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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on mineral profile in feeds, soil and animals in Haridwar district of Uttaranchal(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-01) Tiwary, Manoj Kumar; Tiwari, D.P.A survey was conducted in four villages, two each from Roorkee and Laksar Tehsils, of Haridwar district of Uttaranchal in order to find out the existing livestock practices, macro and micro nutrients profile in soil, feeds and fodder and animals and also to establish the correlations among soil, plant and animals. Fifteen farmers under three major categories on land holding basis i.e. landless (0 acre), small (2-5 acres) and large (>5 acres) from each village were selected, from where the above informations and samples of soil, feeds, fodder and blood of animals of different physiological status were collected. The collected feed, soil, water and blood samples were subjected for macro and micro nutrient analysis. The CP (23.41 %) and total ash (16.91 %) content were highest in cowpea green whereas, lowest in wheat straw (3.33 % and 7.70 %), in Roorkee Tehsil. While in concentrate, CP content was highest in soybean cake. Animals of the target area showed negative balances in DM, CP and ME intakes. Aneostrus problems were higher in the villages of Roorkee Tehsil as compared to Laksar Tehsil whereas, incidence of repeat breeding in cattle and buffaloes were higher in villages of Laksar Tehsil than Roorkee Tehsil. Only soil of Roorkee Tehsil was found deficient in calcium while rest minerals were found above their respective critical levels. In concentrate ingredients, all minerals except copper such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, cobalt, manganese and selenium were above their respective critical levels with corresponding values as 0.38 ± 0.01, 0.36 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.01 per cent, 53.77 ± 1.78, 279.95 ± 6.96, 0.31 ± 0.04, 65.93 ± 4.34 and 0.15 ± 0.02 ppm, respectively, whereas, copper was found 7.74 ± 0.51 ppm, below its critical level. Likewise, in roughage, minerals such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, cobalt, manganese and selenium were above the critical levels with corresponding values as 0.36 ± 0.03, 0.10 ± 0.01 per cent, 53.50 ± 6.47, 297.78 ± 21.73, 0.49 ± 0.12, 47.01 ± 8.01 and 0.18 ± 0.02 ppm, respectively, whereas, phosphorus and copper were 0.20 ± 0.03 per cent and 5.06 ± 0.75 ppm, respectively, below their respective critical level. The blood serum mineral concentration except for copper and phosphorus i.e. calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and manganese (10.43 ± 0.22 mg/dl, 1.65 ± 0.14 mg/dl, 1.54 ± 0.11 ppm, 1.97 ± 0.19 ppm and 0.54 ± 0.02 ppm) were found to be above their respective critical levels and were not deficient. The serum phosphorus (3.79 ± 0.21 mg/dl) and copper (0.46 ± 0.07 ppm) were deficient with their values falling below their respective critical levels. Soil-plant-animal correlations for different minerals did not show clear cut picture regarding their accumulation in plants and utilization by the animals. Research findings revealed for the supplementation of phosphorus, copper as well as magnesium in the selected areas of Haridwar.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of micronutrients on yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-05) Joshi, Meenakshi; Singh, C.P.The investigation was carried out at HRC, Patharchatta, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttaranchal) during 2004-2005. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design having 27 treatment combinations with three replications and one tree per replication per treatment was under taken study in 26 year old orchard of mango cv. Dashehari. The treatment consisted of Zn @ 200 & 250 gm/tree, Cu @ 100 & 150 gm/tree and B @ 200 & 250 g/tree alone and in combinations through basal application in the month of December, 2004. The data on assessment of effect of these micronutrients on yield and quality parameters such as date of flowering, flowering percentage, yield and chemical quality characters were recorded. Application of Zn, B and Cu @ 200, 250 and 100 gm per tree were found to increase the fruit set and thereby yield and same combination was found to increase total soluble solids and other quality characters. The result show that application of Zn, B and Cu @ 200, 250 and 100 gm per tree were found most effective to increase fruit yield and quality significant.ThesisItem Open Access GIUH models based on uniform and non uniform stream flow velocities(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-07) Behera, Ramakanta; Akhilesh KumarThe present study was carried out with the objective to develop mathematical models for Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph by considering uniform stream flow velocity as well spatial distributed (non