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ThesisItem Open Access Detection and quantification of chlorpyrifos and endosulphan residues in dead animal’s using high performance liquid chromatography(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-05) Tyagi, Amit; Dixit, V.P.In the present study, about 168 tissue samples were analyzed for the presence of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues and 74 for presence of monocrotophos using the standardized method. The residues were extracted by treating with acetonitirile followed by liquid-liquid partition with sodium sulfate solution (2.5%): dichloromethane. The extracts obtained after dehydration on sodium sulfate column were cleaned up by performing adsorption chromatography on alumina column. The detection and quantification of these residues was carried out with the help of High Performance Liquid Chromatography using Diode Array Detector. Five (7.14 %) out of 70 muscle, 2 (2.85 %) of 70 liver and none of 70 kidney tissues were detected positive for endosulfan α residues. Out of these none of the samples violated the prescribed limits given by CODEX. Only one (1.42 %) of muscle tissue sample out of 70 was detected positive for endosulfan β residues. Out of these also none of the samples violated the prescribed limits given by CODEX. Seven (10.00 %) of muscle tissue, 6 (8.57 %) of kidney and 2 (2.85 %) of liver were detected positive for endosulfan sulfate residues. Out of these total samples none of the samples violated the prescribed limits given by CODEX. Chlorpyrifos residues were detected in 5 (7.14 %) of 70 muscle samples, 4 (5.71 %) of 70 liver and none of kidney tissue was detected positive. None of these samples also violated the prescribed limits given by CODEX. All of the 121 samples analyzed for presence of monocrotophos were found negative.ThesisItem Open Access Detection and quantification of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues in buffalo meat, using high performance liquid chromatography(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-01) Pradeep Kumar; Singh, S.P.In the present study, methods for the extraction, cleanup, detection and quantification of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues from buffalo meat tissues (muscle and liver) were standardized. As many as 556 buffalo tissue (muscle and liver) samples collected from various locations of Uttaranchal and Bareilly of Uttar Pradesh were analyzed for the presence of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues. The endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues were extracted by treating with acetonitirile followed by liquid-liquid partition with sodium sulfate solution (2.5%):dichloromethane. The extracts obtained were cleaned up by performing adsorption chromatography on alumina column. The detection and quantification of these residues was carried out with the help of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Forty four (7.91%) out of 556(8.6% muscle and 7.08% liver) tissues were detected positive for endosulfan α residues. Out of these, 42 tissue samples (7.55% of the total samples) violated the prescribed limits given by CODEX. Twenty three (4.13%) of the total tissue samples (4.96% of 302 muscle and 3.14% of 254 liver) were detected positive for endosulfan β residues. Out of these, 21 tissue samples (3.77% of the total samples) were found to contain the residues above the MRL (CODEX). Fifty six (10.07%) of the total tissue samples (11.58% of 302 muscle and 8.26% of 254 liver) were detected positive for endosulfan sulfate residues. Out of these, 43 tissue samples (7.73% of the total samples) violated the limits prescribed by CODEX. The mean residual concentration estimated was 0.954960.04146, 2.930940.17633 and 0.574960.0464μg/g for endosulfan α, endosulfan β and endosulfan sulfate, respectively. Chlorpyrifos residues were detected in 41 (7.37%) of 556 tissue samples (5.96% of 302 muscle and 9.05% of liver) analyzed with the mean residual concentration of 0.28561000.02617μg/g. Of these 4 (0.71% of the total samples) tissue samples from Haldwani slaughter house violated the prescribed limits given by CODEX. However, 20 (3.59% of the total samples) tissue samples violated the Indian standard.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the pesticide (Chlorpyrifos and Endosulphan) residues in water, milk and feed/fodder using high performance liquid chromatography(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Karabasanavar, Nagappa; Singh, S.P.In the present study residual concentrations of chlorpyrifos and endosulphan residues in water (152), milk (170), feed (40) and fodder (25) samples collected from various locations of Tarai and Kumaon regions of Uttaranchal were determined. For extracting these residues from water C-18 cartridges were used, while liquid-liquid partition followed by alumina column chromatography was used for the clean up and the detection and quantification of these residues was undertaken with the help of HPLC using diode array detector. Chlorpyrifos residues were detected in 1.32 % of the samples with the mean residual concentration of 0.036 μg/ml, while 13.2 % samples showed the residues of total endosulphan with the mean residual concentration of 0.278, 