of contract farmers was 10.95 acres. They employed about 53.36 mandays, of which 6.32 mandays of human labour for land preparation. Similarly non-contract farmers employed about 54.32 mandays of which 7.96 mandays of human labour for land preparation. About 53.36 mandays of human labour, 5.00 pair days of bullock labour were used for maize cultivation. Total cost of cultivation of maize in contract and non-contract farming was Rs. 24,698.29 and Rs. 20,975.78 per hectare respectively, under this FYM cost was major item which accounted for nearly Rs. 6750 in contract farming. This was due to companies insist more application of FYM than compost fertilizers in contract farming. Followed by threshing activities in both contract farming and non-contract farming. Per crop of maize in contract and non-contract farming on an average yields about 63.15 quintals and 52.90 quintals per hectare, respectively. The average gross return was Rs. 20,769.71 and 14,996.22 per hectare per crop in contract farming and non-contract farming respectively. This worked out to be Rs. 1.84 and 1.71 return to every rupee invested in contract and non-contract farming. Factors responsible for success of contract farming according to farmers were assured market, higher returns, advance payment, transportation, input supply and irrigation availability. The problems were improper drying of the produce by farmers mainly to get more weight of the produce, selection of loyal farmers to have frequent contract with whom he has entered into agreement.ThesisItem Open Access Supply chain managemnet in vegetable marketing : a comparative analysis(UAS, Dharwad, 2008) K.Shilpa; Basavaraj.BanakarSupply chain management is more important in the sector of agribusiness because most of the agricultural products are perishable and have a very short shelf life. Bangalore city was selected as the study area because of different formats practicing supply chain. Mainly three models of supply chain techniques were selected, they were traditional, cooperative and modern supply chain. A total of 45 farmers, 4 intermediaries, 15 retail formats and 60 consumers were selected in aggregate from all the supply chain format models. For the homogeneity of the products in which these formats dealing 4 vegetables namely, tomato, cabbage, carrot and capsicum were selected because there were commonly delt in large quantities in all the selected models of supply chain. Among the sample farmers highest marketing cost was incurred by farmers in traditional format of the supply chain i.e., Rs. 1.6 per kg as compared to cooperative and modern supply chain i.e., Rs. 0.83 per kg and Rs. 0.46 per kg respectively. The intermediaries were involved only in the traditional supply chain. Among the retail formats, the cost incurred per kg of vegetables by traditional, cooperative and modern supply chain was found out to be Rs. 1.63, Rs. 1.01 and Rs. 0.80, respectively. But, the net return for one kg of vegetables was highest for cooperative retail format i.e., 1.90 followed by modern and traditional retail format Rs. 0.79 and Rs. 0.63 respectively. The index of marketing efficiency was found out to be 1.97, 2.10 and 4.32 for traditional, cooperative and modern supply chain respectively. Hence, modern supply chain was found out to be more efficient than cooperative and modern supply chain. With highest marketing cost incurred by farmers in traditional supply chain as compared to cooperative and modern supply chain. At the same time modern and cooperative supply chain is having the smallest price spread of Rs. 4.10 per kg and Rs. 4.10 per kg respectively. Hence these are found out to be efficient when compared to that of traditional supply chain which is having highest price spread i.e., Rs. 8.31 per kg. Hence it is advisable to the farmers to sell their produce through modern supply chain and cooperative supply chain.