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ThesisItem Open Access Mechanical and thermal characterization of electronic waste modified epoxy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Sagar, Amar; Sah, P.L.In the present thesis work experimental investigation to study mechanical and thermal properties of electronic waste modified epoxy has been done. The composite consisting of electronic waste particle reinforced in epoxy was fabricated using hand lay-up technique. Electronic waste plastic powder from television and keyboard cabinet was used as filler with epoxy matrix. The filler was transformed to micro size particles from grinder using grinding operation. Two million tons of electronic wastes are produced in India annually, thus posing an environmental challenge. Therefore, we have tried to utilize this electronic waste in the field of material science. This work reveals the systematic methodology of fabrication and evaluation of diverse properties of the epoxy based electronic waste reinforced composites. After applying the curing process, epoxy resin – electronic waste composites, with varying electronic waste weight percentages (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%) were put to investigation. On the basis of mechanical testing results properties like tensile strength, Compressive strength, impact strength and hardness improved. The cured epoxy composite with 5 weight % electronic waste content was confirmed to be the best of all compositions under this scrutiny which was authenticated by the micro-structural and mechanical tests. Thermal testing showed insignificant changes in degradation temperature with 5% weight of filler being slightly stable. It is concluded that optimum results were found at a particular percentage of 5%. Thus properties have significantly improved for the developed composite as compared to pristine epoxy.ThesisItem Open Access Image classification using convolutional neural network with tensorflow(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Gangwar, Krishanveer; Negi, C.S.The present work proposes a methodology for classifying images of cats and dogs accurately, using Convolutional Neural Network and Back-Propagation. The image recognition market is estimated to expand from US$15.95 Billion in 2016 to US$38.92 Billion by 2021, at the CAGR of 19.5% between 2016 and 2021. Facebook is the largest image sharing site on Internet. Images represent the largest source of data usage on Facebook. On an average, more than 300 million images are uploaded to its site daily. The present work is aimed to develop a model for classification of cats and dogs. The work initiate with image acquisition. Then, applying image pre-processing to bring all the images in required shape and format. Proposed work is divided into two parts features learning and classification. Feature learning is done through convolutional layer and pooling layers and classification is done by Fully connected layers. The training dataset contains 12108 images. Python 3.6 is used for the programming and system is tested for 1920 images and gained the accuracy of 85.36%. The system is also validated using holdout validation techniques.ThesisItem Open Access Adaptive MIMO-OFDM to evaluate the performance of wireless multimedia sensor network(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Rawat, Gaurav; Mishra, P.K.Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) are designed to transmit audio and video streams, still images and scalar data. Multimedia transmission over wireless sensor network has many killer applications like video surveillance system, object tracking, telemedicine, theft control system and traffic monitoring. Researchers are facing many challenges such as higher data rate, lower energy consumption, reliability, signal detection and estimation, uncertainty in network topology, Quality of Service and security and privacy-related issues to accomplish various applications of WMSN. Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is proposed for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks to improve system performance in terms of data rate and energy consumption. Efficient wireless multimedia sensor network is designed using adaptive MIMO-OFDM and compressive sensing algorithm. QoS depends on image size, the sparsity of the information and number of measurements. In MIMO-OFDM, higher order modulation techniques improve data rate but in worst channel condition it increases the error rate. There is a trade-off between data rate and error rate. An adaptive MIMO-OFDM is developed to balance data rate and error rate. Modulation scheme get selected automatically according to channel environment that helps to improve data rate with good QoS.ThesisItem Open Access Simulation of thermal regenerator: a wavelet based approach(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Gaurav Kumar; Murthy, D. S.Thermal regenerators are the heat exchanger devices used for transferring heat from hot fluid to cold fluid via porous matrix of solid material. In present work, parabolic partial differential equations (PPDEs) demonstrating the heat transfer phenomena in the fixed bed regenerators are solved by using finite difference method (FDM) and the method is improved by introducing the wavelets in it. These PPDEs represents the temperature fronts moving along the bed length with time. In FDM, the discretization process by taking dense grids along the whole bed length for all time levels increases the computational complexity of the method. This shows the requirement of optimization of the grid pattern without compromising the accuracy of the solution. The optimization of grid pattern is achieved by analyzing the temperature profile in different resolution level by using wavelet transformation. Wavelets are the mathematical functions representing the small wave like structures, which can be translated and dilated according to need. Introducing wavelets in the method develops adaptive grid scheme to get the required accuracy and computational efficiency. The grids are re-arranged after a predefined number of time steps. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparing the obtained temperature profiles with the previous experimental results of Chou et al. 2000. The computational time and grid pattern for the different Daubechies wavelets i.e. db1, db2, db3 and db4 is compared. The method is found to be accurate and also achieved reduction in computational time.