uniform) stream flow velocity along the stream network. In this approach, a unifying synthesis of the hydrological response of a catchment to surface runoff is attempted by deriving equations of general characteristics which express IUH as a function of Horton‟s numbers i.e. area ratio (RA), bifurcation ratio (RB) length ratio (RL), an internal scale parameter (LW) denoting the length of the highest order stream; and the peak velocity of the stream flow (v). In the present study, these geomorphologic properties of the watershed were determined by using Horton‟s stream order laws. GIUH model formulation was attempted considering the uniform and non uniform stream flow velocities in the watershed network. In case of uniform flow velocity, the stream flow is assumed to be constant throughout the watershed network and the flow velocity was determined from the geomorphological quantities of the network and the intensity of the effective rainfall, while in case of variable velocity model the flow velocity was considered to vary according to the slope pattern of the network of various order of streams. The conceived models were developed by using the geomorphological and hydrological data of a small hilly watershed known as “Arki watershed” comprising an area of 2460 ha in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh (India). The performance of both the models viz., GIUH with uniform and non uniform flow velocities has been evaluated for the study area considering sixteen storm events by employing various statistical error indices. Based on qualitative and quantitative comparison it was observed that both the GIUH models based on uniform and non uniform flow velocities are applicable for the study area. However, on the basis of the calculated values of statistical indices it was found that the GIUH-UV model performed better in comparison to the GIUH-VV model except in the computation of peak rate of runoff where the GIUH-VV was found to be better performing than GIUH-UV model.ThesisItem Open Access Biostabilization potentiality and biophysical characterization of cadmium resistant fluorescent pseudomonads and their monitoring(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Sarkar, Subhabrata; Rajesh KumarConcentration of cadmium, a non- essential toxic heavy metal has increased in soil in last few year posing a serious threat to environment and human health worldwide. Biostabilization using fluorescent Pseudomonads which are known plant growth promontory rhizobacteria (PGPR) has proved to be the best alternative for remediation of cadmium contaminated soils (Arya and Tewari, 2005). Cadmium resistant fluorescent Pseudomonas strains KNP9 and Z9, collected from departmental gene pool were characterized in vitro for morphological, biochemical, PGPR and biophysical properties. Biophysical properties like electrical conductance, spectrophotometry, and micrometry were performed in the presence of four different salts of cadmium(chloride, carbonate, acetate and sulphate) to study the behavior and growth pattern of the two test strains. Same strains were tested under in situ (Pot culture) studies for biostabilization potential with Indian mustard (Brassicae compestris, a well known phytoremediator ) in presence of all four salts of cadmium and to confirm biophysical behavior of the test strains. Both the strains were able to tolerate a fairly good amount (upto 1000 ppm) of different cadmium salts (carbonate, acetate and sulphate) except for chloride and possessed all major plant growth promontory properties like siderophore, Indole Acetic Acid, phosphorous solubilization and ACC Deaminase activity. Biophysical characteristics indicated more resistance of the test strains towards acetate, carbonate and sulphate salts and less for chloride. Same results were obtained under pot culture experiments also. Direct correlation was obtained between conductance-cell growth-micrometry. Results of in situ studies showed an improvement in plant health in terms of seedling survival, height, chlorophyll content and grain yield in presence of the test strains over control pots pointing towards use of crop for fodder purpose. Results also suggest that both the strains Z9 and KNP2 can be used as an efficient bioinoculant and as efficient biostabilizers of cadmium as revealed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). However performance of the strains varied with the type of salts i.e in presence of chloride, acetate and carbonate, strain Z9 performs better than KNP2, which in turn performs better in presence of sulphate. Similar results obtained in conductance studies hint towards use of these simple techniques for selecting strains for biostabilization (bioremediation) of cadmium affected sites depending upon the type of contaminants. Immunological techniques like slide agglutination, used in present study is economical, reliable and faster and can be used in monitoring the fate of