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ThesisItem Open Access Process standardization for Sous-Vide cooking of microwave pretreated broccoli (Brassica oleracea)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-10) Rawat, Rashmi; Lohani, U.C.ThesisItem Open Access Interaction of milling parameters with the quality of wheat flour using stone grinder(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-10) Pandey, Suman; Omre, P.K.Wheat is among the most important food crop and an affluent source of carbohydrates and contains valuable components such as protein, fat, minerals and vitamins. But during wheat processing, components like vitamins and minerals are lost. The major reason is the removal of bran and wheat processing parameters like speed and clearance between the grinding stones which affects the components of wheat. These are destroyed by the heat produced due to frictional forces between the grinding stone. The effect of the frictional force can be reduced by performing the milling operation at comparatively lower speed. Therefore, research was undertaken to study the effect of these process parameters i.e., grinding speed, feed rate and clearance and subsequently optimize the parameters on the basis of flour recovery and quality attributes. Experiments were conducted using general factorial design with three independent variables at three levels. Variables selected for the experiment were speed (100, 350 and 600 rpm), feed rate (6, 8 and 10 kg/h) and clearance (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mm). Responses selected were flour yield (g/100g), machine yield (g/100g), average particle size (mm), protein (g/100g), fat (g/100g), moisture loss (%), ash (g/100g), calcium (mg/100g) and iron (mg/100g). The data from the experiments were analyzed using Design Expert 10.0.1 and the response function were developed using multiple regression analysis and second order model was fitted for each response. It was found that speed, feed rate and clearance had highly significant effect on flour yield, fat, moisture, iron, calcium, ash and average particle size whereas the protein was affected only by speed. The results obtained were optimized using general factorial methodology. Optimum levels of variables were grinding speed 100.001 rpm, feed rate 6 kg/h and clearance between the stones 0.23 mm and with responses value 93.6 g/100g machine yield, 83.2 g/100g flour yield, 12.9 g/100g protein, 1.21 g/100g ash, 16.2 % moisture loss, 2.67 g/100g fat, 23.9 mg/100g calcium, 3.80 mg/100g iron and 0.29 mm average particle size. It was found that traditionally milled flour has 9.4 g/100g protein which is comparatively less than the protein value obtained at 100 rpm grinding speed. Also decreased ash content was obtained i.e. 1.21 g/100 g in comparison to the traditionally milled flour. Overall, better flour quality was obtained when wheat was ground at 100 rpm grinding speed with 6 kg/h feed rate and 0.23 mm clearance.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of land and water resources in Nanakmatta Canal Command of Uttarakhand using fuzzy linear programming approach(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-08) Viveka Nand; Vinod KumarIn India, total irrigated area is only one-third of total cropping area but produces about two-third of total agricultural production. In order to fulfil the future demand, it is necessary to increase the total irrigated area and also to increase the efficiency of irrigation systems.Performance evaluations of canal irrigation system are being carried out for different purposes to to assess the general health of the system and to improve system operation. Fuzzy Optimization techniques provide a powerful tool for analysis of problems that are formulated with multiple objectives. The Tarai region of the Uttarakhand state of India is endowed with plenty of water resources and large flat agricultural land and therefore, the optimal planning for land and water resources is necessary to check the misuse. Keeping above fact in view, the present study was taken up for Nanakmatta canal system of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand to study the existing cropping pattern and status of water resources in the command area,to study the existing performance of Nanakmatta canal system and to develop a multi-objective optimization model for optimal utilization of land and water resources in the canal command. The existing performance of the Nanakmatta canal system was evaluated in terms of the parameters namely adequacy, dependability, equity and efficiency. Based on the various performance indicators/parameters, estimated for Nanakmatta canal system, the adequacy and the efficiency of the Nanakmatta canal system was judged as poor whereas the overall equity of the system was judged as fair. The dependability i.e., reliability and timeliness of water supply in the canal system, was found good for all zones of the delivery system. The multi-objective fuzzy linear programming was used to optimize two objective functions namely the maximization of net return from the command and maximization of total cropped area. The fuzzified optimal plan, under normal rainfall conditions, resulted in annual return