0.212 and 0.276 μg/ml, respectively, for endosulphan α, endosulphan β and endosulphan sulphate; where, 1.32 % and 11.18 % samples violated the prescribed limit for chlorpyrifos and endosulphan, respectively. About 4.7 and 8.23 % of milk samples showed chlorpyrifos and total endosulphan residues, respectively, with the mean residual concentration of 0.092, 0.244, 0.566 and 0.265 μg/ml, respectively, for chlorpyrifos, endosulphan α, endosulphan β and endosulphan sulphate. Of the total 170 milk samples analyzed 8 (4.7 %) and 11 (6.47 %) samples respectively, were found to contain chlorpyrifos and endosulphan residues above the prescribed MRL. About 17.5 % of feed samples were positive for chlorpyrifos with mean residual concentration of 0.058 μg/g. On the other hand, 40 % samples were found positive for total endosulphan with the mean residual concentration of 0.402, 0.147 and 0.373 μg/g, respectively, for endosulphan α, endosulphan β and endosulphan sulphate; where in about 22.5 % samples contained residues above the prescribed limit. Out of 25 fodder samples analyzed, chlorpyrifos residues were present in 4 % of samples with mean residual concentration of 0.390 μg/g, while endosulphan α and endosulphan sulphate were found in 44 % of samples with the mean residual concentration of 0.225 μg/g and 0.248μg/g, respectively. None of the samples, however, contained the residues above the prescribed limit.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the pesticide (chlorpyrifos and endosulphan) residues in fish using high performance liquid chromatography(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-04) Brajmadhuri; Dixit, V.P.In the present study, residual concentrations of chlorpyrifos and endosulphan in fish tissue samples (300) collected from various locations of Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital districts of Uttaranchal were determined. Liquid-liquid partitioning was employed for the extraction, followed by alumina column chromatography for the cleanup of these residues from fish. Detection and quantification of these residues was undertaken with the help of high performance liquid chromatography. Chlorpyrifos residues were detected in 7(2.34%) of the total 300 samples analyzed with mean residual concentration of 0.0508 μg/g, while 21(7%) samples showed the residues of total endosulphan with mean residual concentration of 0.3237, 0.1793 and 0.1846 μg/g, respectively, for endosulphan alpha, beta and sulphate. Of 300 samples analyzed, 0.33 and 5.33% samples violated the prescribed MRL for chlorpyrifos and endosulphan, respectively. The edible fish tissues were also subjected to heat treatment. Upon frying for 10 min. in oil and spices, chlorpyrifos was reduced from 20 μg/g to 8.98 μg/g indicating 55.11% reduction in the active ingredient. Significant reduction in the amount of active endosulphan was also noted after frying. Ten minutes frying in oil and spices resulted in the reduction of endosulphan alpha, beta and sulphate to the extent of 25.5%, 22.5% and 19%, respectively. Boiling also resulted in the significant reduction of the active ingredients. With respect to chlorpyrifos upon boiling for 10, 20 and 30 minutes there was reduction up to 24.83, 34.94 and 40.85%, respectively at 100 oC in water bath. At 10 minutes, up to 16.08, 18.2 and 10% reduction was recorded with respect to endosulphan alpha, beta and sulphate, respectively. While, at 20 min., 25.42, 43.5 and 20.55% reduction was found. However, at 30 minutes 31.14, 49.75 and 32.7% reduction was observed for endosulphan alpha, beta and sulphate, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of Ganges water from Gangotri (Uttarakhand) to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-05) Singh, Yogesh Pratap; Dixit, V.P.The present study was conducted to know the pollution load in Ganges water. A total of 108 water samples were collected from 27 different places between Gangotri (Uttarakhand) and Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh). Samples were analyzed for their different physico – chemical and microbiological characteristics. The whole study area was divided into three groups viz. A, B.and C. Group A included the places that exclusively come under hill areas from Gangotri to Tehri, Group B included 11 places, starting from Laxaman Jhula (Rishikesh) to Garh Mukteshwar. Places of group C included those places which were well known for their pollution load like Kanpur. During the present study it was observed that the level of pollution was maximum in places of group C. Places of group B were slightly less polluted and least pollution was observed in places of group A. Values of physico– chemical parameters were very high than the normal values in groups. Microbial counts were also on increased level which showed that proper water treatment should adopted before using the Ganges water as drinking purpose. Physico–chemical and microbial changes were less in places of group A but it was not as low as it can be used for drinking purpose according to the standard laid down by ICMR, ISO and WHO with regard to physico–chemical and microbiological characteristics. By preventing further increase in pollution level and establishing water treatment plants we can try to reduce the pollution level in Ganges water.