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Open Access
Epidemiology, clinico-pathological and therapeutic studies on canine babesiosis in tarai region of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Kunwar, Vidhi; Bhatt, Prakash
The present study was under taken in two heads viz. clinico-epidemiological study and therapeutic study for the epidemiological study data was collected from different veterinary hospitals in and around Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The overall prevalence of canine babesiosis was recorded as (23.63%) out of which 55.44% dogs were infested with ticks on hospital records. Canine babesiosis was more prevalent in Pantnagar area (28.82%) and least prevalent in Lalkuan region (18.87%). It was most prevalent in males (25.89%) as compared to female dogs (19.74%). The maximum prevalence was seen in German shepherd (29.03%) and minimum prevalence in bull mastiff (5.25%). Young dogs of 1 to 3 years of age were comparatively more affected as compared to adult dogs. The highest prevalence was found in the month of July (33.33%) whereas least was recorded in the month of December (8.04%). High rise of temperature, tick infestation, anorexia, dehydration, lethargy, etc. were the characteristic clinical signs recorded from dogs suffering with babesiosis. For therapeutic study 18 dogs positive for babesiosis were randomly divided into three equal (group I to III) and referred as infected groups. One group with six healthy animals was taken as control (group IV). Dogs of group I, II and III were administered Dimenazine aceturate, doxycycline + clindamycin and Imidocarb dipropionate respectively at prescribed doses along with symptomatic and supportive medication. Various hemato-biochemical parameters viz. Hb, TEC, PCV, platelet, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte count, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, Creatinine and total bilirubin were recorded at 0, 7, 28 day of study in infected groups. There was significant decrease in Hb, TEC ,PCV, platelet, neutrophils, total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose while significant increase in eosinophils, lymphocyte count, ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, Creatinine and total bilirubin in infected groups at different intervals. The study revealed that all the drugs under study could clear the babesia spp. infections from the affected dogs, however, based on the clinical improvement and lowered degree of parasitemia in diminazene aceturate was considered as the most efficacious drug against babesiosis followed by Imidocarb dipropionate and Doxycycline and clindamycin combination therapy.
Open Access
Studies on experimental pancreatitis in rat model with special reference to diagnosis and alternative therapy
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Singh, Jitendra Pratap; Mahesh Kumar
The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of rhizome of Curcuma longa and Moringa oleifera leaves on the acute pancreatitis induced by cerulean in SD rats. Rhizome of C. longa was purchased from the VRC, Pantnagar and leaves of M. oleifera collected from surrounding local area of Pantnager, processed by standard methods to prepare hydro-methanolic extract of powder of rhizome and leaves. Rhizome of C. longa yielded 10.74% extract while leaves of M. oleifera 15.16%. The result of the quantitative phyto-chemical analysis of extract of both plants revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides, reducing sugar, proteins and sterols. In proximate analysis, there was presence of 90.38% dry mater, 9.62% moisture content, 7.18% ash, 66.37% carbohydrate, 6.64% crude protein, 4.45% fat and 5.74% crude fiber in C. longa and 91.20% dry matter, 8.80% moisture content, 8.37% ash, 45.46% carbohydrate, 22.27% crude protein, 3.76% fat and 11.34% crude fiber in M. oleifera. Mineral estimation revealed presence of high levels of Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe and Zn in both powder and extracts. Acute pancreatitis was induced by using cerulein intraperitonealy @ 50 μg/kg b wt at hourly interval for 7 h in SD rats. Therapeutic effect of C. longa and M. oleifera was evaluated in acute pancreatitis by using @ 500 mg/kg b wt and 400 mg/kg b wt, respectively, in two separate groups in comparison of standard treatment protocol, normal control and cerulein control. The parameters evaluated included clinical observation, faecal changes, haematological, pancreatic enzymes, liver enzymes, kidney function tests, cardiac function, oxidative stress related parameters and serum calcium levels. Pancreatic and heart tissues were collected for the histopathology and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that hydro-methanolic extract of C. longa and M. oleifera were found effective in treatment of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rat model by bringing the haematological, biochemical parameters to almost normal levels. The alteration at histopathological levels was also reduced markedly in treatment groups than cerulein control group. Thus, it can be concluded from the present study that hydro-methanolic extract of C. longa and M. oleifera are able to manage the cases of acute pancreatitis.
Open Access
Prevalence of neonatal diseases of caprine with special reference to neonatal septicemia in Nainital and U.S Nagar districts of Kumaon region
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Bhujel, Suchitra; Singh, J.L.