of Rs. 84.615 Million against net sown area of 1856.40 ha for optimized value λ=0.5855. A total of 101523.10 ha-cm of canal flow remained unutilized however the ground water was completely utilized with maximum use during month of October. The fuzzified optimal plan, under 50 percent probability rainfall, resulted in annual return of Rs. 75.981 million against net sown area of 1627.90 ha at optimized value of λ=0.5525. About 25 percent more canal water was consumed to cater the irrigation water demand as compared to that under normal rainfall conditions.More area could be brought under sowing through rescheduling of the canal water flows during higher water demanding months. This will not only increase the net return but also increase the net sown area in the command and reduced burden over the ground water draft.ThesisItem Open Access Dry cleaning management system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Kushwaha, Rahul; Singh, Rajesh ShyamDry Cleaning Management System provides any dry cleaning & laundry business with the tools and the capability to digitize their business operations in such a way that they can better serve their customers more efficiently and effectively, at the same time giving the business owner an accurate record of their business transactions. Without accurate, complete and timely information of management accounts, sound and accurate business decisions cannot be made. This Software will be helpful in the smooth functioning of the organization due to integration of various functions. This system offers user to enter the data through simple & interactive forms. There are checks in every stage of any new creation, data entry or updating so that the user cannot enter the invalid data, that can cause problems at a later date. Decision making process would be greatly enhanced because of faster processing of information since data collection from information available on computer takes much less time than manual system. . This system will be able to generate bills as per user requirement in user friendly manner. Data storage and Retrieval will become faster and easier to maintain because data is stored in a systematic manner and in a single database.ThesisItem Open Access Online course portel(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Agrawal, Priyank; Srivastava, AjayOnline Course Portel” is a web application. This project aims at creating a Course portel for a campus. This allows registered users of the system to join a course available in the site and access the materials published for the course. People can register themselves as students of a course or faculty for a course. Student can read the available material related to his course. After completion the course he will give exam. There is a link available in student section from where they can give feedback. It has an announcement section which contains the latest announcements which are done by administrator. And administrator can introduce a new course in the portel. And also a course content section which gives the links for the material available for the course .The administrator will be maintaining some FAQ’s. For faculty members also will be having a separate link for uploading the course content which is approve by administrator. Faculty member prepare the exam for the students. There will be a mechanism to create a test for the course specifying the test title and a set of multiple-choice questions and duration of time for the test. This project also contains leave management mechanism using online approval of leave for faculty.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on microwave assisted high velocity hot air drying characteristics of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Poornima, S.; Pandey, R.K.Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrytis) is one of the important cole crop in India, especially in northern states. The high post harvest losses and huge availability during glut demands the cauliflower to preserve so that their useful characteristics can be reaped during unavailability. Among all food preservation methods, dehydration is a easiest and classical method of food preservation. The cauliflower were dehydrated in microwave assisted high velocity hot air drier at five microwave power input of 3, 3.50, 4, 4.50 and 5 min. with five temperatures of 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70o C and five air flow velocities of 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 and 7.5 m/s. Dehydrated cauliflower were analyzed for rehydration ratio, vitamin C and browning. In order to select a suitable drying model for prediction of the drying kinetics of dehydrated cauliflower, three thin-layer drying models were fitted to the experimental data. Logarithmic model was found best to describe the drying behaviour of cauliflower with highest R2 of 0.9994 and least SEE of 0.0142. Statistical analysis indicated that the drying time was dependent on microwave time, drying temperature and velocity. The total time consumed to dehydrate the cauliflower samples to safe moisture level was 55 to 148 min. The optimum value of microwave time, drying temperature and air velocity for overall drying time of cauliflower were