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of Satellite Images using Support Vector Machine (SVM)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Arya, Diksha; Singh, RajeshSatellite captured images are eyes in the sky that contain information from around the globe. The information derived from the Satellite Images is helpful in Remote Sensing Applications, Research and Analysis, Organizations or Government bodies in monitoring space, Civil defence operations, etc. Satellites captures huge collection of images at a regular interval of time and analyzing those images manually is very difficult and time consuming. Therefore, an ideal picture classifier system is required to be located that intend to classify the images captured from the satellites so that the images of interest can be easily retrieved. Thus, in our research we aimed to propose a Satellite Image Classification system that can automatically classify the category of physical scene present in an image. For achieving our objective we have utilized Support Vector Machine (SVM), a supervised machine learning algorithm for performing classification; two widely used techniques for extracting Features which are Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Gabor Filter; and Fuzzy C Means for Image Segmentation. We have performed Satellite Image Classification for five physical categories namely Desert, Mountain, Residential, River and Forest. We measured our classification system accuracy using confusion metrics and calculated the precision, sensitivity, specificity and F1 Score. Our classification system achieved overall accuracy of 91.66%.ThesisItem Open Access Design of high speed and low power clock controlled flip-flop in 90 nm CMOS technology(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Joshi, Vijay; Tomar, AbhishekIncreasing processor speed demands peripheral devices of high speed and low power consumption. Power consumption can be reduced by decreasing capacitance of the circuit. Proposed clock blocked flip-flop (CBFF) design uses only 11 transistors and blocks data path after a fixed time. This time can be controlled by delay of inverter used. As data path is open only for small time, power dissipation decreases. Proposed CBFF can be used for large serial data as data loading is limited to two transistors in the design. Low clock load is achieved as only two clocked transistors are used. As there is no need of refreshing circuit when data is changed, PDP is improved. Proposed flip-flop only uses static ratio insensitive differential latch (SRIS), thus achieving complementary output nodes with reduced loading. Cadence Virtuoso tool is used for simulations. In comparison to sense amplifier based flip-flop (SAFF), modified SAFF, Strollo’s flip-flop and self-blocking flip-flop (SBFF), speed and PDP is improved by more than 20 and 15% respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Numerical formulation and parametric investigations of the square and rectangular CFST columns subjected to axial loading(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Varsha; Katariya, S.K.Nowadays, distinctive compound material has been broadly used in concrete column so that better proficiency of the column system is achieved. Among all of them, concrete-filled steel tubular column system (CFST) proved to be the most effective compound column from which maximum building structures are constructed, particularly the high-rise buildings, since it get the benefits of both concrete infill and steel tube resulting in good performance, reduced area and design utility. In this study, equations are proposed to compute the load carrying capacity of square and rectangular CFST column and to predict the post-peak behaviour. In the formulation of the equation for concrete stress two parameters are considered: force ratio (Fr) and B/D ratio. Here, medium strength of concrete infill has been considered and the force ratio remains within the range of 0.23 to 0.81. The curves generated from the proposed equations have been verified using the experimental curves taken from the papers of previous researchers. The parametric investigations are also carried out to study the influence of the various factors on the behaviour of CFST columns, namely (i) compressive strength of the concrete, (ii) yield strength of the steel tube and (iii) total cross-sectional size. In this study, a comparison is also done between the experimental ultimate load value and the ultimate load value calculated using the proposed equations for different square and rectangular CFST specimens.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation and remedial measures for few landslides in Kumaun region, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Malviya, Piyush Kumar; Ajit KumarImprovement in soil strength and slope stability has always been an area of concern to geotechnical engineers. In hilly terrain of India (Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and north eastern part of country) landslides (mudflow, debris flows, rock fall) has become serious concern now days. It occurs often and cause severe human loss, damage to infrastructure like roads, electric and communication lines, serious damages to flora and fauna, overall a huge economical loss of nation and hampering development in hilly terrain. Hence arises need to analyses such slopes in hilly terrain and suggest quick, economical and engineered remedial measure for protection of slopes in such terrain. Now day’s numerical simulation has made the things easier same is the case with numerical modelling of slope stability analysis. Hence study in this thesis covers numerical analysis of few natural slopes in Kumaun region which underwent major failure and certain engineered and economical remedial measure has been suggested to overcome future failure of slope and sinking zone in such areas. Not only this few previous case study regarding soil slope failure in India has been studied. Study is being carried out in three phases, firstly soil samples is being carried out from sites and reason for slope failure is determined (Geological and Meteorological), secondly geotechnical properties of soil samples is being determined in laboratory, lastly analysis is being done conventionally and numerically, hence economical and engineered remedial measures has been suggested to prevent future slope failure in these region.ThesisItem Open Access Frequency notched UWB antenna with switch shaped CSRR and modified line feed(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Goswami, Pankhudi; ParasElectromagnetic Metamaterial Antennas offer Ultra wide band, reduced size because of the EM properties offered by metamaterial. The unique property of metamaterial is due to the negative ԑ & μ parameters and negative refractive media in operating frequency band. The interference offered in UWB Antennas, is due to the pre existing bands which is the major area of concern. To minimize the effect of interference, band notched characteristics are used. The proposed antennas namely Antenna I & II, have been designed by using Transmission line model equations. Antennas of substrate size of 40mmx40mm, having resonant frequency at 3 GHz and on the 1.58 mm height of substrate. The substrate material used is FR4 having permittivity of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. The circular patch having optimized radius of 13.57 mm is used. The proposed antenna I has a combination of conducting wire and switch shaped CSRR structure at ground plane to obtain metamaterial characteristics. The wire structure has been used to achieve the negative permittivity and switch shaped ring resonator to achieve the negative permeability and hence in the desired frequency band, resonance is achieved with the help of combined structure. The UWB is obtained by taper feedline and with the increased bandwidth range (2.7-20 GHz), interference increases. Therefore, Antenna II is proposed with circular slots on the patch by which the band reject characteristic has been achieved. Antenna II rejects WIMAX band range. Measured results show that there is Ultra Wideband ranging from 2.7- 20 GHz with bandwidth of 17.3 GHz. The simulated peak gain of near 9.3 dB has been obtained. There is a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The proposed antenna has reduced size, having ultra wideband as compared to previously fabricated antennas. The proposed antenna has application in wireless applications