The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of neonatal diseases of caprine and clinico-pathological and therapeutic studies of Neonatal Septicemia in Nainital and U.S Nagar districts of Kumaon region. The prevalence study revealed an overall prevalence of Neonatal diseases to be 47.52 % and overall mortality of 12.16 %. Maximum morbidity was due to Enteritis (43.89 %) followed by Pneumonia (22.04 %), Pneumo-enteritis (21.25%), Neonatal Septicemia (9.44 %), Miscellaneous condition (2.36 %) and Congenital defects (0.98%). With respect to season and sex, highest morbidity was seen in winter season (51.77 %) and in males (52.16 %). Mortality rate was also highest in winter season (56.15 %) and in male kids (54.61 %). Out of 120 blood samples cultured, 48 samples were positive for Septicemia, of which 41 were due to gram negative bacteria and 7 were due to gram positive bacteria. Kids infected with Neonatal Septicemia showed signs of depression, inappetance, absence of suckling reflex, dehydration. Diarrhoea, omphalitis and arthritis was also seen in most of the kids. A significant (P≤0.05) increase in temperature (104.89±0.33˚F), heart rate (128.37±3.96 beats/min) and respiration rate (37.72±1.7/min) was seen in all kids before treatment. Hemogram revealed leukopenia (6.38±0.45 x103/μl) and neutopenia (1.68±0.16 x103/μl) with no significant changes in Hb (11.22±0.40gm/dl), PCV (31.87±1.45%) and TEC (12.72±0.76 x 106μl). Biochemical analysis revealed a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in serum protein (5.37±0.19 gm/dl), albumin (2.63±0.11gm/dl), IgG (15.29±2.04 mg/dl) and glucose (42.68±1.08 mg/dl) with significant (P≤0.05) increase in serum creatinine (1.73±0.6 mg/dl), BUN (27.66±1.1 mg/dl), ALT (21.62±1.46 U/L), AST (516.20±27.88 U/L), ALP (124.15±6.44 U/L) and LDH (441.45±17.37 U/L). Based on recovery and therapeutic scoring Ceftriaxone + Tazobactum (6.469) were graded superior to other anti-microbials. Amoxicillin + Sulbactum (6.424) showed better recovery but based on total score it was graded 2nd followed by Marbofloxacin (6.391) and Amikacin (6.345) respectively.
Open Access
Elemental analysis of urinary calculi in dogs (Canis familiaris)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Pooja; Das, Arup Kumar
Urinary calculi have been recognized as one of the most painful disease in companion animals and treatment for urolithiasis in dogs and cats has been the province of the veterinary surgeon. The cases of canine urolithiasis have been treated with various modes. The knowledge of urinary stone composition is important for understanding pathophysiology, choice of treatment modality, and prevention of recurrence of urolithiasis. For elemental analysis of urinary calculi twenty clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis in dogs were used. Clinical, ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations were conducted for diagnosis of disease. The choice for operative technique was governed by the level of obstruction in the lower urinary tract and physiological state of the patient. The spatial distribution of major and trace elements in the surgically retrieved uroliths were studied using scanning electron microscopy with elemental distribution analysis (SEM-EDAX). SEM-EDAX was found to be very important tool in assessing stone composition. Seventeen elements were recognized and quantified (viz. O, P, C, Ca, Mg, N, K, Cs, Na, Al, S, Cl, Ni, Zn, Si, Fe and Ti). On statistical analysis of elemental composition urinary stones dog-patients were broadly classified into two groups, where urine stones of thirteen dog patients wise clustered in one group while the stones of rest seven patients were clustered in other groups. The combination identified not only the molecular species present in the calculus, but also the crystalline forms within chemical constituents. Using EDAX, the amount of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen and carbon present in the stone sample could be well understood. Based on similarity in composition of the urinary calculi the dog patients were further divided into different subgroups. These results indicated that formation of similar type of calculi in different dog patients might be due to their food habit, breeds, ages, sexes, urine pH. These types of information are very useful in diagnosis for the treatment of such diseases. Inferences can be drawn that – (i) evaluation of the surface characteristics of uroliths may be helpful in the prediction of their mineral composition. (ii) SEM with an appropriate magnification, one can study the morphology and the crystal structure of various urinary stones and elemental distribution analysis (EDX) makes it possible to confirm the results of SEM and also percentage of different elements present in stone sample can be evaluated.