introduced population in soilThesisItem Open Access Study of variability in tea [Camellia sinensis L. (o) kuntze](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-07) Biswas, Subhrajit; Roy, D.The field experiments were conducted on eight genotypes at Tea Research Station, Kausani, Uttaranchal to understand nature and magnitude of variation present among the tea germplasm and to characterize the different clones and select the promising ones. Data are recorded on thirteen characters viz. for each genotypes. Sufficient genetic variation is there for twelve characters except width of the 1st leaf of the shoot. number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, surface area of bush, length of mature leaf, width of mature leaf, Leaf Area Index (LAI), weight of the shoot, weight of the bud, length of the shoot, length of the 1st leaf of the shoot, width of the 1st leaf of the shoot, 100 seed weight, number of plucking points. Number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, surface area of bush, weight of bud showed high phenotypic coefficient of variation. Number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, surface area of bush, weight of the bud, width of the 1st leaf of the shoot and number of plucking points showed high genotypic coefficient of variation. Number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, surface area of bush, length of mature leaf, width of mature leaf, weight of the shoot, length of the shoot, length of the 1st leaf of the shoot, 100 seed weight and number of plucking showed high heritability. Number of secondary branches and width of the 1st leaf of the shoot showed high genetic advance. Correlation coefficients at the phenotypic level reveals that eight pairs of traits showed high, positive and significant phenotypic coefficient of correlation. Among these three traits showed high, positive and significant phenotypic coefficient of correlation with the character number of plucking points. Path analysis revealed that number of secondary branches to be the direct contributors towards number of plucking points. Number of primary branches and surface area of bush also contributed indirectly towards number of plucking points. So number of plucking points can be increased by increasing secondary branches, surface area of bush and primary branches.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of various provenances of jatropha intercropped with lentil (Lens esculenta Moench.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-08) Amit Kumar; Rajput, P.R.An experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2005-2006 at Agroforestry Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to evaluate the various provenances of Jatropha intercropped with Lentil. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with 3 replications and consisting of 9 treatments including 8 different Jatropha provenances (Kaladungi, Halduchour, Gola, Kheda, Bailparao, Bilaspur, Pantnagar-1 and Pantnagar-2) intercropped with lentil along with control (lentil in open). Emergence per cent, plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of primary branches per plant, nodules number and biomass, yield and yield attributes (number of plants per 0.25 m2, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, number of grains per pod and grain weight per plant) were found higher in lentil in open system as compared to Jatropha based agroforestry system at all the growth stages. Lentil under Pantnagar-1 showed higher emergence per cent, number of primary branches per plant (at 90 DAS), nodule biomass (at 120 DAS) and all yield attributing characters. Significantly higher values of yield and yield attributes were recorded in open system as compared to under different Jatropha provenances. Higher value of biological yield and grain yield of lentil were obtained under Pantnagar-1. Higher value of number of seeds per plant, seed length, collar diameter, height and number of branches were recorded in Bailparao provenance whereas higher seed weight per plant was found in Gola provenance.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study and compatibility of neem seed kernel extract with synthetic and bio-pesticides, and its efficacy with different additives against major insect pests of soybean(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Pande, Rachna; Shri RamThe present investigation was carried out at CRC of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Distt. Udham Singh Nagar (Uttaranchal) to check the “Comparative effectiveness and compatibility of Neem Seed Kernel Extract with Synthetic and bio-pesticides and its efficacy with different additives against major insect pest of soybean.” Soybean is an important legume providing 43 per cent protein and 20 per cent oil. It is attacked by 273 insect pests, hampering the crop production. Thus it is necessary to control them. Result showed that NSKE 5 per cent