obtained as 4 min., 60o C and 4±1 m/s respectively. Furthermore, the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for predicting the drying time was investigated with 8 neurons in single hidden layer. The results revealed that a network with the log sigm function and back propagation algorithm provided better accuracy in the estimation of overall drying time.ThesisItem Open Access Online Tour Management System(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Shukla, Nivedita; Tomar, AbhishekOnline Tour Management System is the tour/tour management system which gives all the required facilities, like hotel facility, traveling facility and the all planning of tour/tour according to duration, to their customers when they are ready to plan for any tour or tour. By using this portal the user can book domestic tour packages and international tour packages. Tour Management System specializes in offbeat tours for people from all walks of life and offers flawless customized itineraries to explore “domestic tour” and “international tour”. Tour Management System is capable of providing you all the facilities at a low price. Here customer can mention their budget. Tour Management System provides reservation facility to their customers for different types of tour packages like Weekend Getaways , corporate tour, luxury train, family packages, Budget packages, bus packages, popular tours, adventure & Wildlife packages, Honeymoon packages, Hill station packages, Islands & beaches, pilgrimage packages. Customer can book the packages according to need. If customer wants to cancel their reservation he can cancel it through cancellation form provide in this project. Not only reservation but status and timings are also provided here to the customers.ThesisItem Open Access Design of second order sigma delta modulator using preamplifier latch based comparator in 180 nm CMOS technology(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Farswan, Manoj Singh; Tomar, AbhishekSigma Delta Modulator (SDM) is achieving attention due to its low cost, high resolution, high signal to noise ratio etc in analog to digital converter. In SDM, the oversampling frequency is used to achieve high resolution. Also, noise shaping is inherently done to reduce noise power. The noise power in the design of SDM can be further reduced by increasing the order of the SDM. In this thesis, a second order continuous time, upto 50 kHz, SDM is designed with 1.8 V supply voltage in 180nm CMOS technology. The blocks used in SDM like integrator, subtractor and gain stages are implemented using Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) which is designed in cascade topology with miller capacitance techniques to optimize the phase margin and gain. The designed Op-amp has gain of 59.302 dB, phase margin of 59.2° and Gain Bandwidth (GBW) of 114.6 MHz. Integrator has -20 dB/decade slope for 11.12 kHz to 10.62 MHz which decides the sampling frequency of 3.2MHz. The preamplifier based latch comparator is used as a final stage of SDM. The designed preamplifier has 18.167 dB gain and 779.77 MHz 3-dB frequency which amplify low amplitude signal. The designed comparator is able to differentiate the 50uV signal and the sampling frequency is 64 MHz. The simulation is done in Cadence Virtuoso tool.With an input signal of 50 kHz and 3.2MHz clock frequency, the SNDR is 59.2 dB and power dissipation is 8.7mW of the SDM.ThesisItem Open Access Experimental study of mechanical and thermal properties of Bhimal fiber reinforced epoxy bio-composite(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Upreti, Bikraj; Chaudhary, A.K.Bio-composites are putting forth a concentrated effort in almost every engineering field due to their cost viability and biodegradable nature. In a huge variety of natural fibers, bhimal fiber is a very promising fiber that still needs to be explored as an engineering material, because it has very rarely been used by researchers in their research work. Bhimal fiber is a cellulosic fiber extracted from the stems of bhimal tree. It has a great tensile strength and flexibility. In present work bhimal fiber reinforced epoxy bio-composite was successfully prepared by hand lay-up casting technique in order to examine its mechanical and thermal properties for varying content of bhimal fiber ( i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 weight % ). Before the preparation of composite, the surface of bhimal fiber was treated with potassium hydroxide to improve its adhesion properties. From the experiments it was observed that while increasing the fiber content up to 5 wt%, the tensile, flexural and compressive strength continuously increased then started decreasing. Similarly hardness and impact strength were also observed to be increasing up to a peak value at 4 wt% of bhimal fiber. All these results were supported by the SEM, TGA and DTA results. From the observations, it has been concluded that the bhimal fibers are lighter in weight than all existing fibers and strength to weight ratio of the bhimal fiber reinforced epoxy bio-composite is quite higher than the other conventionally used natural fiber based composites. Hence these can be used as reinforcement to produce much lighter weight bio-composites.