Open Access
Studies on anorexia syndrome in large ruminants with reference to etiology, prevalance and therapeautic management
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Bisht, Nitish; Shukla, S.K.
The present study was aimed for studying prevalence, clinico-hematobiochemical and therapeutic management of anorexia syndrome in large ruminants in and around Pantnagar of Uttarakhand state. Overall incidence of anorexia related to digestive disorders and due to haemoprotozoan disease in large ruminants was 29.54% and 27.72% respectively. Before the treatment, pH of rumen liquor was slightly acidic and rumen motility reduced substantially in all the treatment groups. Pre-treatment rumen liquor examination revealed reduced microbial count and activity, reduced total protozoal count, protozoal motility, bacterial count and amount of TVFA in rumen liquor and increase in time values for MBRT, SAT and Nitrate reduction test in both diseases. Hemogram with leukocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia suggestive in animals suffering from digestive disorders while anorexia related to haemoprotozoan disease revealed leukocytopenia and slight lymphocytosis with change in haemoglobin. Alterations in biochemical parameters included significant (P_0.05) increase in serum ALT, AST, LDH and BUN concentrations and reduced serum glucose levels in both type of disorders in diseased animal. Recovery in anorexia due to digestive disorders was 100% in all groups while recovery due to haemoprotozoan group it was around 50% in group III, 66.66% in group II, IV, VI and 83.33% in group V. Based on the clinico-therapeutic study lyophilized rumen liquor was graded as a superior treatment followed by air dried rumen liquor in both diseases, while Ecotas, Rumen FS and Fastune respectively for rumen disorder whereas Fastune, Ecotas and Rumen FS haemoprotozoan disease respectively.
Open Access
Epidemiological investigation and therapeutic evaluation of azadirachta indica in bovine subclinical mastitis
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Tripathi, Srijit; Arora, Niddhi
During present study crossbred cows maintained at I.D.F., G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, were screened using California Mastitis Test. The prevalence was recorded cow wise, quarter wise, age wise, parity wise, lactation stage wise, lactation yield wise and quarter infection rate wise. In vitro antimicrobials susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates was determined and therapeutic efficacy of methanolic and hydromethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves were evaluated against bovine subclinical mastitis. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) was recorded as cow (56.25%) and quarter (33.17%) wise with higher involvement of right hindquarters. The prevalence was highest (19.04%) in third parity and early stage (41.26%) of lactation. Microbiological examination revealed maximum involvement of Staphylococcus spp. (66.90%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (23.23%), E.coli. (02.81%) and mixed infection (07.04%) in SCM cows. During the study, antibiogram pattern revealed that in comparison to other antibiotics, enrofloxacin and cefotaxime were highly sensitive against Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and E.coli. The cows of group III, IV and V showed significant decrease of CMT point score, pH value, TBC and SCC on day 15 and 30 in comparison to day 0. Milk fat, protein and lactose did not revealed any significant alteration on day 30 as compared to day 0 while milk SNF and total solids increased significantly on day 30 in comparison to day 0 in both the extract treated groups (IV and V). The CMT score, pH value, SCC, neutrophil and lymphocyte percentage in groups IV and V were significantly higher on day 3 post treatment in comparison to group III which were comparable on day 7 and were normal by day 30 post treatment. The highest recovery 83.33% was recorded in SCM affected cows in group III followed by 66.66% in group IV and 50.00% in group IV. No adverse reaction and milk losses were observed in A. indica extracts treated groups during the period of treatment. On the basis of results of present investigation, the use of methanolic extract of A. indica may be recommended as an alternative to the antibiotic treatment for management of subclinical mastitis in cows.
