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20043
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Subject: Veterinary Medicine × End date: 2004 × Start date: 2004 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Clinico-therapeutic evaluation of polyherbal formulations in diarrhoeic calves
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-04) Nag, Lavkush; Rajora, V.S.
    The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate clinico-haematobiochemical parameters, total fluid deficit and therapeutic efficacy of five treatments in natural cases of diarrhoea in calves. Six calves with no sign of diarrhoea were also included as healthy control. Clinical examination of diarrhoeic calves revealed semisolid to watery faeces and loss of appetite besides dry mucous membrane, sunken enophthalmos, dull to strenal recumbency, loss of skin elasticity and cool extremities in varying number of calves. Diarrhoeic calves had significantly higher haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count and lower total leucocyte count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Differential leucocyte count revealed neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Biochemical findings of affected calves revealed significant increase in blood urea nitrogen, serum total proteins, albumin, globulins, chloride and potassium and decrease in albumin globulins ratio and serum sodium. Total fluid deficit (TFD) in diarrhoeic calves estimated on the basis of clinical approach and based on laboratory approach indicated a significant difference in TFD between these two approaches. Alcoholic extracts of Terminalia chebula and Cuminum cyminum and aqueous extracts of Eugenia jambolana, Cassia absus, Terminalia chebula and Cuminum cyminum in concentration of 500 mg/ml possessed in-vitro anti-E. coli activity. Polyherbal formulation-1 containing Eugenia jambolana, Aegle marmelos, Terminalia chebula and Zingiber officinale and intrim bolus were found to have equally high therapeutic efficacy for treatment of diarrhoea in cases with 100% recoveries and significant improvement in clinico-haematobiochemical profiles. The recovery in diarrhoeic calves treated with polyherbal formulation-2 containing Cuminum cyminum, Kalanchoe pinnata, Helicteres isora and Cassia absus was 83.33% and 50% at the dose level of 15 gm and 7.5 gm respectively. Polyherbal formulation-1 at the dose level of 15 gm and 7.5 gm b.i.d. for 3-5 days was found to be an effective and cheap therapeutic alternative for the treatment of diarrhoea in calves of below 30 days of age.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of essential oils and aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants of sub Himalayan region for antibacterial properties
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Gangwar, Pritee; Mahesh Kumar
    The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the antibacterial properties of essential oils and aqueous extracts of Anethum graveolens, Coriandrum sativum, Eucalyptus globulus, Lantana camara, Mentha spicata and Ocimum sanctum against Staph. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi and Pr. vulgaris and to find out the active phytochemical components in these using HPTLC. Over all essential oil of Ocimum sanctum was most effective followed by Eucalyptus globulus, Coriandrum sativum, Anethum graveolens, Mentha spicata and Lantana camara in decreasing order. Maximum MIC (0.97 l/ml) was of E. globulus and O. sanctum against Pr. vulgaris and E. coli while lowest (62.5 l/ml) activity was noticed against P. aeruginosa by A. graveolens and L. camara. Among aqueous extracts the order of efficacy was E. globulus > A. graveolens > O. sanctum > M. spicata > C. sativum and L. camara. Lowest (500 mg/ml) MIC was exhibited by aqueous extract of E. globulus against S. typhi and O. sanctum against P. Aeruginosa while highest (62.5 mg/ml) against Staph. aureus by E. globulus aqueous extract. Overall Staph. aureus was most sensitive and P. aeruginosa had least sensitivity for all the oils and extracts. Against E. coli, none of the aqueous extract had efficacy. All the essential oils and aqueous extracts (except L. camara) had either equal or more activity against Proteus vulgaris when compared with the ampicillin (10 g/disc). Rest of the treatments with essential oils and aqueous extracts were found less effective as compared to the standard antibiotics. Upon fractionation essential oils fractionated mainly in 4 and sometimes into more and less number of fractions with probability of carvone and dillopiole in A. graveolens and C. sativum. Even after the absence of many phytochemical groups in aqueous extracts they were well fractionated on chromatography. Aqueous extract revealed the probability of presence of known alkaloids like quinine and flavonopid like isosakuranetin (flavone) in E. globulus; anthraquinones like furnonaphoquines in L. camara; and flavonoids like flavones. Though many phytochemical groups were not detected in some cases on analysis and some fractions were present but they did not tally with the known ones. Some common phenolic fractions having similar Rf and max viz., 0.02 and 312 nm in L. camara, M. spicata and O. sanctum; 0.07 and 319 nm in L. camara and M. spicata and 0.07 and 329 nm in A. graveolens and C. sativum were noticed, which may probably be the similar components in these plants.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Fractionation and characterization of extracts of some ethnomedicinal plant having efficacy against Haemonchus contortus
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Singh, Saurabh; Mahesh Kumar
    The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of extract residues of three ethnomedicinal plants, Butea frondosa, Embelia ribes and Scindapsus officinalis against Haemonchus contortus and to further fractionate and characterize the identified effective extract residues into various constituent phytochemical groups. Six extracts were prepared namely, cold and hot aqueous, methanol, diethyl ether, hexane and chloroform from each plant. On screening the extract residues at 10 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml concentrations in vitro overall methanol and diethyl ether extracts of Butea frondosa were found most efficacious, while in Embelia ribes methanol and hexane extract residues revealed maximum efficacy and cold aqueous and hexane extract residues of Scindapsus officinalis were found to have maximum efficacy. Among three ethnomedicinal plants Scindapsus officinalis was found to be most effective against Haemonchus contortus with 53.34 % overall efficacy followed by Butea frondosa with overall 42.92 %efficacy, whereas Embelia ribes extract residues were least effective with an overall efficacy of 40.00 % only. The identified effective six extract residues, two for each plant, viz., methanol and diethyl ether for Butea frondosa, methanol and hexane for Embelia ribes and cold aqueous and hexane for Scindapsus officinalis were further fractionated by HPTLC into the constituent phytochemical groups. Fractionation of residues revealed presence of a plethora of fractions belonging to the phytochemical groups like alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, saponins, glycosides, phenols, sterols, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenes. Upon fractionation, extract residues revealed presence of known alkaloids like quinine and quinidine; anthraquinones like embodic acid and aloe-emodin and flavonoids like flavone. The fractions belonging to the phytochemical groups like phenols, coumarins, saponins, tannins and triterpenes were also present.