with additives, synthetic and bio-pesticides proved to be some what effective in controlling leaf defoliators and also having impact to reduce adults while fly population and per cent plant infestation by stem fly and girdle beetle. The yield was higher in all the treatments than control so it can be concluded that all the treatments have some yield promoting capacity too. Neem seed Kernel Extract 5 per cent have showed better result when was used in combination with Dipel, triazophos and adjuvants like teepol, velvet and sandovit than alone. NSKE 5 per cent with Dipel effectively controlled the larvae of Spilarctia obliqua, and with triazophos reduced the population of Spodoptera litura, Thysanoplusia orichalcea and stem fly infestation. NSKE 5 per cent with teepol & velvet the population of Thysanoplusia orichalcea and girdle beetle infestation, respectively. Thus, looking into the over all picture of the present investigation and need of the time, it can be concluded that NSKE 5% fortified with sandovit, NSKE 5% mixed with Dipel and also the NSKE 5% itself can become a important eco-friendly components of the integrated pest management module for insect pests associated to soybean crop.ThesisItem Open Access A study of rural knowledge centres in Nainital district of Uttaranchal(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-05) Barala, Purushotam; Kameswari, V.L.V.The traditional system of information dissemination will not be able to meet to the needs of a diversified Indian agriculture. Access to relevant information and knowledge is crucial for empowerment and development of agriculture sector. Therefore, there is an urgent need to ensure access to ICT in rural areas and to disadvantage communities to disseminate simple, practical knowledge through Rural Knowledge Centers (RKCs). Keeping this in view, the present research investigation was carried as an exploratory study on RKCs in Nainital district of Uttaranchal. A pre-tested interview schedule was administrated for two types of respondents i.e. farmers and general users who used the services of RKCs. Data were collected from 152 respondents of 7 RKCs. Besides this, information was also gathered through content analysis of the portal, observations and checklist for assessing the infrastructure facilities The findings of the study revealed that RKCs provides two type of information i.e. static and dynamic. The respondent who used the services of RKCs had an average age of 31 years, educational up to intermediate level and most of the users were students. Majority of the farmers revealed that services of RKCs are expensive but easily accessible, more reliable and credible then traditional agriculture extension services. Farmers rated RKCs ―moderate‖ in terms of convenience and comprehension of services of RKCs, and they had negative perception about the immediacy of feedback, diffusion of innovation and extent of knowledge gain towards RKCs.ThesisItem Open Access Modelling of finger millet grinding processes in a hammer mill(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-05) Mitra, Jayeeta; Sah, P.C.Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is one of the commonly used millet among the poor people of Uttaranchal due to its cheaoer availability and nutritional value. Grinding is the most important operationfor finger millet (ragi) since ragi mostly used in ground form as composite flour for bread, biscuit weaning food or for making chapati, porridge etc. This study envisaged analysis of grinding behaviour of finger millet in batch, semi-continuous and continuous system in affixed blade type hammer mill under different operational conditions. In case of batch grinding, the effect of grinding speed, batch size (100g and 200g) and time of grinding on power and energy consumption and particle distribution were observed. The speed of operation ranged from 600 rpm to 1800 rpm and time of grinding was considered from 2.5 min to 25 min. size distribution was done by sieve analysis using 10 standard sieves (1.00mm to 0.045mm diameter). Semi-continuous grinding experiment were conducted to study the effect of speed (600 and 1500 rpm) and percentage filling of grinding chamber(10 to 50%) on grinding behaviour of the mill. In case of continuous grinding process the effect of mill speed, ranging from 1200 to 1800 rpm on the power and energy consumption and particle size distribution were measured taking a constant feed rate of 1 kg/hr. The sieve used for semi-continuous and continuous grinding experiment was having hole diameter of 0.50mm. Mathematical modelling of the grinding characteristics was done to predict the behaviour of mill under different operational conditions. Energy modelling were also attempted using three different energy laws namely Rittinger’s Law, Kick’s Law and Bond’s Law. Suitable average particle diameter was defined to be used in energy modelling as final ground particle dimension.