Open Access
Epidemiological and clinico-therapeutic studies on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Singh, Anand Kumar; Bhatt, Prakash
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the prevalence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs and their clinicotherapeutic evaluation. Out of total 1503 dogs registered during the study period from Pantnagar and adjoining area, 961dogs were presented with gastro intestinal disorders. For the epidemiological study, 386 dogs irrespective of age, sex and breed, history of anorexia, vomition, weakness, abdominal pain, diarrhea and dehydration were examined. The dogs were preliminary declared positive for EPI on the basis of faecal trypsin test and presence of starch and neutral fat in faeces. The positive animals were further grouped for clinicotherapeutic study. A total of four groups were made with five dogs in each group. The group I dogs, received no treatment and served as healthy control. The group II dogs received pancreatin 200 mg and simethicone 40mg combination for 45 days. The group III animals received 15,000 units of USP amylase activity, 4,000 USP of lipase activity and 15,000 USP units of protease activity for 45 days. The group IV dogs received 1,00,000 armour units of enzyme activity supplied by a purified concentration which has a specific trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the ratio of approximately six to one for 45 days. The EPI affected dogs were also administered symptomatic and supportive treatment. Haematological parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC, serum lipase and canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) were estimated at regular interval i.e. on 0th, 15th, 30th and 45th day of the study. The overall prevalence of EPI was found to be 0.99% on faecal analysis basis. However on serum lipase and canine pancreatic lipase activity it was found to be 0.46 and 0.40%, respectively. The clinical prevalence on faecal analysis was recorded to be 3.88% and on serum lipase and cPL basis was 1.82 and 1.56%, respectively. The maximum prevalence was observed in dogs aged 5 years and above and maximum prevalence was recorded in German shepherd dogs. All the infected group dogs exhibited significantly high level of Hb and PCV due to haemoconcentration. The leukocytic indices also showed a significant increase in leukocyte and neutrophils count as compared to healthy control. No significant change in cells of erythrocyte and leukocyte indices was recorded within groups at different intervals except neutrophil, leukocyte and lymphocyte count in treated groups. The serum lipase and cPL levels were also significantly increased in all infected groups as compared to healthy control. However, no significant difference in the number of serum lipase and cPL positive cases were observed. It can be concluded from present study that EPI has moderate clinical prevalence in and around Pantnagar region of Uttarakhand. Dogs receiving 1,00,000 armour units of enzyme activity supplied by a purified concentration which has a specific trypsin and chymotrypsin activity showed better results followed by 15,000 units of USP amylase activity, 4,000 USP of lipase activity and 15,000 USP units of protease activity.
Open Access
Clinico-haematobiochemical and therapeutic studies against canine ectoparasites
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Katariya, Avinash Kumar; Arora, Nidhi
Open Access
Epidemiological and clinico-therapeutic studies on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Singh, Anand Kumar; Bhatt, Prakash
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the prevalence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs and their clinicotherapeutic evaluation. Out of total 1503 dogs registered during the study period from Pantnagar and adjoining area, 961dogs were presented with gastro intestinal disorders. For the epidemiological study, 386 dogs irrespective of age, sex and breed, history of anorexia, vomition, weakness, abdominal pain, diarrhea and dehydration were examined. The dogs were preliminary declared positive for EPI on the basis of faecal trypsin test and presence of starch and neutral fat in faeces. The positive animals were further grouped for clinicotherapeutic study. A total of four groups were made with five dogs in each group. The group I dogs, received no treatment and served as healthy control. The group II dogs received pancreatin 200 mg and simethicone 40mg combination for 45 days. The group III animals received 15,000 units of USP amylase activity, 4,000 USP of lipase activity and 15,000 USP units of protease activity for 45 days. The group IV dogs received 1,00,000 armour units of enzyme activity supplied by a purified concentration which has a specific trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the ratio of approximately six to one for 45 days. The EPI affected dogs were also administered symptomatic and supportive treatment. Haematological parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC, serum lipase and canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) were estimated at regular interval i.e. on 0th, 15th, 30th and 45th day of the study. The overall prevalence of EPI was found to be 0.99% on faecal analysis basis. However on serum lipase and canine pancreatic lipase activity it was found to be 0.46 and 0.40%, respectively. The clinical prevalence on faecal analysis was recorded to be 3.88% and on serum lipase and cPL basis was 1.82 and 1.56%, respectively. The maximum prevalence was observed in dogs aged 5 years and above and maximum prevalence was recorded in German shepherd dogs. All the infected group dogs exhibited significantly high level of Hb and PCV due to haemoconcentration. The leukocytic indices also showed a significant increase in leukocyte and neutrophils count as compared to healthy control. No significant change in cells of erythrocyte and leukocyte indices was recorded within groups at different intervals except neutrophil, leukocyte and lymphocyte count in treated groups. The serum lipase and cPL levels were also significantly increased in all infected groups as compared to healthy control. However, no significant difference in the number of serum lipase and cPL positive cases were observed. It can be concluded from present study that EPI has moderate clinical prevalence in and around Pantnagar region of Uttarakhand. Dogs receiving 1,00,000 armour units of enzyme activity supplied by a purified concentration which has a specific trypsin and chymotrypsin activity showed better results followed by 15,000 units of USP amylase activity, 4,000 USP of lipase activity and 15,000 USP units of protease activity.

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